Ишемическую болезнь сердца (ИБС) рассматривают в последнее время как полиэтиологическое заболевание с выраженной психосоматической детерминантой. На сегодняшний день существуют достаточно много теорий и моделей возникновения психосоматических факторов и способов их классификации, которые показывают, что невозможно расчленить изолированно психические и физиологические констелляции, которые могли бы охватить весь спектр проявлений при данном виде заболеваний. Однако все гипотезы в конечном итоге сводятся к тому, что психологическая дезадаптация - это один из глобальных факторов психосоматической патологии. Кроме того, одним из основных моментов развития заболеваний системы кровообращения является нарушение функции эндотелия сосудов, участие системного воспаления, иммунной активации в развитии и прогрессировании сердечной патологии, которые определяют неблагоприятный прогноз и высокий кардиоваскулярный риск. Не отрицается тот факт, что в основе перечисленных нарушений в организме лежат именно психосоматические факторы риска, которые недостаточно изучены и требуют дальнейшего рассмотрения.
По мере развития и прогрессирования ИБС повышается синтез провоспалительных цитокинов, таких как фактор нектроза опухоли -(ФНО-а), интерлейкин - 1(ИЛ-1), интерлейкин -6 (ИЛ-6) и др., которые в свою очередь, определяют развитие ремоделирования миокарда ЛЖ.
По данным литературы последних лет, сердце часто становиться органом, где реализуется повреждающее действие стресса, в результате чего психосоматические факторы оказывают существенное влияние на возникновение и прогрессирование ССЗ. К ним отосятся: депрессия, тревога, индивидуально-личностные черты, социальная изоляция и стресс. Многочисленные исследования показали, что депрессия наиболее распространена среди пациентов с нестабильными вариантами стенокардии, артериальной гипертензией, инфарктом миокарда и инсультом. Причины депрессии у больных с ишемическими болезнями сердца многофакторные и включают в себя также генетическую предрасположенность, стрессовые воздействия, биологические и психологические негативные факторы.
Возрастает значимость изучения повышения уровня мочевой кислоты в крови и взаимосвязи ее с различными вариантами клинического течения ИБС и различными полиморфными видами генов UR.AT1, GLUT9, TNF-a, что в свою очередь позволяют считать генотипы данных генов дополнительными маркерами повышенного риска развития заболевания в узбекской популяции. Выявлено влияние полиморфизма изучаемых генов на прогрессирование нестабильных вариантов стенокардии. В настоящее время до конца не ясно, что лежит в основе психосоматичского феномена у больных ИБС. Обсуждаются разные теории, которые могли бы объяснить «пересечение» разных аспектов патогенеза в этих нозологических формах. Одним из основных изучающих патогенетических аспектов является «цитокиновая» гипотеза. В основе этой гипотезы лежит предположение о том, что тревожно-депрессивный синдром проявляется при повышенной секреции провоспалительных цитокинов.
Значительный интерес в последние десятилетия отводится различным вариациям в генах, которые кодируют ферменты и участвуют в метаболизме гомоцистеина и фолиевой кислоты. Полиморфизмы генов мстионинсинтстазы (MTRR) A2756G, метионинсинтетазредуктазы (MTRR) A66G и
бетаингомоцистеинметидтрансферазы (ВНМТ) G742A участвуют в патогенезе и повышают риск его развития, что ещё раз доказывает влияние тревожно-депрессивного синдрома на механизмы течения ИБС. Однако по литературным источникам последних лет мы не увидели данные о взаимосвязи нескольких психосоматических факторов в прогрессировании коронарной болезни сердца, в частности между тревожно-депрессивным синдромом, гиперурикемией и цитокиновым дисбалансом.
Эти данные делают актуальным исследование, направленное на раскрытие взаимосвязи между различными патогенетическими звеньями в формировании и прогрессирование ИБС для разработки новых подходов к персонифицированной терапии.
The article discusses psychological and pedagogical factors in the process of preparing students of medical universities for future professional activities, various methods and approaches to the formation of motivation and self activation among students, and also discusses the factors that affect the success of the learning process. Much attention is paid to an individual approach to students, the creation of a stimulating learning environment, self assessment and support. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that psychological and pedagogical factors play an important role in preparing medical students for future professional activities and should be taken into account in the learning process.
XX ва XXI асрлар чегарасида бутун дунёда юз берган оламшумул ижтимоий узгаришлар Уйгониш даврида вужудга келган цивилизация типидан инсоннинг кундалик хдётидан энг янги технологиялар, шу жумладан ахборот технологиялари кенг урин эгаллаши билан богликбулган янгича типдаги цивилизацияга утиш билан тавсифланади (бу ерда мухими шундаки, ахборот постиндустриал жамият коди булиб хизмат килади).
The article examines the problems of sustainable development of industrial enterprises, analyzes the factors affecting the sustainability of enterprise development, gives a definition of various types of economic sustainability during a pandemic, and highlights the internal and external factors of the sustainability of enterprises. It is shown that of the most
important factors affecting the sustainability of the development of industrial enterprises, first of all, economic stability stands out. The factors in the conditions of a deteriorating economic situation are investigated and identified, which are advisable to take into account when solving the problem of sustainable development of industrial enterprises. When conducting the study, the main sources of data were the materials of state statistics committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The methodological developments are based on comparative methods of analysis. Proposals have been developed to ensure economic sustainable development of industrial enterprises during a pandemic.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the most common and serious diseases, which in the world suffer from 3 to 12% of the child population of the globe. Proportion of adolescents with asthma, is one third of all children with this disease. High prevalence of asthma in the numbers of teenagers, characteristics of the disease, age-related aspects of the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems of teenagers that cause difficulties which arise in the course of the diagnostic process, highlight the need to find innovative approaches to diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
It is known that the key immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the vast majority of AD cases is real and indisputable fact. Currently, considerable interest to researchers involved in the pathogenesis of positions of allergic diseases, especially asthma, along with IL-4 and IL-13 causes a number of other (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-5, INF-a and INF-y) immunoregulatory cytokines.
Genetic predisposition plays an important role in the development of allergic diseases. Currently available data on the relationship with asthma and associated with disease symptoms polymorphism approximately 150 genes. Important role as the main contender for the predisposition to asthma gene is a gene encoding flchain of high affinity receptor IgE. Interaction elevated levels of antigen-specific IgE with FceRip plays a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Particularly attractive candidate gene asthma is also one of the enzyme genes biotransformation - GSTirl, encoding glutathione S-transferase and л1 express almost exclusively in the pulmonary tissue. This gene is located at the locus 11 ql 3, for which repeatedly shown clutch with atopic symptoms. Accumulated in the literature say about the relationship of gene polymorphism FceRI, GSTnl with different allergic diseases.
From this perspective, the study of immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this disease for the construction of rational treatment and prevention emphasizes the relevance of this thesis research.
From the earliest days of independence, the country has successfully implemented state programs aimed at reforming the health care system. As a result, the targeted implementation of organizational health and research activities aimed at effective diagnosis, prevention and treatment of asthma among adolescents, with some success in the treatment of this disease in the country. However, now the problem of early diagnosis and the development of effective programs for treatment and prevention among adolescents with asthma remain one of the most important issues of modern health care. This research work was carried out in the framework of the tasks set by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On additional measures to improve the health of women and the younger generation," dated 25.01.2002 for the №32. In this regard, the need to deepen the information received about the state of cellular and humoral immunity among adolescents, asking pathogenetic informative immunogcnctic studies in asthma arc one of the important criteria demand the dissertation topic.
Purpose of research is study the immunological and genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of asthma in adolescents and form the basis of this plan rational diagnostic and therapeutic measures in this pathology.
In To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
to establish the clinical course of asthma in the population of adolescents living in the Samarkand region, in the early stages of the pathological process in the bronchopulmonary system.
explore the features of the state of cellular and humoral immunity, as well as activation markers in asthma in adolescence by determining the immunophenotype of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.
to examine the level of production of immunorcgulatory cytokine interleukin-6 and interfcron-y and install them pathogenetic informative in asthma among adolescents.
to determine the features of distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of polymorphic variants of genes and FceRip GSTnl population Uzbek people with asthma, compared with the healthy part of the population.
examine the clinical and immunological aspects effectiveness of therapies using drugs and polioksidony tsikloferon in patients with asthma in adolescence.
on the basis of studies to develop a multivariate model of formation of bronchial asthma and develop an optimal algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention in adolescents with this pathological condition.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
proposed introduction to the work of doctors teen clinics layered approach testing can significantly improve the detection rate of asthma in adolescence and optimize treatment and preventive measures in high-risk groups;
first defined the peculiar characteristics of the quantitative parameters of the immune status of patients with asthma in the cohort of adolescence and the corresponding proposed regulations and guidance documents for the healthy part of the adolescent population;
for the first time presents a comprehensive assessment of the cytokine profile of blood serum in bronchial asthma in adolescents. Specific features of products immunorcgulatory cytokines IL-6 and INF-y and their pathogenetic and regulatory information content in asthma among adolescents;
first analyzed the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic gene variants and gene FceRip GSTirl among patients with different phenotypic variants of AD and healthy individuals of Uzbek nationality, which resulted in the identified markers of increased risk or, conversely, resistance to the development of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity;
algorithms for phase diagnosis, treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescence in terms of disclosure of important moments of the pathogenesis of the disease, allowing to build a rational sequence of diagnostic search, aimed at verifying the diagnosis and expedient construction of preventive measures.
Conclusion
1. Set the frequency of occurrence of the disease and the structure of "asthma" in the arid zone among teens. Said pathology is recorded in 9,6% of the population surveyed adolescents, while the disease is more common among females. In the structure of the disease prevails periodical exposure and mild persistent form.
2. Identified by clinical features of asthma among adolescents living in the arid zone, indicate a high frequency of lesions of the bronchial tree association with allergic processes in other organs and tissues: in 73,9% of the AR, 53,7% with AK. 16,6% with BA and 14% with urticaria/angiocdcma.
3. Found that in the study population of patients with asthma adolescence occur expressed disturbances of the immune status, manifested deficit indicators as cell (CD3‘, CD4+, CD8 , CD16+), and humoral immunity (CD19 , IgA, IgG, IgM) and activation markers (CD23+, CD95). The immune status of patients with asthma in young people, adolescence has distinctive features, the depth of detected violations immunoreactivity was most pronounced in the younger age group.
4. In patients with bronchial asthma in adolescence revealed distinct changes in cell-cell interactions in the immune system: a significant increase in the content of Th2-cclls secreted IL-6 is a regulator of maturation of antibodies and immunoglobulin production itself, and vice versa reducing regulator activity of Th 1-cell cytokine INF-y.
5. It was found that the contents of cytokines IL-6, INF-y and in the peripheral blood is in communication with one pathogenic disease. It is shown that the lowest level of INF-y production in the scrum is characteristic of allergic clinical pathogenic variant asthma in adolescence. Adolescents suffering from predominantly infectious form of asthma, there is a sharp trend towards increased production of IL-6 in peripheral blood.
6. Revealed that markers of increased risk of allergic forms of asthma in adolescents Uzbek ethnicity arc genotype FceRip-109T/T allele FceRip-109T, low-risk markers - FcsRip-109C/C and allele Fc£Rip-109C. A high degree of cohesion genotype FcsRip-109T/T allele and FcsRip-109T with hereditary burden of asthma in the Uzbek population.
7. Among females ethnic Uzbek Association revealed lie-105 allele and genotype Ilc-105/Ilc-105 polymorphic gene locus GSTkI at high risk for asthma. Revealed that the genotype associated with the development Ilc-105/Ilc-105 allergic form of asthma in adolescents Uzbek population.
8. Complex therapy with adolescents’ patients with asthma ciklofcron and polyoxidonium, providing immunocorrective effect, enhances the clinical efficacy of basic therapy. In the study of prophylactic efficacy of immunomodulators positive indicators prevailed in the group of patients receiving polioksidony, necessitating its inclusion in the priority scheme of integrated treatment and prevention of asthma in adolescents.
В последние годы наблюдается драматический рост случаев сахарного диабета 2-го типа, ожирения, метаболического синдрома, хронических заболеваний почек, а также их различных сочетаний, отмечающихся у каждого второго жителя планеты. Ежегодный уровень смертности от ХБП оценивается приблизительно в 1 млн. случаев во всемирном масштабе. Условия, которые вызывают или ускоряют ХБП, включают сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, кроме того, различного рода факторы нередко оказывают существенное воздействие на процессы патогенеза, а также – развитие ХБП.
In this article, socio-cultural factors that play an important role in the development and development of society, as well as in the development of the individual, forming the national mentality that reflects the national characteristics of the nation, the mechanism of influence of these factors on the national mentality, the Uzbek national specific aspects of his mentality are philosophically analyzed. In addition, in the article, the author focuses on geographical conditions from the factors that form the national mentality.
Несмотря на широкое внедрение, до настоящего времени сохраняются проблемы, среди которых на первое место выступают воспалительные осложнения - мукозит и периимплантит .Многочисленные исследования по проблеме воспалительных осложнений позволили выделить многочисленные факторы риска для их развития ( курение, остеопороз, низкая гигиена полости рта, возраст, фоновая патология). Цель: Определение особенностей развития осложнений дентальной имплантации на основании оценки клинических факторов риска.
Risk factors of formation of congenital cleft of face are investigated. The most significant are: the heredity, age of mothers is more senior than 30 years; the fourth and more pregnancy, the transferred acute infectious diseases in the first trimester of pregnancy, reception of medical products, presence professional factors, smoking and alcohol in the first trimester of pregnancy
Factors influencing the mechanism of food industry management occupy a special place in the economic reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan. This is due to the fact that the
development of management mechanisms in the food industry, the study of its factors, diversification of the economy, modernization and technical renewal of leading industries, comprehensive support for pandemic enterprises are identified as one of the main tasks in the country.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of treatment of patients with combined injuries of the pelvis and femur, by developing tactical and technical aspects based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the condition.
The object of the study was 130 patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones with concomitant trauma, treated at the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid and its Samarkand branch for the period 2016-2021 years.
The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: the structure and frequency of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur in the general structure of injuries, in the structure of injuries to the pelvis and femur separately were evaluated. the risk factors for the development of unsatisfactory results of treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, based on traditional clinical and diagnostic standards, have been determined; a direct relationship has been proven in the dynamics of the condition of the victims and the prognosis, taking into account the type and nature of segmental injuries; the device for external fixation for stable functional minimally invasive osteosynthesis has been improved and the possibility of expanding the indications for surgical treatment for combined injuries of the pelvis and hip in the early period of traumatic disease has been proved; the technical advantages of a complete set of an improved rod device for external fixation have been proved, the pelvic and femoral versions of which make it possible to use them for effective stabilization of the pelvis and hip separately during anti-shock measures, and for the final reposition of bone fragments; the direct dependence of treatment results on the proposed tactics of providing trauma care at an early hospital stage, depending on the type, nature, severity of pelvic and hip injuries, and the severity of the condition has been proved.
The introduction of research results. Based on the results of scientific research to improve the surgical aspects of providing assistance to victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and femur: based on the results of the development of a device for the treatment of fractures, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation "Apparatus for the treatment of combined fractures of the pelvic and hip bones" (patent No. 2749897 dated 06/18/2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactics of surgical treatment of patients, to shorten the period of hospitalization and the period of postoperative rehabilitation, to ensure the possibility of patients with minimal economic costs; on the basis of the results of scientific research on the diagnosis and treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvic and femur bones, methodological recommendations were approved "Method for the treatment of victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, depending on the severity" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 dated August 31, 2021 of the year). The results obtained made it possible to improve the quality of wound diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones in concomitant injury; approved methodological recommendations "Tactics of rendering assistance to victims with combined injuries of the pelvis and hip, taking into account the severity of the condition" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 of August 31, 2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactical and technical aspects in the treatment of injuries to the pelvic and hip bones, based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the patient's condition.
Scientific results have been introduced into the practical activities of healthcare, in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Jizzakh Branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09 / 18979 dated December 02, 2021). The proposed tactics for the treatment of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur made it possible to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications of excellent and good long-term functional results from 66.1% to 92.6%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of referencesand applications. The volume of the text material of the work is 111 pages.
Purpose of the study. To study risk factors for the development of complications in pseudophakic eyes. Material and methods. We carried out a retrospective and prospective analysis of the case histories of 65 children (65 eyes) diagnosed with pseudophakia, who were in the hospital in the eye department of the clinic of the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute over the past 5 years. The results of the study showed that the most significant risk factors for the development of intra- and postoperative complications are the following factors: FAI, neutrophil- leukocyte index (0.94±0.5), true intraocular pressure 20.5±1.2 mm Hg. Art., thickness of the choroid 1.02 ± 0.33 mm, protein in the CV above 3.5 ± 0.09 g/l, and in the blood below 62 ± 1.3 g/l