Ишемия и гипоксия мозга в той или иной степени, на определенных этапах являются факторами патогенеза большинства заболеваний центральной нервной системы различной природы (травма, воспаление, судороги и др.). Ишемия мозга вследствие сосудистого спазма стоит на первом месте среди причин нейродегенеративных заболеваний. При снижении уровня мозгового кровотока до 55 мл на 100г в 1мин. развивается первая реакция мозга в виде угнетения белкового синтеза, до 35 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. - активация анаэробного гликолиза. При снижении этого показателя до 20 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. формируется энергетическая недостаточность, наблюдается дестабилизация мембран нейронов и выброс нейротрансмиттеров. Развивающиеся энергетический дефицит и лактат-ацидоз способствуют глиальной активации; при дальнейшем снижении кровотока формируется некроз и апоптоз клеток в очаге ишемии. Именно развитием апоптотической гибели нейронов обусловлены отдаленные неблагоприятные последствия ишемии и поражение клеток, прилегающих к зоне инфаркта.
The aim of the research work is determination of the prospects for the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery on the basis of experimental and morphological studies.
Research objectives were white outbred rats in the amount of 62 individuals, in two experimental studies on the abdominal and pleural cavities, in each series of experiments the studies were carried out in 2 comparative groups, control and main. Experiments on the formation of adhesions in the abdominal and pleural cavities were carried out on the basis of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after acad. V.Vakhidov in the Department of Experimental Surgery for the period from 2019 to 2020.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: it is proved according to the data of experimental research that when modeling the adhesion process in the abdominal cavity, the local application of an anti-adhesion coating made of cellulose derivatives reduces the processes of adhesiogenesis and the development of changes in architectonics, bends and narrowings of the intestinal lumen; it was found in an experimental study that when modeling the adhesion process in the chest cavity, the local use of an anti-adhesion implant provides a significant decrease in the risk of adhesiogenesis in the form of the formation of coarse adhesions or planar adhesions; it was determined that when blood serum was applied over a powder implant, the quality of adhesion and the uniformity of its distribution on the surface of the experimental defect of the peritoneum or lung did not change, but, in contrast to activation by blood (to ensure a hemostatic effect), it was not accompanied by the development of cellular inflammation due to the resorption of thrombotic masses; it was found that the formation of a gel film over the area of damage to the peritoneum in the absence of cellular elements of blood makes it possible to achieve biodegradation of the coating without a pronounced cellular-inflammatory reaction, providing cicatricial replacement of defects with a significant reduction in the risk of developing a massive adhesive process; the morphostructural features of the formation of the adhesive process when using an anti-adhesive coating, characterized by regression in the dynamics of the number of connective tissue cells of the inflammatory infiltrate with scarring of the defect zone without the development of adhesive conglomerates with the surrounding tissues, have been determined.
Introduction of the research results. According to the results of a scientific study on a comparative analysis of the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery: methodological recommendations were developed: "New technologies for the prevention of adhesions in thoraco-abdominal surgery" (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). The proposed recommendations for performing surgical interventions on the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities will allow for sparing local hemostasis, as well as prevent the formation of a coarse adhesive process in the abdominal cavity.
The obtained scientific results on a comparative analysis of the use of the domestic remedy for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery have been introduced into the practical activities of health care, including in the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after V.I. Academician V. Vakhidov, surgical departments of the clinics of the Andijan and Samarkand State Medical Institutes (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). Based on the proposed results of experimental studies, it was shown that the use of an anti-adhesive coating made of cellulose derivatives made it possible to reduce the risk of adhesion formation from 60% to 20%, bowel deformation without manifestations of obstruction from 33.3% to 13.3% and the possibility of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction from 6.7% to 0%.
Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of work is 113 pages.
Chronic brain ischemia (CHEM) develops due to insufficient blood circulation of the brain, is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases, accompanied by cognitive disorders, with a decrease in concentration and cognitive activity, and emotional disorders.
The article describes a clinical case of a patient with chronic brain ischemia.
Ишемия мозга вследствие сосудистого спазма стоит на первом месте среди причин нейродегенеративных заболеваний. При снижении уровня мозгового кровотока до 55 мл на 100г в 1мин. развивается первая реакция мозга в виде угнетения белкового синтеза, до 35 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. - активация анаэробного гликолиза. При снижении этого показателя до 20 мл на 100 г в 1 мин. формируется энергетическая недостаточность, наблюдается дестабилизация мембран нейронов и выброс нейротрансмиттеров. Развивающиеся энергетический дефицит и лактат-ацидоз способствуют глиальной активации; при дальнейшем снижении кровотока формируется некроз и апоптоз клеток в очаге ишемии. Именно развитием апоптотической гибели нейронов обусловлены отдаленные неблагоприятные последствия ишемии и поражение клеток, прилегающих к зоне инфаркта.
o date, there are many unexplored aspects in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment (CI) associated with COVID-19. It is as- sumed that many factors are involved in the development or deterioration of CI in patients who have undergone COVID-19. Such factors include the direct impact of viral infection on the nervous system, the systemic inflammatory reaction of the human body to the virus, cerebrovascular ischemia due to endothelial dysfunction or pronounced coagulopathy, ARDS in severe COVID-19, the use of artificial ventilation, drug sedation in ARDS, dysfunction of internal organs.
The absence of statistical correlation suggests that CI develops after COVID-19 as a neurological complication of the disease. A number of studies have reported impaired attention and executive functions, apathy. In this article, the authors paid special attention to the study of cognitive impairment in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia who had a coronavirus infection.
Изучение особенностей и характера нарушений сна у больных с хронической ишемией мозга.В исследование включены 70 больных с ДЭ с диссомническими расстройствами различной степени выраженности.
The treatment of obliterative diseases of the lower limb vessels remains a significant challenge in modern vascular surgery. The high frequency of postoperative complications, high mortality, and progression of atherosclerotic processes after reconstructive interventions on the vessels of the lower limbs have led to a search for pathogenetically justified ways and means of preventing complications of reconstructive surgeries.
The author employed hypolipidemic agents, namely glyrofam and colestid, to develop a conservative prophylaxis regimen for postoperative complications of obliterating atherosclerosis. The regimen was based on the study of platelet aggregation activity indices and lipid metabolism state. It consisted of a course of treatment with hypolipidemic drugs, administered in 1-month cycles with a 3-month periodicity.
The clinical material comprises the examination and treatment of 138 patients. The control group included 61 patients. The main group comprised 77 patients, 39 of whom took colestid and 38 patients used glyrofam.
The study of long-term outcomes demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of postoperative thrombosis from 8.1% to 1.3% and a decrease in mortality from 13% to 2.6% in patients undergoing hypolipidemic therapy.
These findings suggest that hypolipidemic drugs that affect lipid metabolism may prevent the progression of atherosclerotic processes and that drugs that affect the rheological properties of blood may reduce the incidence of postoperative thrombosis.
Цереброваскулярная патология является одной из самых частых коморбидных состояний у пациентов с COVID-19, обнаруживаясь приблизительно у 12% инфицированных [4]. Изучение коморбидных заболеваний среди летальных исходов COVID-19 показало, что из 2000 случаев у 228 пациентов имелась хроническая ишемия головного мозга (ХИГМ) [6].
Деятельность головного мозга в условиях хронической недостаточности кровоснабжения само по себе является агрессивном фактором приводящие к различным повреждениям. Учитывая это можно предполагать, что при хронической ишемии головного мозга запускается комплекс адаптационно компенсаторных механизмов, направленных на приспособление к имеющимся условиям существования.
Известно, что иммунная система играет ведущую роль в патогенезе, клиническом течении и исходе гипоксических и инфекционных заболеваний у новорождённых детей. Значимая роль в патогенезе гипоксии отводится про- и противовоспалительным интерлейкинам.
Целью работы является исследование состояния системы гемостаза и сосудистого эндотелия у новорожденных с гипоксическими поражениями нервной системы.