ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientifijournal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
530
O`SMIRLIK DAVRINING PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI
M.M. Gadayeva
Osiyo Xalqaro universiteti
Tarix va filologiya kafedrasi o`qituvchisi
Nazarova Maftuna Anvarovna
Osiyo Xalqaro universiteti 2-P-23 guruh talabasi.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11207013
Annotatsiya
. Ushbu maqolada davr o’smirlari psixologiyasi hamda o’smir bolalarda
kechadigan psixologik o’zgarishlar, ularning rivojlanishiga ta’siri haqida so’z boradi.
Kalit so'zlar
: O'smir, xarakter, psixologiya, o'qish, muloqot, jiddiy munosabat, do'stlik, o'z-
o'zini anglash.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Abstract.
This article talks about the psychology of adolescents of the period and the
psychological changes that occur in adolescents and their impact on their development.
Keywords:
Teenager, character, psychology, study, communication, seriousness,
friendship, self-awareness.
ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОСОБЕННОСТЬ ПОДРОСТКОВОГО ПЕРИОДА
Аннотация.
В данной статье говорится о психологии подростков и
психологических изменениях, происходящих у подростков, и их влиянии на их развитие.
Ключевые слова:
Подросток, характер, психология, учёба, общение, серьёзное
отношение, дружба, самосознание.
O’smirlik 10—11 yoshlardan 14—15 yoshlargacha bolgan davrni tashkil etadi. Hozirgi
o‘smirlar o‘tmishdoshlariga nisbatan jismoniy, aqliy va siyosiy jihatdan birmuncha ustunlikka ega.
Ularda jinsiy yetilish, ijtimoiylashuv jarayoni, psixik o‘sish oldinroq namoyon
bo‘lmoqda.Aksariyat o‘quvchilarda o‘smirlik yoshiga o‘tish, asosan, 5-sinfdan boshlanadi. «Endi
o‘smir bola emas, biroq katta ham emas»- ayni shu ta’rif o‘smirlik davrining muhim xarakterini
bildiradi. O‘smirlik bolalikdan kattalikka o‘tish davri bo‘lib, fiziologik va psixologik jismoniy
jihatdan o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari bilan xarakterlanadi.O'smirlik - bu inson hayotidagi muhim va
qiyin bosqich, hayotning qolgan qismini ko'p jihatdan belgilaydigan tanlov vaqti.O'smirlik davri
bolaning ijtimoiy faolligining jadal rivojlanishi va qayta tuzilishi bilan ajralib turadi. Bola
hayotining barcha sohalarida kuchli siljishlar sodir bo'lmoqda, bu yoshni bolalikdan kamolotga
"o'tish davri" deb bejiz aytishmagan. Kichik maktab davridan so‘ng bola alohida olingan shaxs
sifatida o‘z-o‘ziga munosabatini shakllantirish jarayonida asosan ikki bosqichni boshidan
kechiradi. Bu bosqichlar o‘smirlik yoshini ikki xil davrga — kichik o‘smirlik davri va katta
o‘smirlik davrlariga to‘g‘ri keladi. Birinchi bosqichda o‘smir o‘zini «bola»lardan ajratib, endi
o‘zini kattalar olamiga mansubligini ta’kidlamoqchidek boladi. Kattalar hayotiga kirishga qiziqish
o‘smirlarning asosiy xarakteristikalari hisoblanadi.
Bu davr uchun kattalarning xatti-harakatlariga taqlid qilish va o‘zining mana shu
yarashmagan qiliqlariga tanqidiy baho bera olmaslik, uning katta yoshli kishilarga yaqin bolishi,
yordam berayotgan bir guruh tengdoshlari bilan ortiq darajada bog'liq. O`smir yoshdagilarni ta'lim
va tarbiya berish ishlarida uchraydigan ayrim qiyinchiliklar bu yoshdagi bolalarning psixik
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientifijournal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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rivojlanishi va xususiyatlarini ba'zan yetarli darajada bilmaslikdan yoki inkor qilishdan kelib
chiqadi. Bu davrda o`smirlarning o`z shaxsiy fikrlari paydo bo`ladi. Ularda o`z qadr-qimmatlari
haqidagi tushuncha kengayadi. Ilmiy psixologiyaning aniqlashi bo`yicha o`smirlarning psixik
taraqqiyotini harakatga keltiruvchi kuchlar, ularning faoliyatlari bilan tug`iladigan extiyojlar bilan
bu extiyojlarni qondirish imkoniyatlari o`rtasidagi dialektik qarama-qarshiliklarni yuzaga kelishi
va bartaraf qilinishidan iboratdir.
O'smirlik davrida yetakchi faoliyat — bu o‘qish, muloqot hamda mehnat faoliyatidir.
O'smirlik davri muloqotining asosiy vazifasi — bu do‘stlik, o‘rtoqlikdagi elementar
normalarini aniqlash va egallashdir. O‘smir o‘z faoliyatini muayyan prinsip, e’tiqod va shaxsiy
nuqtayi nazari asosida tashkil qila boshlaydi. O ‘smir shaxsini tarkib toptirishda uning atrof-
muhitga, ijtimoiy hodisalarga, kishilarga munosabatini hisobga olish lozim. Psixologlar o‘tkazgan
tadqiqotlardan ko‘rinadiki, o‘smirlarning ko‘pchiligi qat’iyatlilik, kamtarlik, mag‘rurlik,
samimiylik, dilkashlik kabi ma’naviy, axloqiy tushunchalarni to‘g‘ri anglaydilar.
Ularning turmush tajribasida fan asoslarini egallash natijasida barqaror e’tiqodiy va ilmiy
dunyoqarash tarkib topadi, shular zaminida axloqiy ideallar yuzaga kela boshlaydi. O'smirlar
muloqotining asosiy xususiyati shundan iboratki, u tola o‘rtoqlik kodeksiga bo‘ysunadi.
O'smirlarning o‘z tengdoshlari bilan muloqotda bolishi g‘oyat katta ahamiyatga egadir.
O‘smirlar do‘stlik, o‘rtoqlik va o‘zaro yordamlashuvni hamma narsadan yuqori qo‘yadilar:
ana shunday o‘zaro munosabatlar, o‘spirinlik yillarida ham davom eta beradi.O ‘smirning do‘stlari
bilan muloqoti ham o‘ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega. Tengdosh bolalar bilan prinsipial tenglik
holatidagi munosabatlar muhitiga nisbatan o‘smirda alohida qiziqish boladi. Bu hoi o‘smirda
yuzaga keladigan shaxsiy kattalik hissining etik mazmuniga mos keladi. Kattalar bilan muloqotda
bolish tengdoshlari bilan bolgan muloqotning o‘rnini bosa olmaydi.O'smirlik yoshi bu aynan
o`snir o`g`il-qizlarning va ularning ota-onasi uchun jiddiy sinovli davrdir. Bu davrga kelib
o'smirlar ko'pincha ota-onalari bilan, maktabdagi o`qituvchilari bilan janjallashishadi, ular kattalar
tomonidan ko'proq mustaqillikka va minimal nazoratga erishishga harakat qilishadi.
Maktabda o’qitiladigan fanlar o’smir uchun o’z taxminlarini yuzaga keltirish yoki
tekshirish uchun sharoit bo’lib xizmat qiladi. J.Piajening ta’kidlashicha, “Ijtimoiy hayot uch
narsaning ta’siri - til, mazmun, qoidalar asosida shakllantiriladi”. Bu borada o’zlashtirilgan
ijtimoiy munosabatlar o’z-o’zidan tafakkurning yangi imkoniyatlarini yaratadi. Ma’lumki,
o’smirlik davrida o’smirning “meni” qaytadan shakllana boradi. Uning atrofidagilari ayniqs, o’z-
o’ziga bo’lgan munosabati, qiziqishlari, qadriyatlari yo’nalishi keskin o’zgaradi. O’smir yoshdagi
bolani birinchi galdagi intilishi, u o’zini endi kichkina bola emas, balki katta bolib qolganligini
atrofdagilarga ishontirishdan iboratdir. Mustaqil ishlar qilishga uringan o’smir shunday qilishga
haqqi borligiga o’zini-o’zi ishontiradi, chunki men endi “katta bo’lib qoldim” deb o’ylaydi.
Shuning uchun ham psixologlar “katta bolib qolganlik tuyg’usi” ni shaxsning o’smirlik
yoshdagi eng asosiy yangilik sifatida talqin qiladlar. L.S.Vigotskiy o’smirlik davrida
qiziqishlarining o’zgarishiga bog’liq ravishta ikki fazani (salbiy va ijobiy) ajratib ko’rsatgan.
Salbiy faza ilgarigi qiziqishlarining so’nishi va yangi dastlabki jinsiy qiziqishlarning paydo
bolishi bilan bog’liq. Bunda quyidagi salbiy xulq-atvor ko’rinishlari namoyon boladi: ish
qobilyatining, o’zlashtirishining pasayishi, o’smirning qopolligi va yuqori qo’zg’aluvchanligi,
uning o’zidan qoniqmasligi va xavotirlanish va boshqalar. Ijobiy faza keng, chuqur yangi
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientifijournal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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qiziqishlarining paydo bo’lishi bilan xarakterlanadi. O’smirda boshqalarning va o’zining
psixologik kechinmalariga qiziqish paydo bo’ladi. O’smirlik davridagi inqiroz - o’smir
kechinmalari, uning strukturasi, mazmunining qat’iy o’zgarishi, buzilishidir. Bu tabiiy holatdir,
ammo bu davrda ota-onalar o'zlariga nisbatan hurmatsizlik bilan shug'ullanishlari kerak. Ya`ni
bolani mustaqillikka intilishi bu normal holat ammo ota-ona baribir nazorat qilib borishi lozim.
Undagi salbiy hatti-harkatlarni, o'smirning xulq-atvori tobora muammoli bo'lib qoladigan
vaziyatlarda, qiyin vaziyatni qo'ldan chiqmasdan oldin hal qilish muhimdir.
O‘smirga o‘zini baholashning shaxsiy mezonlarini ishlab chiqishga, o‘zini «ichdan»
ko‘rishga va o‘z yutuqlarini baholashga, shaxsining kuchli tomonlariga suyanishga o‘rgatmoq
lozim. O‘smirlik davrining oxiriga kelib kuchli o‘z-o‘zini anglash ro‘y beradi. Kattalarning
bahosiga taqlid qilish yo‘qolib, o‘z-o‘zini tarbiyalash, o‘z-o‘zini ko‘rsatish, o‘z-o‘zini tasdiqlatish,
o‘z-o‘zini namoyon qilishga intilish kuchayadi.O ‘z-o‘zini anglashning yangi darajasini
shakllanishi (o‘zi haqidagi tasavvur, Men konsepsiyasi) o‘z imkoniyatlari va xususiyatlarini,
o‘zining boshqalarga o‘xshashligi va betakrorligini, o‘zini shaxs sifatida bilish ehtiyojidan kelib
chiqadi. O‘smirlarning o‘zi bilan bogliq kechinmalari ko‘pincha salbiy bo‘ladi.
Bu o‘smirning o‘ziga «tashqaridan» qarashiga, kattalarning bahosi va tasavvurlari
interiorizatsiyasi qilinishiga bog'liq.
O’smirlik davridagi qiyinchiliklar yuzaga kelishini oldini olishda ota-onalarga quyidagi
vazifalarni qo’yish maqsadga muvofiqdir:
-farzandlarga e’tiborli bo’lish
-ular bilan do’stona muloqot yaratish -qiziqishlarini inobatga olgan holda tarbiyasiga salbiy
ta’sir ko’rsatmasligini nazorat qilish va sharoit yaratib berish
-o’smir yoshidagi bolalarga yetarlicha vaqt ajratish va ularning ko’proq kitob o’qishiga,
ya’ni ta’lim jarayonlariga bee’tibor bo’lmaslik
-OAV lardan ma’lum vaqtda va muayyan bir tartib asosida foydalanishlarini nazorat qilib
borish va yuqoridagi barcha jarayonlarni to’g’ri amalga oshishini taminlashdan iborat. Maktab
amaliyotchi psixologlari uchun tavsiyalar:
-har bir yosh davrining o’ziga xos xususiyatlarini inobatga olgan holda ularni qiziqqan
sohalarga yo’naltirish;
-o’quv jarayonidagi nafaqat o’smirlar psixologiyasiga balki boshqa bolalar tarbiyasiga ham
birdek e’tiborli bo’lish;
-o’smir yoshidagi o’quvchilarning ota-onalari va maktab jamoasidagi
boshqa o’qituvchilar o’rtasidagi hamkorlikni tashkil etish;
-o’smirlardagi o’zgarishlarni doimiy nazorat qilish uchun turli xil metodikalarni tartib bilan
qollay olish;
-o’smirning tengdoshlar davrasidagi muloqot jarayonini chetdan kuzatib borish;
-bolalar bilan ularning qalbiga yol topa oladigan o’zaro hurmat va ishonch muhitini
yaratishlari lozim.
Aynan yuqorida keltirilgan tavsiyalar o’z vaqtida va to’liq bajarilsa o’smirlikda yuzaga
keladigan qiyinchiliklarning va ularning kelib chiqish sabablarini bartaraf etishga yordam beradi
deb o’ylaymiz. O’smirlik davrining to’g’ri tashkil etilishi qolgan yosh davrlardagi muammolarga
ham bee’tibor bo’lmaslikdan dalolat beradi.
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2024
International scientifijournal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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O’smirlik – bolalikdan kattalikka o’tish davri bo’lib, fiziologik va psixologik jihatdan
o’ziga xos xususiyatlari bilan xarakterlanadi va bu davrda o’smir tarbiyasiga e’tibor qaratish va bu
tarbiya jarayonidagi qiyinchiliklarga yuzaki qaramaslikni taqozo etadi.
O’smirlardagi asosiy o’zgarishni nimalar tashkil etadi? O’smir o’zini asta – sekin katta
odam deb qis qila boshlaydi, lekin ko’p odat va xususiyatlari bolalarcha bo’lib qoladi. Bu hissiyot
kattalik hissi deb ataladi va o’smirlikda asosiy psixologik yangilikdir. Bu his o’smirda o’ziga,
atrofga muhitga, odamlarga nisbatan yangi hissiy pozitsiyani yuzaga keltiradi. U bolalar xulq-
atvorini kattalar xulqi va qadriyatlariga qayta orientatsiya qila boshlaydi. O’smir o’z huquqlari
doirasini kengaytiradi, kattalarni esa cheklashni xohlaydi.
O’smirlik yoshiga yеtganda bolalarda burch va javobgarlik tuyg’ulari yеtarli darajada
o’sgan bo’ladi. Bolalar o’zlari ongli ravishda tanlagan qobil bo’lib qoladi. Mana shu davrda
kattalar bolalarga «bеmalol ish topshirishni ishonadilar» o’smirlarni oilada «kichkina» dеb
hisoblamay ulardan xo’jalik ishlariga yordam bеrish topshirilgan ishga javob bеrishni talab
qiladilar. Ular bilan maslahatlashadilar ba’zi o’smilar ayniqsa ular o’rta maktab yoshining oxiriga
borganda hatto o’ziga yaqinlarini qo’llovchi va tayanchi bo’lib qoladilar.
Xulosa. O'smirlarga ta’lim-tarbiya bеrishning yangi to`g`ri usullari hamda vositalarni
topishi uchun o`smirlik yoshining o`ziga xos hususiyatlarini jismoniy va psixologik taraqqiyotini
yaxshi bilishimiz kеrak. Ularni his-tuyg`ularini hurmat qilish, muloqotda to`la tengdoshlik
kodeksiga asoslanishini hisobga olgan holda ular bilan do`stona munosabatda bo`lish va nazoratni
ham unutib qo`ymaslik maqsadga muvofiqdir.
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