Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
The article examines the historical role of the Khwarezm people in the sociopolitical life of the Middle East countries of the 1330-60th based on Medieval Arabic and Persian manuscripts. It is known, the brave Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, the last Shah of the Khwarezmshah dynasty, had already gathered a ten-thousand-strong army of the Khwarezmians outside of Khwarezm, and he was repeatedly engaged in the battle with the Mongols and won their invasion further to West into the Arab world. But he died in 1231, and his army roamed all over the Middle East, serving either the Seljuq empire sultans, or the Ayyubid princes in Syria (Sham), who entered into an internecine struggle for Central power in Syria and Egypt. The Khwarezmians helped the Ayyubids defeat the crusaders, liberate the Holy Muslim city of al-Quds and several fortress cities from them, and later inflict a crushing overthrow the Mongols who entered the Arab lands. These important events are reflected in detail in the historical Chronicles by al-Maqrizi, Ibn Iyas, al-Khanbali, as-Suyuti, Ibn Taghriberdi, al-Khamadani and many other historians of the Mamluk period of the 13-15th centuries, associated with the arrival of the Mamluk Turks in Egypt and Syria. These works repeatedly emphasize the crucial role of the Khwarezmians in the historical arena of the Middle East in the 1330-60th, when they were considered to be a formidable military force in the fateful battles for the peoples of this region. The authors of the Chronicles also pay great attention to certain historical figures, whom they concede to be of Khwarezm origin, such as the Egyptian Sultana Shajarat ad-Dur and the Mamluk Sultan Sayf ad-din Qutuz. Qutuz, along with his emirs, including the Khwarezmians, won a crushing victory over the Mongols in the town of Aynjalut in 1260, stopping their victorious march through the Arab world. The Chronicles unanimously state that Qutuz’s real name is Mahmud Ibn Mamdud and he comes from the Khwarezmshah dynasty, as he is the son of Jalal al-Din Mingburnu’s sister. In the works of the above-mentioned authors, the memory of the Khwarezmians remains as brave, courageous soldiers, who were abandoned by fate to a foreign land, forced to wander far from their homeland until they settled in different parts of the Middle East region. Their further fate is unknown, but the historical memory of the deeds of the glorious sons of Khwarezm in the vastness of the Middle East in the 13th century is forever preserved in handwritten works.
In the context of the ongoing pandemic in the world, our country is economic, adapting his social and political life to these negative situations systematic continuation of planned democratic reforms requires. Of such changes that are being implemented today a variety of parliament, playing an important role in the creation of regulatory framework the situation itself dictates its rapid adaptation to situations
В статье рассматривается вопрос определения роли цифровой компетентности в процессе цифровой трансформации образования в Казахстане, освещена проблема формирования цифровых компетенций будущего педагога. Отмечено, что данная компетенция играет значительную роль в профессиональной компетентности педагога и развитии его профессионально-педагогической культуры. Цель работы –
выявление цифровой компетентности педагогов в Казахстане В статье использован компетентностый подход, метод проблемной подачи материала, анализ литературных источников, анкетирование с помощью
программы Google Forms. В исследованиях цифровых компетенций педагогов можно выделить ряд научных подходов. В работе дан научный подход к вопросу оценки цифровой компетентности. В статье рассматривается вопрос определения роли цифровой компетентности в процессе цифровой трансформации образования в Казахстане, освещена проблема формирования цифровых компетенций будущего педагога.
Отмечено, что цифровая компетентность играет значительную роль в профессиональной компетентности педагога и развитии его профессионально-педагогической культуры. В исследовании было выделено 4 вида цифровой компетентности педагогов, которые реализовывается в различных видах деятельности в информационной среде: информационная и медиакомпетентность, коммуникативная компетентность, техническая компетентность, потребительская компетентность. Сделаны выводы о необходимости преодоления разрыва между уровнем цифровых компетенций необходимым для цифровой трансформации образования, путем развития цифровых компетенций педагогов, привлекая для этого новые технологии обучения.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the most common and serious diseases, which in the world suffer from 3 to 12% of the child population of the globe. Proportion of adolescents with asthma, is one third of all children with this disease. High prevalence of asthma in the numbers of teenagers, characteristics of the disease, age-related aspects of the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems of teenagers that cause difficulties which arise in the course of the diagnostic process, highlight the need to find innovative approaches to diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
It is known that the key immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the vast majority of AD cases is real and indisputable fact. Currently, considerable interest to researchers involved in the pathogenesis of positions of allergic diseases, especially asthma, along with IL-4 and IL-13 causes a number of other (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-5, INF-a and INF-y) immunoregulatory cytokines.
Genetic predisposition plays an important role in the development of allergic diseases. Currently available data on the relationship with asthma and associated with disease symptoms polymorphism approximately 150 genes. Important role as the main contender for the predisposition to asthma gene is a gene encoding flchain of high affinity receptor IgE. Interaction elevated levels of antigen-specific IgE with FceRip plays a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Particularly attractive candidate gene asthma is also one of the enzyme genes biotransformation - GSTirl, encoding glutathione S-transferase and л1 express almost exclusively in the pulmonary tissue. This gene is located at the locus 11 ql 3, for which repeatedly shown clutch with atopic symptoms. Accumulated in the literature say about the relationship of gene polymorphism FceRI, GSTnl with different allergic diseases.
From this perspective, the study of immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this disease for the construction of rational treatment and prevention emphasizes the relevance of this thesis research.
From the earliest days of independence, the country has successfully implemented state programs aimed at reforming the health care system. As a result, the targeted implementation of organizational health and research activities aimed at effective diagnosis, prevention and treatment of asthma among adolescents, with some success in the treatment of this disease in the country. However, now the problem of early diagnosis and the development of effective programs for treatment and prevention among adolescents with asthma remain one of the most important issues of modern health care. This research work was carried out in the framework of the tasks set by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On additional measures to improve the health of women and the younger generation," dated 25.01.2002 for the №32. In this regard, the need to deepen the information received about the state of cellular and humoral immunity among adolescents, asking pathogenetic informative immunogcnctic studies in asthma arc one of the important criteria demand the dissertation topic.
Purpose of research is study the immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of asthma in adolescents and form the basis of this plan rational diagnostic and therapeutic measures in this pathology.
In To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
to establish the clinical course of asthma in the population of adolescents living in the Samarkand region, in the early stages of the pathological process in the bronchopulmonary system.
explore the features of the state of cellular and humoral immunity, as well as activation markers in asthma in adolescence by determining the immunophenotype of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.
to examine the level of production of immunorcgulatory cytokine interleukin-6 and interfcron-y and install them pathogenetic informative in asthma among adolescents.
to determine the features of distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of polymorphic variants of genes and FceRip GSTnl population Uzbek people with asthma, compared with the healthy part of the population.
examine the clinical and immunological aspects effectiveness of therapies using drugs and polioksidony tsikloferon in patients with asthma in adolescence.
on the basis of studies to develop a multivariate model of formation of bronchial asthma and develop an optimal algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention in adolescents with this pathological condition.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
proposed introduction to the work of doctors teen clinics layered approach testing can significantly improve the detection rate of asthma in adolescence and optimize treatment and preventive measures in high-risk groups;
first defined the peculiar characteristics of the quantitative parameters of the immune status of patients with asthma in the cohort of adolescence and the corresponding proposed regulations and guidance documents for the healthy part of the adolescent population;
for the first time presents a comprehensive assessment of the cytokine profile of blood serum in bronchial asthma in adolescents. Specific features of products immunorcgulatory cytokines IL-6 and INF-y and their pathogenetic and regulatory information content in asthma among adolescents;
first analyzed the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic gene variants and gene FceRip GSTirl among patients with different phenotypic variants of AD and healthy individuals of Uzbek nationality, which resulted in the identified markers of increased risk or, conversely, resistance to the development of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity;
algorithms for phase diagnosis, treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescence in terms of disclosure of important moments of the pathogenesis of the disease, allowing to build a rational sequence of diagnostic search, aimed at verifying the diagnosis and expedient construction of preventive measures.
Conclusion
1. Set the frequency of occurrence of the disease and the structure of "asthma" in the arid zone among teens. Said pathology is recorded in 9,6% of the population surveyed adolescents, while the disease is more common among females. In the structure of the disease prevails periodical exposure and mild persistent form.
2. Identified by clinical features of asthma among adolescents living in the arid zone, indicate a high frequency of lesions of the bronchial tree association with allergic processes in other organs and tissues: in 73,9% of the AR, 53,7% with AK. 16,6% with BA and 14% with urticaria/angiocdcma.
3. Found that in the study population of patients with asthma adolescence occur expressed disturbances of the immune status, manifested deficit indicators as cell (CD3‘, CD4+, CD8 , CD16+), and humoral immunity (CD19 , IgA, IgG, IgM) and activation markers (CD23+, CD95). The immune status of patients with asthma in young people, adolescence has distinctive features, the depth of detected violations immunoreactivity was most pronounced in the younger age group.
4. In patients with bronchial asthma in adolescence revealed distinct changes in cell-cell interactions in the immune system: a significant increase in the content of Th2-cclls secreted IL-6 is a regulator of maturation of antibodies and immunoglobulin production itself, and vice versa reducing regulator activity of Th 1-cell cytokine INF-y.
5. It was found that the contents of cytokines IL-6, INF-y and in the peripheral blood is in communication with one pathogenic disease. It is shown that the lowest level of INF-y production in the scrum is characteristic of allergic clinical pathogenic variant asthma in adolescence. Adolescents suffering from predominantly infectious form of asthma, there is a sharp trend towards increased production of IL-6 in peripheral blood.
6. Revealed that markers of increased risk of allergic forms of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity arc genotype FceRip-109T/T allele FceRip-109T, low-risk markers - FcsRip-109C/C and allele Fc£Rip-109C. A high degree of cohesion genotype FcsRip-109T/T allele and FcsRip-109T with hereditary burden of asthma in the Uzbek population.
7. Among females ethnic Uzbek Association revealed lie-105 allele and genotype Ilc-105/Ilc-105 polymorphic gene locus GSTkI at high risk for asthma. Revealed that the genotype associated with the development Ilc-105/Ilc-105 allergic form of asthma in adolescents Uzbek population.
8. Complex therapy with adolescents’ patients with asthma ciklofcron and polyoxidonium, providing immunocorrective effect, enhances the clinical efficacy of basic therapy. In the study of prophylactic efficacy of immunomodulators positive indicators prevailed in the group of patients receiving polioksidony, necessitating its inclusion in the priority scheme of integrated treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescents.
The article is devoted to the study of the method of word formation in modern Chinese using the «族zú» affix. It is known that the lexical stock of a language is constantly replenished due to the internal capabilities of the language and extracted from a foreign language. Of course, Chinese is no exception. Which method is the most effective for a language, depends on a number of features of the language. In Chinese, affixing is the second most productive after word addition. Like the vocabulary of a language, its morphemic units are constantly replenished. In addition to the trend observed in world linguistics, the affix method is becoming more and more active in word formation in the Chinese language, therefore the number of affix units in the language is also increasing. One of the affixes that plays an important role in the construction of modern Chinese neologisms is 族 zú, which participates in the construction of a number of new words in the Chinese language. Most of these words refer to a noun and serve to denote a social group that has a specific character. Words formed with the participation of 族 zú are more involved in the formation of words that are applied to a specific group of people in accordance with their social status or role in social life. But, in our opinion, 族 zú is not a full affix unit, but a semi-affix. Therefore, when words are formed with the participation of, zú, it does not completely lose its original meaning, the meaning of a group or community. Like the vocabulary of a language, its morphemic units are constantly replenished. In addition to the trend observed in world linguistics, the method of affixation in the Chinese language is becoming more and more active in word formation, therefore the number of affix units present in the language is also increasing.
The article describes the role of the media in the history of Republic Uzbekistan independence, formation, development and legal framework. The creation of media documents, legislative reforms, and their role in building civil society.
The article analyzes the Treasury system in the budget execution of developed countries. In the countries of France, Great Britain, Italy, the USA, proposals were developed with scientific feedback on the role and importance of the Treasury. In particular, the history of the organization of the treasury in France, the distribution of its functions between the State Treasury and the State Accounting Service, the collection of all financial resources on a single account of the treasury are revealed. In addition, the rights of the State Treasury and personnel issues are being organized. UK Treasury, explains their composition. The dynamics of budget execution in Italy was analyzed and the possibilities of attracting investors to Italy were studied. The role of the Treasury in the USA, its structure, functions of departments operating in the system are analyzed. The role of the Treasury in accounting for all types of financial assets and government debts in the US treasury system has been studied. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were drawn and scientific and practical proposals were developed
In the scientific article is considered formation of methodological base and philosophical categories within the Chinese cultural tradition. The importance of a subject of a research is determined by dynamics of development of the modern global world, integration processes, growth of interaction and cooperation of the different countries and regions, strengthening of the principles of the open world, expansion of dialogue – communicative space. Special value in this situation is got by revival of such methodological approaches as a holism, the hologram, synergetic which ideological sources were put in Ancient Chinese philosophy. Research objective and degree of study of a problem. The purpose consist in system justification of features of formation and development of methodological base, a categorical conceptual framework of the Chinese philosophy, its theoretical and practical importance for formation of outlook and a way of life of society. Correlative and associative thinking found the reflection in works M. Grana, D. Bode, J. Nidem, U.L. Crolles; classification schemes of a methodological fundamentals of the Chinese philosophy are investigated in A.M. Kara-petyants, A.I. Kobzev; fundamental onto-methodological aspects of categories are analyzed in E.N. Torchinov, A.I. Kobzev's scientific works. For achievement of the goal the following tasks were set: in the context of the principles of historicism and continuity to consider formation and development of methodological base of the Chinese philosophy; to carry out the comparative analysis of methodological, world outlook fundamentals of antique and Chinese philosophies; to open a role of correlative thinking and numerology in informative process; to prove commitment of the European culture causal, and China correlation to thinking types to thinking; to disclose the cosmological and ontological nature of categories Wen, Tsi and to show their role in the Chinese culture; to determine anthropological, pan-ethical and esthetic parameters of understanding of Space, to reveal influence reanimated holistic, synergetic, the idea on development of a modern philosophical and methodological thought. For achievement of the scientific purpose and the solution of objectives the analysis, synthesis, the historical and theoretical analysis, comparative-historical, philosophical and hermeneutical and ideographic methods were used. As a result of the conducted research within socio-historical approach evolution of methodological norms, categories and concepts of the Chinese philosophy was tracked. Characteristic of causal, holistic, hologram and correlative approaches is given. Basic categories of the Chinese philosophy in the context of formation of methodology are considered: the numerology, Wen, Qi, Dao, space, influence response is also shown their role in development of modern philosophy and methodology of science. In the context of traditional Chinese representations elements of a synergetic paradigm are revealed, and their importance for formation of new outlook is also shown.
Pedagogical skills play a key role in the activities of a medical university teacher. In this article, the authors consider the definition of pedagogical excellence, its components, as well as the role of pedagogical excellence in the development of the educational process in a medical university. They also describe methods that will help medical university teachers develop their teaching skills and improve the quality of student learning. In the article, the authors come to the conclusion, that pedagogical skill is a necessary condition for the successful activity of a teacher at medical university and should be developed and supported in the process of professional activity.
One of the unique genres of folklore is the proverb. The proverbs are examples of a brief, polished work that is based on the experiences of a nation over many centuries. It would take years for a public opinion to be proverbial, and it would be compact. It is also important that the idea you want to quote is conclusive. Because not every single thought is a proverb. To be proverbial, an event must be judged and summarized. Articles written in large volumes to date have been published in the “Devonu Lughati-t-Turk”, a work of the 11th century linguist and folklore scholar Mahmud Kashgari. In the work proverbs are used to express the meaning and meaning of a Turkic word. The author uses about three hundred proverbs in his work, some of which are repeated and some come in abbreviated form. Ancient Turkic proverbs have their own structure. In their structure, along with fiction, language phenomena and style are different. Especially, the combination of language and art plays an important role in influencing the meaning of the article. The allegory and confusion among such visual aids is found in many of the ancient Turkic proverbs. This article explores the role of these two events in ancient Turkic proverbs and their impact on the meaning of the article.
In the intruductory part of the article the author characterizes value and a role of economic integration. In the basic part of the article the role of economic integration in development of national legislation is comprehensively considered. In the conclusion the author comes to opinion that economic integration plays a greater role in development of the legislation and therefore, the given phenomenon it is necessary to study and realize its positive parties deeply.