The article explores theories of customer relationship marketing in commercial banks. Commercial banks classify methods of evaluating customer relationship processes. Conclusions have been drawn that certain dimensions exist when the relationship between the bank and the consumer is established. In the practice of commercial banks of Uzbekistan, proposals and recommendations have been developed to study the state of customer relations, the provision of new banking services and the use of the GAP model in determining consumer satisfaction with existing services.
On the basis of comparative legal analysis the article discloses features of relationships of the President and the Prime minister in the system of state authority of the Republic of Uzbekistan, constitutional-legal relations that are the subject of these relationships and develops proposals to improve the legislation in this sphere.
Бугунги кунда аҳолига тиббий хизмат кўрсатишда ҳамширалар фаолияти ва уларнинг эстетик тарбияланганлик даражасига катта эътибор қаратилмоқда. Ўзбекистон Республикаси Соғлиқни сақлаш тизимини ислоҳ қилиш давлат дастурининг асосий шарт шароитларидан ҳисобланган аҳолига тиббий хизмат кўрсатиш сифатини ошириш ва уни такомиллаштириш асосий мазмун моҳият касб этади. Замонавий шароитларда касбий қобилият этика деонтология тамойиллари ва касбий жозибадорликнинг асослари ва уларни ҳамширалик амалиётида қўллаш муҳим аҳамият касб этади.Барча тиббий фаолиятда этика ва эстетик тарбия ҳар бир аҳолига индивидуал тарзда ёндошишнинг замонавий ёндошувларини талаб этади.Тиббий этика, маданият,эстетик тарбияланганлик даражаси соғлиқни сақлашни “юзи” бўлиб ҳисобланади,айнан ушбу элементлар бугунги кунда соғлиқни сақлашни шиддат билан ривожланишида биринчи ўринга кўтарилаётган иқтисод, замонавий даво диагностика технологиялари, биотиббий тадқиқотлар, фармакотерапия йўналишларидан сусайиб бормоқда.
This article is devoted to the rich history of relations between Uzbekistan and Japan, as well as the development of these relations at the present stage. As you know, the versatile relationship between Uzbekistan and Japan has been well developed since ancient times. These fruitful relations, preserved and developing to this day, have contributed to mutual cultural exchange and mutual enrichment of cultural, social and economic relations.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
This article describes the formation of relations between Uzbekistan and UNESCO, the division of cooperation into three periods and the organizational and legal aspects of relations in these processes. The purpose of the article is to study the formation of Uzbekistan-UNESCO relations, priorities and organizational and legal aspects of the relationship, as well as to analyze the issues of accelerating cooperation in the
implementation of tasks in Uzbekistan. Historical, systematic and logical analysis, event, as well as content analysis methods were used in writing the scientific article. The formation and development of cooperation between Uzbekistan and UNESCO is unique in each period and is based on the need to develop new programs and projects in the relationship.
Ўзбекистон Республикаси Оила кодексидаги энг муҳим янгиликлардан бири вояга етмаганларга тегишли бўлган ҳуқуқларнинг бир бутун, яхлитмажмуаси яратилганлиги бўлди. Оила кодексида вояга етмаганларнинг шахсий номулкий ҳуқуқлари билан бир қаторда мулкий ҳуқуқлари ҳам анча батафсил тартибга солинди. Бу иккита ҳолат билан бевосита боғлиқдир. Биринчидан, Ўзбекистонда бозор муносабатларига ўтилиши муносабати билан иқтисодиётда амалга оширилаётган, шу жумладан оилаларнинг иқтисодий асосларини мустаҳкамлаш борасидаги ислоҳотлар билан боғлиқ. Иккинчидан, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг инсон ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларига оид асосий халқаро шартномаларга, шу жумладан Бола ҳуқуқлари тўғрисидаги Конвенцияга 1 қўшилганлиги ва унинг нормаларини миллий қонунчиликка сингдириш чора-тадбирлари кўрилганлиги билан ҳам боғлиқдир
In the introductory part of the article concept of contracts in Roman law is analyzed. In the basic part the classification of contracts in Roman law is considered, e.g. concept of the obligation, literal, verbal, real, consensual contracts and pacts.
In the conclusion the author comes to opinion that the nature of conventional law, with reference to the present, with old roman the period has remained practically without changes. But the concrete essence of new kinds of contracts and their detailed classification demand further studying and its reflection in the norms of current legislation.
Принципы – это основополагающие идеи (требования), определяющие в своей совокупности идеальную конструкцию (модель) явления, в данном случае института юридической ответственности.
Жамият ривожланишининг ҳозирги босқичида жиноятчилик ва унга қарши курашиш муаммоси энг долзарб муаммолардан бири ҳисобланади. Жамиятбилан бир пайтда вужудга келган жиноятчилик барча замонларда ҳам мавжуд бўлган. Шу туфайли ҳам у ижтимоий хусусият касб этади, жиноятчилик ва жамиятнинг ўзаро алоқаси, уларнинг бир-бирига таъсири айни шу омиллар билан белгиланади.
Бурное развитие информационных технологий привело к возникновению новых правоотношений характеризующихся как информационные правоотношения или отношения в информационной сфере.
Мамлакатимизни модернизация қилиш ва фуқаролик жамияти институтларини шакллантириш жараёнида интеллектуал фаолият натижаларидан фойдаланишни ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш муҳим ўрин эгаллайди. Бу ўринда таъкидлаш лозимки, компьютер дастурлари ўтган асрнинг иккинчи ярмидан яратилган, нисбатан янги интеллектуал фаолият натижаларидан бири бўлишига қарамасдан, бугунги кунда ижтимоий турмушимизнинг деярли барча жабҳаларини қамраб олди. Жумладан, таълим, тиббиёт, қонунчилик, турли хизмат кўрсатиш соҳалари, ахборот кутубхона хизмати ва бошқа соҳаларда компьютер дастурлари ва маълумотлар базасидан унумли фойдаланилмоқда.
По результатам проведенного исследования мы выше провели обзор разработанных теорий в доктрине международного частного права их особенностей в регулировании данных отношений. В теоретических
взглядах, относящихся к этой сфере, основное внимание уделено проблеме учета различных факторов в коллизионном регулировании обязательств возникающих вследствие причинения вреда. Появление подобных теоретических взглядов связано в первую очередь, с осложнением экономических и социальных отношений, а также возникновением потребности в эффективных механизмах правового регулирования
этих отношений. Положительного результата этого мы можем наблюдать по внедрению их в действующее законодательство развитых стран.
Развитие рыночных отношений в Республике Узбекистан сопровождается усложнением системы денежных обязательств. При этом на первый план выдвигается проблема обеспечения их исполнения. Среди способов обеспечения обязательств традиционно надёжным является залог 1
В ч. 1 ст. 69 УПК РК закреплено понятие обвиняемого: "Обвиняемым признается лицо, в отношении которого: 1) вынесено постановление о привлечении его в качестве обвиняемого; 2) в суде возбуждено уголовное дело частного обвинения; 3) составлен и утвержден начальником органа дознания обвинительный протокол".
Ўзбекистон Республикаси ЖК сининг 54-моддаси талабларига мувофиқ, суд айбдорга жазо тайинлашда унинг жинояти квалификация қилинган ЖК Махсус қисми моддаси санкциясида белгиланган доирада жазо тайинлайди. Қонунда бу умумий қоидадан четга чиқиб, ҳуқуқий норманинг санкциясида кўрсатилган жазо тури ва муддатидан оғирроқ бўлган жазо тайинланишига йўл қўйилмайди.
Ота-она ва фарзандларнинг ҳуқуқлари ва бурчлари улар қайси давлат ҳудудида биргаликда истиқомат қилиш жойига эга бўлсалар, шу давлатнинг қонун ҳужжатлари билан белгиланади (lex domicilii). Л.П.Ануфриева фикрига кўра, мазкур коллизион қоида бош (асосий) қоида сифатида, шаклан – икки тарафлама, тартибга солиш усулига кўра – императив қоида сифатида қаралиши лозим. 1 Бунда ҳуқуқий муносабатни ажратиш имкониятини берувчи омил сифатида биргаликда истиқомат қилиш жойининг йўқлигига ишора амал қилади. Бу ҳолда ота-она ва болаларнинг ҳуқуқлари ва бурчлари бола қайси давлат
фуқароси бўлса, шу давлатнинг қонун ҳужжатлари билан белгиланади (бола lex nationalis). Мазкур коллизион қоида субсидиар, шаклан – икки тарафлама, юридик таъсир кўрсатиш усулига кўра – императив қоидадир.