The article is devoted to the emergence and evolution of people's diplomacy in international relations. It focuses on the interpretation of international and interethnic friendly relations, the analysis of their stages of development. People's dip-lomacy is one of the important aspects in the development of international relations of each state. The term people's diplomacy has historically been a mechanism for developing friendly relations between nations and states from the time of its formation to the present. The first period of formation of the term people's diplomacy originated in the East, and in the 60s of the ХХth century, the term began to be widely used in international relations in the West. At the same time, the role of people's diplomacy is expanding and playing an important role in the development of international relations. People's diplomacy is an important part of foreign policy, ensuring the improvement of relations between nations, the promotion of the country's interests in the international arena and the creation of its positive image. People's diplomacy is also a way to influence the thoughts and behavior of the population of foreign countries. Today, people's diplomacy is clearly reflected in the lives of all developing countries. However, there are a number of problems related to the extent and purpose of their implementation, the level of ensuring friendly relations between peoples. Therefore, the article also discusses the issue of people's diplomacy in international relations, its formation and stages of development, its role in the international community. The attention paid to the development of people's diplomacy in the international arena in recent years, in particular, and the analysis of the work being done in this direction are also mentioned. The article also reveals the importance of people's diplomacy and its equal development of friendly relations between peoples.
In the context of an increasingly complex system of international relations, powerful states areи paying close attention to the factor of cultural diplomacy. After all, this factor becomes a solid criterion for mutually beneficial cooperation and stability. Cultural diplomacy not only contributes to the development and development of international relations, but also enhances trust and promising relations not only between states, but also between nations. In particular, countries such as Russia and China are trying to effectively use cultural diplomacy, taking into account historical experience. The cultural diplomacy of these countries in international affairs is aimed at restoring historical cultural ties with neighboring countries. It should be noted that the cultural diplomacy of Russia and China is carried out differently in each region or country and has a number of similar features. In this regard, cultural diplomacy between Russia and China with the Central Asian region, including Uzbekistan, is an important element of the soft power policy, but also plays a special role in the development of cultural cooperation between peoples. For the Republic of Uzbekistan, the experience of not only leading developed countries, but also Russia and China, the largest countries of the Eurasian region, is important for the Republic of Uzbekistan with a rich history of diplomacy, including cultural diplomacy. If they do not take into account their geopolitical position, their military-economic power, as well as their common history (with Russia) and their interests, Uzbekistan will not be able to build a foreign policy strategy with them in the geo-economic space. Countries such as Russia and China have long used cultural diplomacy as an important foreign policy mechanism, and this process continues today. Therefore, it is important to study the features and experience of the cultural diplomacy policy of the two countries. This article analyzes the diplomatic experience of China and Russia in international relations, in particular the similarities and differences between cultural diplomacy.
The role and place of public diplomacy in international relations, peace and stability, and the strengthening of mutual relations among nations are constantly increasing in the context of globalization. People's diplomacy plays an important role in shaping friendly relations between Uzbekistan and the international community with political, diplomatic and economic ties. In the development of public diplomacy, scientists, science and culture representatives, educational institutions, public and religious organizations, as well as public associations founded by fellow citizens, play a key role in the development of public diplomacy. The article aims to provide a systematic illustration of the history of cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Germany within the framework of public diplomacy. It follows from the following tasks: The Role of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan; Opening of the main directions of the German cooperation in the field of public diplomacy; The role of societies in the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with public diplomacy with Germany. The research has been used in the analysis, synthesis, history, logic research ways. The external mining partnership, formed in connection with public diplomacy, has given its results in the short run. In 1992, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan received 36 representatives from 9 countries (England, Germany, Israel, India, Malaysia, Turkey, USA, France and JAR). In 1993, about 160 countries recognized the independence of Uzbekistan and established diplomatic relations with 60 countries. In 1993, The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov visited Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Japan and India. As a result of the visit, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed with India, Turkey, Germany, France, Great Britain and China. The development of public diplomacy has played a significant role in the Uzbek Culture Days in Germany and the German Cultural Days in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the role of art and theater days in the countries in the development of cooperation between two countries in the sphere of culture was particularly significant. The role of friendship societies and cultural centers in the development of bilateral relations between two states in Eurasia – Germany and Uzbekistan is immense. The role of "Uzbekistan-Germany" Friendship Society and "Germany-Uzbekistan" societies, which unite representatives of two nations in the development of cooperation within the framework of people diplomacy are unique.
It is believed that it was multilateral diplomacy that became the basis for the development of the modern model of diplomacy. The driving factor in its formation was the search for and maintaining equilibrium in the system of international relations through multilateral agreements. The Westphalian world of 1648 can be considered the most striking example of the formation of this model. The principle of equilibrium has always been interpreted in both a dynamic and a static manner. In the first case, it was a question of restoring a once disturbed balance of power, which could not but stimulate the convening of multilateral diplomatic forums whose purpose was to agree on ways to achieve equilibrium. In the second case, the cornerstone is the question of maintaining the already achieved equilibrium. Reflecting an existing or potential threat from one state or group of states was a direct task of various forms of multilateral diplomacy. The creation of a balanced system of international relations, based on the responsibility and equality of states, is today the most urgent task of multilateral diplomacy. Modern multilateral diplomacy is expressed in the activities of relevant international institutions - instruments for jointly solving international problems affecting the interests of several states or groups of their citizens. This article describes the cultural cooperation between Uzbekistan and the SCO, multilateral diplomacy in this area and the contribution of Uzbekistan to the development of this sector within the organization.
The article analyzes the essence, definition, theory and paradigms of cultural diplomacy, international relations, "soft power", theoretical and conceptual foundations of the history of diplomacy, features of models of cultural diplomacy of leading foreign countries and its implementation in Uzbekistan. On this basis, methodological approaches to the study of the history of cultural diplomacy are discussed.
In the modern world, various states pay special attention to their cultural diplomacy and the formation of their image. The purpose of cultural diplomacy is to strengthen international relations with foreign countries and influence on the system of international relations. It also plays an important role in shaping the image and improving status in the world community. The cultural factor, as a “soft power” in international politics, seriously affects the socio-economic processes in the world and international relations. The term "soft power" refers to cultural diplomacy conducted by a particular state. Japan, which is one of the developed countries of the world, pays special attention to the soft power factor in foreign policy. It is known that Japan managed to preserve the values of its national culture, despite the fact that it used the achievements of Western civilization for many decades. And therefore, modern Japanese culture is characterized by the fact that it harmoniously combines tradition and modernity. Thanks to the successful combination of national characteristics and the achievements of computer digital technologies, Japan has become a world leader among information societies. Cultural diplomacy not only serves Japan to resolve many issues of a political and economic nature, but also integrates it deeper into the international community and enhances its image in the international arena. Thus, Japan, effectively using the processes of globalization, has achieved world recognition of its culture through the development of cultural diplomacy. In this regard, it is of interest to us to study the best practices of Japan in this area.
The article notes that although representatives of the social and humanitarian sciences have not yet sufficiently studied the processes of formation and development of diplomacy of the Central Asian states and territories, subordinate to them, as well as the history of the development of the Uzbek diplomacy, a comprehensive study of various periods in the history of the problem and issues of international cooperation mainly began in the years independence. The author on the basis of the problem-chronological method conditionally subdivides the conducted research into several directions.
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in his Address to the Oliy Majlis on December 29, 2020, noted that in the face of today's complex geopolitical processes, the coronavirus pandemic and the global economic crisis, Uzbekistan is actively pursuing an open and pragmatic foreign policy. He noted that as a result of our efforts, the prestige of the country is growing, and priorities for the implementation of foreign policy for 2021 have been outlined. Among the tasks that need to be given special attention in the implementation of the country's foreign policy in 2021, listed by the leader of Uzbekistan, are proposals and initiatives for the development of public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy, which are important areas of foreign policy and diplomacy of Uzbekistan. The idea of creating a Compatriots Fund was formulated by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the celebration of July 30 as International Day of Friendship in order to inspire efforts to strengthen friendship and peace between nations, cultures and peoples, and to build bridges between societies respecting cultural diversity July 30 - International Day of Friendship and the holding of the international conference "Central Asia at the crossroads of world civilizations" in cooperation with UNESCO in Khiva in 2021 formed a goal: to increase the prestige and image of Uzbekistan in the world (this historical initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mirziyoyev Sh.M. nominated at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly).
This article systematically describes the scientific and practical research carried out in the diplomacy of Uzbekistan in the framework of the sciences of international relations, political science, history, jurisprudence and the economy based on an interdisciplinary approach.
The article describes such concepts as culture in the system of globalization, public and cultural diplomacy, as well as some aspects of their implementation in the digital age, including the impact of cultural diplomacy carried out using digital technologies and being one of the elements of public diplomacy on international relations. The link between the decision of the elites and what measures were taken in the future is mentioned separately. It is also noted about the phenomenon of glocalization, that is, cultural character-istics and national values that are subject to modification in the context of globalization.
Active implementation of economic diplomacy in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan is one of the priorities of today. Because, in the active promotion of economic diplomacy, it is important to attract investment, increase tourism and export potential. The growing role of economic diplomacy in the system of international relations shows that it should be applied in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The article discusses the current work in this direction and its prospects.
Today, Uzbekistan is opening up to the whole world. One of the factors in the development of any state is that it has its place in the world community within the framework of important organizations. Uzbekistan has introduced various diplomatic mechanisms to accelerate the process of active interaction and mutually beneficial cooperation with the region and the world. One of the most important organizations in our country is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The rich history and close cultural ties between the SCO member states predetermine wide cultural and humanitarian cooperation within the organization. In this sense, it is worth noting that a hundred years ago the space of the SCO countries was connected by the ancient routes of the Silk Road. It is also deeply symbolic that by the 21st century, the countries of Eurasia are ready to develop new economic, cultural and humanitarian ties, reviving ancient traditions in the context of globalization. Some political and economic changes in the world require that only interstate cooperation be adapted to the principles of public diplomacy. Cultural and humanitarian cooperation has a growing tendency to develop mutual understanding, mutual enrichment and integration of cultures, creating a solid social basis for disseminating information and knowledge about the traditions and customs of peoples in the SCO space. Uzbekistan has long been associated with the peoples of the SCO space through ethnic, linguistic, religious and other ties. It was the Uzbek land that served as a bridge connecting these links. Therefore, the most important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy is cooperation with the SCO member countries. Therefore, the possibility of further strengthening the role of Uzbekistan in all areas is an urgent problem. This article describes the cultural and humanitarian cooperation between Uzbekistan and the SCO, multilateral diplomacy in this area and the contribution of Uzbekistan to the development of this sector within the organization.
The article analyzes the state and prospects of the institutionalization of diaspora politics and diplomacy in relation to compatriots in foreign countries and Uzbekistan.
Analysis of this problem has shown that in a number of foreign countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Israel, Mexico, Poland, Turkey, Croatia, Serbia, etc., diaspora politics and diplomacy are called upon to play a leading role in strengthening the internal consolidation of foreign communities and the development of their potential in the countries of residence The success of its advancement in the political sphere of the country of residence and the possibility of creating lobbying structures directly depend on the nature and intensity of support of the ethnic community by the mother state.
The most influential diasporas have a close relationship with the ethnic homeland, which, as a rule, is realized through state support of the diaspora from the homeland, as well as through the support of the mother state itself from the ethnic diaspora.
At the present stage, further institutionalization of the diaspora policy of Uzbekistan in relation to compatriots abroad in the following areas is relevant:
Establishment of a specialized agency to support the Uzbek diaspora abroad, the Uzbek Agency for International Development, legal formalization of the strategic priorities of diaspora policy, the establishment of specialized information and cultural centers named after S. A.Navoiy in the structure of the republic's diplomatic missions abroad, establishing constructive cooperation with national-cultural associations of Uzbeks functioning in foreign countries, etc
Today, Uzbekistan is opening up to the whole world. One of the factors in the development of any state is that it has its place in the world community within the framework of important organizations. Uzbekistan has introduced various diplomatic mechanisms to accelerate the process of active interaction and mutually beneficial cooperation with the region and the world. One of the most important organizations in our country is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The rich history and close cultural ties between the SCO member states predetermine wide cultural and humanitarian cooperation within the organization. In this sense, it is worth noting that a hundred years ago the space of the SCO countries was connected by the ancient routes of the Silk Road. It is also deeply symbolic that by the 21st century, the countries of Eurasia are ready to develop new economic, cultural and humanitarian ties, reviving ancient traditions in the context of globalization. Some political and economic changes in the world require that only interstate cooperation be adapted to the principles of public diplomacy. Cultural and humanitarian cooperation has a growing tendency to develop mutual understanding, mutual enrichment and integration of cultures, creating a solid social basis for disseminating information and knowledge about the traditions and customs of peoples in the SCO space. Uzbekistan has long been associated with the people of the SCO space through ethnic, linguistic, religious and other ties. It was the land of Uzbek that served as a bridge connecting these links. Therefore, the most important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy is cooperation with the SCO membe countries. Therefore, the possibility of further strengthening the role of Uzbekistan in all areas is an urgent problem. This article describes the cultural and humanitarian cooperation between Uzbekistan and the SCO, multilateral diplomacy in this area and the contribution of Uzbekistan to the development of this sector within the organization
In 1860, British Foreign Minister Lord Palmerston stated that after receiving the first telegraph message, “the end time of diplomacy was kcldi.” Over time, other technological innovations such as radio, telcfon, television and fax began to appear. L.Palmcrston had predicted the change by linking all of this discovery with diplomacy.
The COVID-19 pandemic originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since then, it has rapidly widespread in almost every country around the world and has become a new global public health crisis. Since then, the demand for coronavirus vaccines and the supply of vaccine production becomes the most urgent strategic priority issues globally. Many governments have participated in the race of coronavirus vaccine production and distribution typically as the United States, China, Russia, and Australia. The United States marks as the leading vaccine supplier in this race. This country has delivered more than 682 million COVID-19 vaccine doses, all donated free of charge, to 116 countries - more doses than any other nation. The objective of the article is to analyze the vaccine diplomacy of the US base on the vaccine donation dataset, the location where the vaccine was given. The article indicates that the US has taken the lead in the race to produce and supply vaccination to the world. Vietnam, as a comprehensive partner of the US, has benefited from the US vaccine diplomacy policy. The paper has shown that the US. has given a significant amount of medical support and vaccines to Vietnam. These contribute significantly meaning for Vietnam's COVID-19 fighting.
The article theoretically describes the meaning of the ways of developing an energy resource strategy or, in other words, energy diplomacy in the Middle East. It seems that the scientific statement of this issue is important for streamlining cognitive procedures for researching the capacity of world demand for Middle Eastern energy sources, as well as for analyzing the essence of content in geopolitical changes taking place on this vast and to some extent ambiguous territorial space.
Central Asia is a key region of the Korean administration's vision of building a global hub and building an overseas Korean community. Until now, the South Korean government has laid the foundation for northern diplomacy in Central Asia. It has developed strategies and visions for Central Asia through the Eurasian Initiative policy, Northeast Asia peace policy initiative, and the promotion of the New Northern Policy. As such, Central Asia, such as Uzbekistan, is a key country with high geopolitical and geographical strategic value, and has served as a cooperative base for previous governments to enter the Eurasian market. The fact that research on cooperation between Korea and Central Asia can look at institutional reforms being pursued by Central Asian countries after the transition to the socialist system has many implications. In other words, it is very meaningful in terms of the Korean government's construction of a global central country, the construction of an overseas Korean community, the establishment of a foundation for overseas unification, and the study of a unification model.
The paper describes impact of cultural diplomacy and the formation of a positive image of the country as an important factor in enhancing the status of the state in the international arena by the example of Japan`s foreign policy.
This article describes the concept of preventive diplomacy, its practical implementation, preventive diplomacy in all spheres of relations between the Central Asian states and its importance for the countries of the region, cooperation between the Government of Uzbekistan and neighboring countries based on historical and scientific sources.