This article reveals the essence of the concept of "women's literature" and its modern views on the concept. The debut of female art in Uzbek and Chinese literature, the formation of "female literature" in China are also highlighted. The literary environment of the khanates in Uzbek literature and the position of women in them, as well as socio-political events stimulating the creativity of women in Chinese literature.
This article analyses women's issues in Turkestan, including parandja (vail) abuse of their rights, the movement of the “Khudjum”, women's spiritual educational life, social status in the family, religious-political situation in Turkestan, factors that led to the religious-political situation, gender characteristics from historical retrospectives in philosophical context. It also considers broadly the main aims and trends of the work of the East and West ideologists on parandja (vail), the issues of Islam and the Sharia law, discovering and the rights of modern women. The article shows the discourses of local scientists, their proposals and discussions set in the press of Turkestan about parandja, the ideas of the place of women in the family created under dogmatic pressure of the Sharia, that there is no need to study for women, that they should stay at home and hold the house, about restricting the rights and freedom of women, that the main task is not forcibly removing the parandja, that women should be familiarized with their rights and achieve the goal on a conscious level. It also provides statistical information about that, as a result of a violent policy, our national values, oriental way of life were attacked openly by political forces, families turned into enemies for each other, the field of crimes and murders were expanded, the sacred concept of the family suffered by spiritual crisis, that the revolutionary system, opening the way for such bloodthirstiness, committed the greatest sin, pursuing the most reactionary national policy, which ultimately led to the fact that many women, subjected to mental and religious torture, became victims of the policy of "removing the parandja". The article concludes with suggestions and reflections on the importance of studying and analyzing the religious and political life of the past in solving problems relating to religious factors at the present time.
The article focuses on the emergence and evolution of the gender phenomenon. It analyzes interpretations of relationships between men and women at different times, and stages of development. It is argued that the issue of equality between men and women is a characteristic of every stage of human society. From the earliest times to the present day, it has become natural for people to defend their rights as a criterion for survival. The demand for women to participate in the social, economic and political life of society on the basis of the principle of equality began to manifest itself in the West as a feminist movement. Waves 1 and 2 of this movement gave an international impetus to the issue of gender equality. Today, there is no area where women's participation is unnoticeable. However, there are many problems with the process of creating the necessary conditions for their participation, the level of their rights, their freedom to operate and full self-image. In this regard, the article also examines the genesis of the issue of gender equality in the system of international relations and its stages of development, its role in the international community. It highlights the importance of the United Nations and other organizations in ensuring gender equality in the system of international relations. A number of international documents have been analyzed, which are the basis for further strengthening of women's rights and their privileges in the international community.
This article discusses the concepts of "baihua" and "wenyan", their similarities and differences, as well as the burial language of these two realities of the Chinese language. The grammatical and lexical-semantic features of classical Chinese and Baihua, as well as their mutual influence are noted. As it is known, in Chinese before the declaration of putung-hua in standard Chinese, in parallel, there were two realities, this is the classical Chinese language - wenyan, which was relevant in China until the end of the twentieth century, and baihua "spoken language". Laconic sayings on wenyana, texts of classical works of Chinese literature contain about half the number of hieroglyphs than the same text on baihua. In wenyang, monosyllabic words (written in one hieroglyph) predominate, while in baihua, disyllabic words (written in two hieroglyphs) dominate; in the Vanyan texts, transposition is a frequent phenomenon, when many hieroglyphic words in different situations can be different parts of speech; reliance on context is used, in particular, to avoid unnecessary pronominalization (use of pronouns), frequent non-use of subjects in general; no punctuation; no affixation. According to Chinese linguists, the first works on baihua appeared in the period of the Song dynasties (960- 1279) and the Yuan (1271-1368). The flourishing of Baihua prose falls on the Song-Yuan epoch (10th-14th centuries), when significant changes took place in social and cultural life, reflected in literature as well. One of the most important features of spiritual life is the development of folk forms of culture: folk theater, different types of folklore (narrative genres, narratives). Prose on baihua, i.e. in the literary language, which is close to the conversational speech (baihua xiaosho), is one of the most important types of Chinese literature of the Middle Ages and one of the main directions of the creative activity of writers since the XI century. In the twentieth century. This type of literature became the basis of modern prose (novel, story, story). The name baihua xiaosho is a concept of a late period, when in Chinese culture the distinctions between two literary languages were clearly designated: the classical “wenyan” and the colloquial “baihua”.
This article describes the economic significance of the balance of payments and the need to compile it. The evolution of theoretical views on the balance of payments and their basic rules have been analyzed.
The article analyzes the «active» approach to the description of human potential and the system of readiness of individuals and communities to
perform social roles and functions, such as needs and abilities. While human potential is based on» abilities «and abilities are based on» needs», the category of capital is embodied as» choice», that is, the mechanism that manages needs and abilities. Also, when interpreting the socio-eco-
nomic aspects of human and collective characteristics, the «purchase» function (material wealth, knowledge, social relations, influence) is currently used, which is the basis of their capital needs, and since economic resources, i.e. real estate, stocks, business aspects, etc., have been studied using sociological classifications that embody current trends.
The article presents a description of the manuscript, its analysis, characteristics and distinctive features, research history of the composition “Madjm‘a al-Khavadis” which is kept in a single copy in the holdings of the Center of Oriental Manuscripts under the TashSIOS. The paper shows its scientific significance as a literary-historical composition.