In this article, the conceptual and doctrinal foundations of the ideas of non-use of force and ensuring peace in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan are investigated in chronological order. The foreign policy of Uzbekistan is, first of all, a course aimed at ensuring vital tasks, primarily for the state and society. Uzbekistan's foreign policy strategy is primarily aimed at ensuring integration into the world community. The deepening of the country's integration into the world community in the current difficult conditions of international relations is an important task facing the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The conceptual idea of foreign policy and foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the indivisibility of security and joint and partnership actions to ensure it. The problem of national and regional security occupies an important place in Uzbekistan's foreign policy. One of the main tasks in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan was the formation of a system of regional security, which is necessary both for the republics of Central Asia and for the vast geographical area bordering the region. Another advanced idea for Uzbekistan's foreign policy is the postulate that the problems of the Central Asian region should be solved without the intervention of external forces and only by the countries of the region. Given all this, the cornerstone of Uzbekistan's foreign policy remains the non-use of force and the threat of force, and the maintenance and observance of peace. The article examines the changes occurring in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan, their regulatory consolidation, guidelines for the short, medium and long-term perspective, and on the basis of this, a number of scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are given.
The article studies the regional politics of Syria, analyzes the evolution and transformation of the foreign policy of official Damascus. This article examines the political background of the emergence and development of the regional problem, discusses its characteristics, and analyzes the external factors that have influenced and are influencing the evolution of the Middle East problem. It presents assessment results of the Syrian's leadership politics on building relations with the countries of the Middle East. The article also analyzes the circumstances of the armed conflict in Syria. The questions relating to the development of Syria's foreign policy are studied, factors influencing its regional policy are analyzed and Syria’s position on specific areas of the Middle East problem is disclosed. A number of factors influencing the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region is analyzed in this article. Syria's foreign policy activities are considered, taking into account external influences and contacts, the impact of which has affected the political life of the country. The article devotes considerable attention to the analysis of foreign orientalists' studies of Syria’s domestic and foreign policy in general and bilateral relations with SAR individual countries. It is noted that the scientific works of foreign researchers are mainly aimed at the study of domestic policy, the military-political situation in Syria, inter-confessional relations, as well as some aspects of Syria's foreign policy, the specifics of the foreign policy situation as a whole, mechanisms for making foreign policy decisions. It is noted that there is still a need for a comprehensive study of certain aspects of Syria's domestic and foreign policy at the present stage.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of treatment of patients with combined injuries of the pelvis and femur, by developing tactical and technical aspects based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the condition.
The object of the study was 130 patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones with concomitant trauma, treated at the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid and its Samarkand branch for the period 2016-2021 years.
The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: the structure and frequency of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur in the general structure of injuries, in the structure of injuries to the pelvis and femur separately were evaluated. the risk factors for the development of unsatisfactory results of treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, based on traditional clinical and diagnostic standards, have been determined; a direct relationship has been proven in the dynamics of the condition of the victims and the prognosis, taking into account the type and nature of segmental injuries; the device for external fixation for stable functional minimally invasive osteosynthesis has been improved and the possibility of expanding the indications for surgical treatment for combined injuries of the pelvis and hip in the early period of traumatic disease has been proved; the technical advantages of a complete set of an improved rod device for external fixation have been proved, the pelvic and femoral versions of which make it possible to use them for effective stabilization of the pelvis and hip separately during anti-shock measures, and for the final reposition of bone fragments; the direct dependence of treatment results on the proposed tactics of providing trauma care at an early hospital stage, depending on the type, nature, severity of pelvic and hip injuries, and the severity of the condition has been proved.
The introduction of research results. Based on the results of scientific research to improve the surgical aspects of providing assistance to victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and femur: based on the results of the development of a device for the treatment of fractures, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation "Apparatus for the treatment of combined fractures of the pelvic and hip bones" (patent No. 2749897 dated 06/18/2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactics of surgical treatment of patients, to shorten the period of hospitalization and the period of postoperative rehabilitation, to ensure the possibility of patients with minimal economic costs; on the basis of the results of scientific research on the diagnosis and treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvic and femur bones, methodological recommendations were approved "Method for the treatment of victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, depending on the severity" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 dated August 31, 2021 of the year). The results obtained made it possible to improve the quality of wound diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones in concomitant injury; approved methodological recommendations "Tactics of rendering assistance to victims with combined injuries of the pelvis and hip, taking into account the severity of the condition" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 of August 31, 2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactical and technical aspects in the treatment of injuries to the pelvic and hip bones, based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the patient's condition.
Scientific results have been introduced into the practical activities of healthcare, in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Jizzakh Branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09 / 18979 dated December 02, 2021). The proposed tactics for the treatment of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur made it possible to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications of excellent and good long-term functional results from 66.1% to 92.6%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of referencesand applications. The volume of the text material of the work is 111 pages.
In this article provided the concept of foreign economic activity reflected it in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, reflected different points of view of foreign trade activities in the theory and law-making process and types of activities in this sphere.
The article deals with issues related to improving the legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is determined that foreign economic transaction is a transaction in which one party is a foreign company or a commercial enterprise located in another state, the trade focused on the import or export abroad and to use in settlements with counterparty foreign currency. It was found out that some types of foreign economic transactions are not reflected in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely distribute and forfeiting contracts.
The article notes that there are various problems associated with the incorrect formation of the terms of foreign economic transactions, their content and requirements, in particular when reflecting the applicable law, the arbitration clause, determining the advantages of the contract language, the application of non-state regulation.
It is concluded that it is necessary to regulate the definition of applicable law in relation to certain types of foreign economic transactions that are not reflected in the Сivil code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely, in relation to distribution and forfeiting contracts, certain types of foreign economic transactions, internet auctions, internet contests or internet exchanges.
Based on the study of foreign experience and scientific and theoretical views, ways to improve legislation in the field of settlement of certain types of foreign economic transactions were investigated. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions were drawn and proposals were developed for the current legislation.
This article is devoted to highlighting the place of the city of Tashkent in foreign trade relations in the second half of the 19th century based on materials from the archive. For this purpose, information about the importance of internal and external trade of the city of Tashkent is analyzed, the list of goods sent to domestic and foreign trade, the cost of goods, the number of goods, duties levied on these goods using the example of documents stored in the National Archives of Uzbekistan. It is known that the city of Tashkent has become one of the special links in the active trade center of the Great Silk Road since ancient times. Tashkent was a special city leading caravan trade besides with the regions of cattle-breeding nomads of Eurasia, intensively conducted trade and economic relations with the khanates of Central Asia, as well as with close and distant foreign countries, including China, the European and Siberian parts of Russia, East Turkestan, Semirechye. Craftsmen who lived in specialized makhallas, depending on their occupation for the production of certain goods, played an important role in the trade relations of the city of Tashkent. Therefore, the Tashkent residents, depending on their occupation, were called mahallas with the same names. For example, "pichakchi" - knife makers, "misgarlik" - copper casting, "sagban" - psari, "ukchi" - arrows, "konchi" - tanners, "degrizon" - boiler makers, "egarchi" - saddle makers, etc. .d. During the period under review, the bulk of Tashkent residents lived in country estates. For example, residents of the Sebzor mahalla lived in Yunusabad, Khasanbai, Kokterak, residents of the Shaikhantakhur mahalla lived in Kokche, as well as in the direction of Salar-Karasu, Beshagach residents lived in the Chopanata-Kani-Dombirabad quarters, etc. and were engaged in gardening and brought the essential fruits to foreign trade. Rabats located around the city of Tashkent played a special role in carrying out the order of foreign trade operations, in solving the problems that arose in the collection of duties and heraj. Merchants from other countries stopped in caravanserais and their goods were stored in them, and wholesale trade was also carried out here. This is considered as proof that foreign trade played a special place in the economic life of the city of Tashkent. The article analyzes information about the number of caravans, the value of goods exported abroad, their quantity, transportation of goods, information about customs duties.
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in his Address to the Oliy Majlis on December 29, 2020, noted that in the face of today's complex geopolitical processes, the coronavirus pandemic and the global economic crisis, Uzbekistan is actively pursuing an open and pragmatic foreign policy. He noted that as a result of our efforts, the prestige of the country is growing, and priorities for the implementation of foreign policy for 2021 have been outlined. Among the tasks that need to be given special attention in the implementation of the country's foreign policy in 2021, listed by the leader of Uzbekistan, are proposals and initiatives for the development of public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy, which are important areas of foreign policy and diplomacy of Uzbekistan. The idea of creating a Compatriots Fund was formulated by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the celebration of July 30 as International Day of Friendship in order to inspire efforts to strengthen friendship and peace between nations, cultures and peoples, and to build bridges between societies respecting cultural diversity July 30 - International Day of Friendship and the holding of the international conference "Central Asia at the crossroads of world civilizations" in cooperation with UNESCO in Khiva in 2021 formed a goal: to increase the prestige and image of Uzbekistan in the world (this historical initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mirziyoyev Sh.M. nominated at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly).
The article discusses the specifics of the socio-economic model of India and current trends in its development, analysis and regulation of foreign trade, the importance of increasing export potential in modernizing the economy, optimizing the import structure, and attracting foreign investment and foreign investment policy. India offers millions of travelers the opportunity to relax by the sea and mountains, tourism and architectural monuments, unforgettable vacations, festivals and carnivals, spiritual uplift and deep immersion in the culture, customs and spiritual heritage of the country. It was revealed that India is an important destination in the Asian region with unique natural, recreational, cultural and historical resources for the development of tourism. In addition, the stages and directions of development of the tourism industry in India, as well as the existing free economic zones are considered as an important form of foreign economic activity of the country. At the end of the article, opinions and comments on the topic are given and a clear conclusion is made.
The article highlights the formation and ideological foundations of the political ideology of modern neoconservatism in the United States on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. By the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the ideology of neoconservatism had a special place in the political life of the United States. In certain periods, the state had a significant influence on political decision-making. In particular, during the government of the Republican party in the United States, neoconservatism takes priority in the formation of domestic and foreign policy concepts. The ideology of neoconservatism of the United States is characterized by such characteristics as the promotion of democracy in the world, interference in political processes in different regions, the widespread use of military means in the system of global ideological processes. In particular, in the last decades, the foreign policy of the United States in different regions has become more neoconservative. The influence of neoconservatism ideologists on the formation of foreign political approaches aimed at the fight against terrorism and the decision-making of democratic values in states with authoritarian regimes was strong, and in the discourse of ideological-political processes, geo-ideological struggle in the Middle East region also demonstrated that neoconservatism has its influence. Research in the field of neoconservatism is carried out mainly by foreign research centers, scientific institutions and "think tanks". The main attention is paid to the evolution of the external political ideology of neoconservatism. The article analyzes the evolution of the formation of the ideology of neoconservatism in the USA, its impact on domestic and foreign policy processes as a political ideology, the development trend of the views of the founders of neoconservatism, the formation and institutionalization of the neo-conservative structures based on foreign studies, scientific literature, internet sources. The article also highlights the integrative features of the formation of ideological and theoretical foundations of the ideology of neoconservatism in the United States.
The article examines the main trends in the political transformation of Syria in the late XX - early XXI century, as well as the domestic and foreign policy of Syria, taking into account the changes in the region. The evolution and transformation of the Syrian society, the originality of political rule are analyzed. The demonstration by Damascus of its position regarding the building of a democratic society in the country is noted. The article analyzes the external factors that have influenced the evolution of the Middle East policy of the SAR. An assessment of the results of the policy of the Syrian leadership regarding building relations with the countries of the Middle East is presented. A number of factors influencing the evolution of Syrian foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region are analyzed. The foreign policy activity of Syria is considered, taking into account external influences and contacts, the impact of which affected the political life of the country. The role of the army in modern Syrian society, the forms of its relationship with the civilian authorities of the state and the ways of influencing the internal and foreign policy of official Damascus are considered. The transformation of Syrian society, the originality of political rule, the centralization of power in the process of developing political decisions are revealed. Disclosed are the initiatives of President B. Assad regarding the liberalization and modernization of the Syrian society. The article also reveals in detail the main events that became catalysts in the chain of political transformation in the Middle East and in the political transition of power in the leading Arab states, in particular, the coming to power in the second half of the 1990s - early 2000s of young Arab leaders.
At the moment, the Middle East remains one of the most explosive regions in the world. Today, Syria has become a kind of center for the global political crisis. This article explores the political prerequisites for the emergence and development of a regional problem, reveals its features, and analyzes the external factors that have had and are affecting the evolution of the Middle East problem. The preconditions for the growth of conflict potential and the intensification of the struggle for influence in the Middle East are studied. The role of Syria in the framework of the rivalry of leading Arab countries and Iran for regional leadership is examined and conclusions are drawn about the goals pursued by them in the Middle East. The issues of the formation of Syria's foreign policy are investigated, the influence of the Palestinian factor on its regional policy is analyzed, the position of Syria on the Lebanese problem is revealed. A number of factors are analyzed that influence the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region.
In the article questions of legal regulation of the external economic and also corporate relations in oil and gas branch are considered. The comparative and critical analysis of the corporate relations in the oil and gas companies which are carrying out the activity at the international level is carried out. In the conclusion conclusions
and suggestions for improvement of system of foreign economic activity and corporate management in the oil and gas companies are drawn.
The article analyzes the main factors and conditions that influenced the formation of relations between Turkey and Syria in the 1990s, and discusses the reasons for the competition that these countries have created in protecting their interests in the region. The development and implementation of Syria's foreign policy towards Turkey and the attitude of Damascus to large hydropower projects planned by the Turkish government in the region are disclosed. The article shows the negotiations of Syrian officials with the Kurdish Workers' Party and the sharp refusal of the Ankara administration to do so. At the same time, Syria's policy towards strengthening Turkish-Israeli relations and the influence of the Turkish-Israeli military alliance on the intensification of its foreign policy towards the Arab countries were analyzed. Preventive measures to counter the military cooperation agreement signed between Turkey and Israel proved to be an important element of Syria's Middle East foreign policy in the 1990s. The reasons for the political confrontation between Turkey and Syria are discussed in the dynamics of its change in the 1990s, thereby assessing the evolution of the policy of the two countries in the region.
In the introductory part of the article the author characterizes concept and essence of the sovereignty. In the basic part of the article questions of the sovereignty in sphere of state regulation externally economic relations are considered. In the conclusion the author comes to opinion, that it is necessary to develop and improve national legal norms in sphere of state regulation of foreign economic relations.