Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Various techniques of hybridization arc used in crop breeding, including cotton to produce a wide variability in agronomical valuable traits and develop new forms.
Regardless of its implementation hybridization process leads heredity decoding which allow the new plastic genotypes formation with an ability to change and adapt to the new conditions. Hybridization and selection arc considered as a main synthetic method of new varieties development and a success in this largely depends on the choice of crosses method and genotypes of initial forms. Therefore, there is given a special attention for studying the genetic basis and improving of hybridization methods. However, based on the most widely used of hybridization methods arc not always possible to develop varieties having high parameters of composite agronomical traits. Many developed varieties as a result of breeding methods arc genetically become homogeneous, which leads to a reduction of genetic variation and increasing of risk of cpiphytoty outbreaks and decreasing of total productivity (Boroycvich, 1981). Therefore, it is necessary to increase the genetic variability of crops’ agronomic traits by involving of original forms, as well as wild relatives of crops with genetic resistance to various stress factors, diseases and pests.
In increase cotton production through the creation of early maturing, high-yielding having good fiber yield and quality, resistant to various diseases, pests and stress factors, as well as with low level or toxic gossypol in cotton seeds still remain as critical problem in cotton production.
To overcome these problems there need to improving of genetic basis for assessment of existing donors and through the use of various hybridization methods to create new enriched genotypes, promoting positive recombination of polygene in hybrid’ organism for use in applied cotton breeding. Based on the above stated, the study of the genetic aspects of various methods of remote composite intraspecific and interspecific hybridization, based on the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness in order to isolate valuable recombinants and transgressive forms having new genetic variability of traits arc important both scientific and practical point of view.
The dissertation meets the objectives as set out in the Lows of Uzbekistan «On Seed Production» of December by 21, 2007 and «On Breeding achievements» by August 21, 2002 directed to developing and introduction of high-yielding cotton varieties, with a good yield and fiber quality, tolerance to various factors, as well as improving seed production.
Purpose of researches is comparative study of effectiveness of the various methods of intraspecific composite, convergent and inter-specific (3 to 5 species) hybridization revealing the nature of inheritance, form shaping and transgressive variation of traits, total and (+)-gossypol in creation of genetically enriched breeding material and for using in the applied cotton breeding.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research is follows:
in the system of topcrosscs there used genetic evaluation for combining ability of main agronomic traits cotton varieties with different origins for further using in intraspecific composite and convergent hybridizations;
there established principally dominant inheritance and overdominance type of inheritance (with deviation toward the initial forms with the high agronomic traits) in F| at composite intra-and interspecific hybridization which genetically distinct accessions from the local and foreign selection and wide transgressive variability in F2-F3, facilitating to efficient selection of valuable recombinants;
first identified the inheritance nature and variability of total and (+)-gossypol in the cotton hybrids’ generative parts, developed by involving of American accessions with high (+)- gossypol and local varieties, as well as their correlation with some agronomical valuable traits;
first there held comparative study of economic traits at the different forms of amphidiploid G.thurheri x G.raimondii K-58 (hirsutum type) and K-59 (type harhadense) for free reproduction and after crossing the cultural forms of G.hirsutum L. species, it was established a wide range of variation of agronomic traits at mutant form of K-59 and composite hybrids, derived from it’s participation as compared to K-58 amphidiploid and it’s composite hybrids. It was found out those two types (type G.hirsutum K-58 and type G.harhadense K-59) of amphidiploid G.thurheri x G.raimondii at the free reproduction exhibits similarities with the both cultural tctraploid species; G.hirsutum L. and G.harhadense L., respectively. When they crossed with the cultivated G.hirsutum L. species these amphidiploid forms also behave as natural tctraploids;
it is revealed that, at the composite hybrids produced with the participation of the both forms of amphidiploid (K-58 and K-59) G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulhr., as a result of transgressive variation, there is a disturbance of negative correlations between such traits as yield and fiber length, fineness and boll numbers conducive to positive recombinants emergence and increase donor opportunities of amphidiploids;
by comparative study of different methods of remote intra-and interspecific hybridization revealed the genetic nature of inheritance nature and variation degree of the main agronomic traits in composite hybrids, as well as their effectiveness in allocating recombinants having a new genetic variability of traits;
it is revealed that the possibility of breaking some negatively correlated traits by different methods of composite intra-and interspecific hybridization and selection of recombinants combining early maturity and high productivity, high fiber output with its quality and 1000 seed weight, etc.;
it is confirmed that the effectiveness of used methods such as a composite intraspecific and interspecific crosses, to increase positive transgressive variation and segregation genetically enriched recombinants having new combination of high levels of positive parameters of agronomic traits that were recommended and used to develop valuable initial material and new cotton varieties;
the obtained theoretical data on inheritance nature, hcritability and agronomic traits morphogenesis, levels of total and (+)-gossypol and their correlation with other agronomical valuable traits at developed hybrids could be successfully used in the field of fundamental research, and created unique hybrids, forms, progenies, lines and varieties could be used in applied cotton breeding.
Conclusion
1. There obtained and identified on comparative study base of intraspecific composed and converged hybrids with participation of six registered medium staple cotton cultivars in topcross system and high effects of GCA on the following traits:
«50%-cmcrgcncy-50 % flowering» Yulduz (-0.71); Tashkent-6 (-0.39) and in S-9070 (-0.38); “50% cmcrgcncy-50% maturing” S-9070 (-1.43), and in
Tashkent- 6 (-0.91); one boll weight S-6532 (+ 0.11); 1000 seeds weight S-9070 (+0.51); on productivity Tashkent-6 (+5,28), S-4911 (+4,04) and S-9070 (+2 24); fiber output S-6532 (+1,29); fiber length S-4911 (+0,70) and S-6532 (+0,48); fiber strength S-6532 (+1,57) and S-4911 (+0,91); micronairc S-6532 (+0,24) and Ak-Darya-6 (+0.24). These donors of high valuable traits were used by us for improving of the recurrent varieties by composite and convcrcgcnt hybridization. It was found that involvement of the varieties with a high GCA in convergent hybridization allows improving of the recurrent varieties and developing of a new initial material for cotton breeding:
inheritance nature and variability degree of agronomic traits at intraspecific composite and convergent cotton hybrids revealed the relative efficiency of the studied hybridization techniques during elaboration of new initial material with enriched genotypes of agronomic traits, and recommended to use in geneticselection process;
convergent hybrids F i dominated by early maturity, in terms of productivity and fiber output occurcd overall effect of overdominance, and F2-F3 appeared as positive transgressive forms;
significant effect of the genotype of the parental forms involved in hybridization on the inheritance nature of fiber quality (length, micronairc, strength) had convergent hybrids Fj, as well as their level of recombination in F2-F3 indicating the need for breeding of recombinants on these traits in early generations, taking into account genotype of initial forms;
the inheritance of the wilt tolcrancccs bccamcs not only depending on the pathogen load in soil fungus infections, but also depends on the used hybridization methods. Thus, most high resistance, i.c. negative superdominance on wilt tolerance observed in convergent hybrids F, and F2;
the direction and strength of correlation between the studied traits in intraspecific composite and convergent hybrids varied in depending on crosses type and from genotype of recurrent varieties. At present ease, the greatest number of recombinants with positive combination of high indicator traits which determining fiber quality, as well as its output, length, observed with with composite, particularly with convergent hybridization.
2. For the first time, on the basis of studies on determination the percentage of (+)- gossypol in seeds of genetically different cultivars of Uzbek cotton selection and analysis of variability, inheritance degree of total and (+)-gossypol in the environmentally and genetically remote hybrids and their correlations with economically valuable traits was proved:
the cultivars S-6524, S-6530 and S-6532 which were elaborated involving subspccic of G.ssp.punctatum had the highest level of (+)- gossypol and the «Turon» cultivar which was developed by composite hybridization has a low indicator of the current trait and relatively high level of total gossypol in seeds;
It was determined intermediate inheritance level of (+)- gossypol in the petals and seeds in F| hybrids and wide positive and negative transgressive variability in Ғ2-Ғ3. It was proved that the efficiency of plant selection with high (+)- gossypol in seeds since F2, that confirmed with segregation of constant progenies and lines on trait basis in F4 hybrids;
as a result of research the cross-correlation total and ( +)- gossypol and some agranomically valuable traits was found that between the ( +)- gossypol in the petals and seed exists a weak correlation. The data on correlations of studied traits showed an independent genetic control of (+)-gossypol in the generative organs and independent inheritance of them at cco- geographically and genetically remote hybridization.
3. For the first time, based on comparative study of agronomic traits of amphidiploid G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr. two forms (hirsitum type -K-58 and harhadense type -K-59) and hybrids derived from G.hirsutum L. varieties revealed:
both studied forms of hirsutum type and harhadense type of amphidiploid G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr., being functional diploids provided wide combinative variability in the progeny from the free reproduction and crossing with the cultivars of tetrapioid G.hirsutum L., and showed their similarity to G.hirsutum L. and G.harhadense L. tctraploid species, respectively;
as a result of the research a group of unique composite hybrids (F\G.thurherii Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr.) x G.hirsutum L. confirmed unlimited transgressive variation as the basis of a new form revealing, new gene pool developing for use in applied cotton breeding. Herewith, at bud mutant K-59 observed emergence of phenotypes with higher variability for most agronomic traits compared to K-58;
it was found out that in composite hybrids which obtained by crossing of studied forms of G. thurberi Tod. x G. raimondii Ulbr. amphidiploids (2n=52) and with G.hirsutum L. cultivars were observed relatively rapid improvement on productivity and its components in comparison with freely propagated amphidiploids offspring. Herewith, composite hybrids involving K-58 on boll number in all generations was slower comparied to hybrids derived from K-59;
composite hybrids F, obtained involving two cultivars of cultivated forms on fiber output and length were observed deviation toward the parent with the best expression of the trait. It was revealed that the fiber output and length of the studied composite hybrids susceptible to less variability compared in terms productivity and its components. Relatively high variation was manifested on fiber output in F2, and on fiber length in F2-F3. In freely multiplying offspring of K-59 and its hybrids with varieties in F3 was observed the derivations of more long staple plants compared with hybrids, developed involving K- 58;
free propagating amphidiploids’ offsprings and composite hybrids selected by using of cultural forms showed the least wilt susceptibility compared with the control. Wilt resistance of barbadense type K-59 progenies from the free breeding was higher as compared than offspring of K-58, and higher in composite hybrids F2-F4, obtained involving K-59.
4. Under the general principle of correlation relationships among the studied hybrids were found that composite hybrids F2 amphidiploids’ G.thurberi Tod x G.raimondii Ulbr., both types (K-58 and K-59) with a G.hirsutum L. type Acala sj-5 cultivar showed mainly low positive and negative correlation coefficient values, which in most eases were none significant. In hybrid combination of K-58 x Andijan-60 fiber output and length correlated positively;
5. Based on comparative study of inheritance and variation of agronomic traits in developed 4 genomic [(G.thurberi Tod. X G.raimondii Ulbr.) X G.arhoreum L.] x G.hirsutum L., 5 - genome [(F|K-28 x S-6524 ) x G.harhadense L. hybrids and their backcross hybrids were proved:
the possibility of broad transgress variation and creation genetically enriched recombinants on unique traits;
efficiency of backcrosscs among the composite interspecific earlier generation hybrids for rapid improvement and stabilization of eultuvated forms of cotton;
wide transgress variability presence in 4 and 5 species composite hybrids and their backcross hybrids on productivity and its components starting with F|. In particular, it was confirmed the effectiveness of five species hybridization to increase the boll numbers per plant, boll weight and weight of 1000 seeds at 4 and 5 species and backcrosscs hybridization.
by obtaining recombinants having fiber output 43,1-45,0%, fiber length - 40 mm and above, micronairc of fiber 3.9-4.5 and wilt tolerance it was confirmed the effectiveness of introgressive and transgressive breeding at composite 4-5 species hybridization and their backcross hybrids.
6. As a result of studies of correlations in composite 4-5 species and backcrosscs hybridization of F2 hybrids it was revealed the effectiveness of used methods in interruption of such negatively correlated traits as «fiber output» and «fiber length» from medium positive (r=+0,39) up to high positive (r=+0,62), «fiber length» and «micronairc» -medium positive (r=+0,55), as well as «fiber length» and «fiber strength» -medium positive (r =+0,56 and r=+0.50).
7. Based on intraspecific composite and convergent, eco-geographically and genetically remote and 3-4-5 species and backcrosscs hybridizations were developed the following new breeding progenies, lines and varieties of upland cotton:
by composite and convergent hybridization way-L-7966, L-214/05; CC-896/05; CC-896/28; CC-991/05; CC-991/09; KC-1/05; КС-1/08; КС-1/18; KC-1/35; KC-1/51; KC-1/77, S-231-233/07, L-234-235/07, L-236-237/07, L-242-243/07, L-244-245/07, L-482-483/07, L-484-485/07, L-666-667/07, L-397-398/07, L-802-803/07, L-814-815/07, L-230/05;
cco- geographically and genetically distant hybridization - cultivar S-7300, S-7301, the progenies S-5344, S-5361. HPG-1;
composite 3 - specific hybridization -cultivar «Sulton», «Jarkurgan», S-7276, S-7277, as well as a number of lines;
8. Using the remote intra-and interspecific hybridization it was elaborated unique introgression hybrids, genetically enriched cotton recombinants, progenies, lines, and varieties «Sulton», «Jarkurgan», S-7276, S-7277, S-7300, S-7301 having positive combination of high agronomic traits. Cultivar «Sulton» was included in the State register from 2011 and for the period from 2008 up to 2014 it was sown on the area of over than 275,5 thousand hectares.
9. The following rcccomcndations were given for practize and future studies:
use of method convergent hybridization, allowing improving of agronomic valuable traits of recurrent parent and registered medium staple cotton cultivars and receiving a positive transgressive variability;
as an initial source in convergent crosses use cotton varieties with high General combination ability (GCA) on the following: on early maturity- Tashkent-6 and S-9070; boll weight - S-6532; weight of 1000 seeds S- 9070; on productivity -Tashkent-6, S-4911 and S-9070; fiber output -S-6532; fiber length - S-4911 and S-6532; fiber strength - S-6532 and S-4911; and for micronairc - S-6532 and Ak-Darya-6.
for use as an initial source in cotton genetics and breeding research such new cotton selection progenies as well as the lines: KS-1/05; K.S-1/08; K.S-1/18; KS-1/35; KS-1/51; and KS-1/77, L-7966, L-214/05, S-214/05, SS-896/05; SS-896/28; SS-991/05 and SS-991/09 with early maturity, productivity, wilt tolerance, fiber output and quality.
to use in cotton genetics and breeding researches both USA accessions BC3S,-47-8-l-17, BC3S|-l-3-6-15 with 95% of (+)-gossypol level in seeds and lines HPG-1 and others with 90% of (+)-gossypol level, as donors on this trait. Since 2012, developed and studied in the competitive variety testing of Institute the following lines: L-404-05 and L-6970 with high (+)- gossypol level were recommended for testing on ground control of the State Inspection Commission for Agriculture crops variety testing.
widespread use of various forms of synthetic tetrapioids G.thurheri Tod. x G.raimondii Ulbr., 4-5 species composite hybrids [(G. thurheri Tod. x G. raimondii Ulbr.) x G.arhoreum L.] x G.hirsutum L. and [(F t K- 28 x C-6524 ) x G.harhadense L., as well as their backcrosscs for achievement the broad transgress variation, elaboration genetically enriched recombinants on economically valuable traits and their use in practical cotton breeding;
to extend the areas in of early maturing commercialised cotton cultivar «Sulton» and perspective one «Jarkurgan» as well broad testing of such as new varieties S-7277, S-7300 and S-7301 in the republic.
The aim of the research consists in development of offers and recommendations about further improvement of criminal-legal and criminological measures of fight against crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The object of the research work is the system of the public relations regulating criminal-legal, criminological and organizational measures for counteraction to crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
the expediency of establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy at compliance with the law about protection of private life, ensuring protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of legal gaps is proved;
need of establishment of responsibility for infringement of personal privacy in article 1411 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan when ensuring criminal legal protection of personal privacy and inevitability of responsibility is proved;
for ensuring the principles of justice and humanity in the criminal legislation the expediency of awarding punishment in the form of restriction of freedom on the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies is proved;
high degree of public danger of some crimes (illegal activities for attraction of money and (or) other property (article 1881 of CK), production, storage, distribution or demonstration of the materials containing threat of public safety and to public order (article 2441 of CK)) committed with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is explained;
establishment of responsibility for bringing to suicide and inducement to suicide with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is proved;
need of introduction of responsibility of the blogger for placement of public negative information of a certain look for the Internet is proved;
inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract, need of nondisclosure of the specified data are proved;
establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts is offered;
expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state are specified;
need of recognition of the actions exerting negative impact to life, health and morality of the personality, made with use of means of information technologies as socially dangerous act is offered.
Implementation of research results. The results of the study are used:
the proposal on establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 461 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the administrative liability entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). This change provides compliance with the law about personal privacy, protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of a legal gap in the legislation;
the proposal on establishment of criminal liability for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 1411 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Uzbekistan entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). Establishment of criminal liability for commission of the act breaking personal privacy provides criminal legal protection of private life of the person and inevitability of responsibility;
offers on expediency of awarding punishments in the form of restriction of freedom concerning the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies, have found the reflection in articles 2781-2786 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 10, 2015 No. ZRU-389 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer serves purpose of alternative punishment for crimes in the sphere of information technologies;
high degree of public danger of commission of some types of crimes with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet has found reflection in article 1881, the «g» point of third part of article 2441 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 25, 2016 No. ZRU-405 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). According to this offer criminal liability for use of information technologies in criminal intents has been established;
responsibility for bringing to suicide, the inducement to suicide made with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet have been established in article 103 and 1031 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of June 13, 2017 No. ZRU-436 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer has served establishment of criminal liability for the information attacks encroaching on human life;
regulations on responsibility of the blogger for dissemination of public negative information of some look on the Internet are introduced in articles 3 and 121 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 11, 2003 No. 560-II «About informatization» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves prevention of various crimes committed with use of the Internet;
offers on inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract need of nondisclosure of the specified data have found the reflection in article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 22, 2018 No. ZRU-385 «About electronic commerce» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer became a basis for the ban illegal use of personal data from participants of electronic commerce;
offers on establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts are introduced in article 16 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 8, 2017 No. ZRU-444 «About protection of children from information doing harm to their health» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer has served recognition of dissemination of information among children of information doing harm to their health as illegal behavior;
offers on improvement of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety have been used by preparation of analytical notes within the Concept of improvement of the criminal and criminal procedure legislation approved by the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 14, 2018 No. PP-3723 (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves a proving of inevitability of responsibility for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served increase in efficiency of prevention of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on need of definition of external influence, level of competence and practical skills of employees, motives of offense when studying the reasons of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security and also conducting monitoring of social networks have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served definition of the reasons and early warning of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers that the information security is object of criminal legal protection taking into account its direct connection with the state interests have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served protection of information security as object of criminal legal protection;
offers on need of implementation of complex measures from law enforcement agencies for ensuring information security at information security have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has provided orientation of activity of law enforcement agencies on information security;
offer that threats of information security exert essential harm to the interests of the personality, society and state information have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03- 07-02/124). This offer has allowed to estimate high degree of public danger of information threats as a factor of commission of information crimes;
the rule about protection of the personality against illegal information influence taking into account that impact on consciousness of the personality with use of means of information technologies exerts negative impact on life, health and morality of the personality, has found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served recognition of the specified actions as socially dangerous act.
Structure and volume of the dissertation. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and applications. The volume of the thesis is 260 pages.
МУНДАРИЖА
тушунчаси ва моҳияти............................................................................ 12
Биринчи боб бўйича хулосалар............................................................. 45
ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш манбалари..................................................... 46
Иккинчи боб бўйича хулосалар............................................................ 96
даражада аниқламасликнинг ҳуқуқий оқибатлари............................... 112
қонунчилиги ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштириш истиқболлари....................................................................................... 130
Учинчи боб бўйича хулосалар............................................................... 138
АДАБИЁТЛАР РЎЙХАТИ.................................................................. 154
КИРИШ
Диссертация мавзусининг долзарблиги ва зарурати. Дунёда халқаро хусусий-ҳуқуқий муносабатларнинг ривожланиши, глобаллашув жараёнлари ва давлатлар ҳамда уларнинг жисмоний ва юридик шахслари ўртасидаги алоқаларнинг кенгайиб бориши ва ривожланиши бир мамлакат худудида бошқа мамлакат ҳуқуқини қўлланилишини талаб этадиган ҳолатларни юзага келтирмоқда. Ҳозирги вақтда бу каби ҳолатлар турли шартномавий ва шартномадан ташқари муносабатларда, турли давлатлар субъекти бўлган тарафлар ўртасидаги низоларда юзага келмоқда ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш доирасида бир қатор муаммоларни келтириб чиқармоқда. Миллий суд статистикасига асосан охирги уч йилда чет эл ҳуқуқни қўллашга доир иккита иқтисодий иш ва халқаро шартномалар талаблари қўлланган бир қатор фуқаролик ишлари кўрилганлиги маълум бўлди[1]. Ушбу кўрсаткичлар мазкур масалаларнинг миллий қонунчилик ва суд амалиёти доирасида етарлича ўрганилмаганлигини ва шунга мувофиқ қўлланилмай келаётганлигидан далолатдир.
Жаҳонда давлатлар ўртасида ўзаро ҳуқуқий ёрдам, моддий ва коллизион нормаларни, жумладан чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини тўғри қўллаш ва уларга тўғри ҳуқуқий баҳо бериш масалалари вужудга келиши мумкин бўлган халқаро хусусий-ҳуқуқий низоларнинг олдини олишга ёки бундай низоларни адолатли ҳал этишни таъминлашга хизмат қилувчи муҳим илмий-амалий аҳамият касб этадиган тадқиқот йўналиши сифатида алоҳида эътибор қаратилмоқда.
Республикамизда қонун устуворлигини таъминлаш, халқаро савдо- иқтисодий муносабатларни, ўзаро манфаатли ҳамкорликни ҳамда фуқароларимизнинг ҳуқуқлари ва қонуний манфаатларини барча мамлакатларда ҳимоялаш механизмларини яратиш соҳасида тизимли ишлар амалга оширилмокда. Чуқур ўйланган, ўзаро манфаатли ва амалий руҳдаги ташқи сиёсат юритишга йўналтирилган давлатимиз мустақиллиги ва суверенитетини мустаҳкамлаш, Ўзбекистоннинг ён-атрофида хавфсизлик, барқарорлик ва аҳил қўшничилик муҳитини шакллантириш, мамлакатимизнинг халқаро нуфузини мустаҳкамлаш1 мамлакат ривожланишнинг устувор йўналишларидан бири сифатида баҳоланган бўлиб, ушбу соҳадаги қонун ҳужжатлари ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини янада такомиллаштиришни долзарб этиб белгиламоқда.
Ўзбекистон Республикасининг 1996 йил 29 августдаги Фуқаролик кодекси,[2] [3] 2018 йил 24 январдаги Иқтисодий процессуал кодекси[4], 2018 йил 22 январдаги Фуқаролик процессуал кодекси[5], 2006 йил 16 октябрдаги ЎРҚ- 64-сон «Ҳакамлик судлари тўғрисида»ги, 2021 йил 16 февралдаги ЎРҚ-674- сон «Халқаро тижорат арбитражи тўғрисида»ги қонунлари, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2017 йил 19 июндаги ПФ-5087-сон «Бизнеснинг қонуний манфаатлари давлат томонидан муҳофаза қилиниши ва тадбиркорлик фаолиятини янада ривожлантириш тизимини тубдан такомиллаштиришга доир чора-тадбирлар тўғрисида»ги Фармони ва мавзуга оид бошқа қонун ҳужжатларида белгиланган вазифаларни амалга оширишда ушбу диссертация тадқиқоти муайян даражада хизмат қилади.
Тадқиқотнинг республика фан ва технологиялари
ривожланишининг устувор йўналишларига боғлиқлиги. Диссертация тадқиқоти республика фан ва технологиялар ривожланишининг I. «Ахборотлашган жамият ва демократик давлатни ижтимоий, ҳуқуқий, иқтисодий, маданий, маънавий-маърифий ривожлантиришда инновацион ғоялар тизимини шакллантириш ва уларни амалга ошириш йўллари» устувор йўналиши бўйича бажарилган.
Муаммонинг ўрганилганлик даражаси. Чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашга доир масалаларнинг ҳуқуқий таҳлили, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларига ҳуқуқий баҳо бериш, уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш, қатъий нормаларни қўллаш ва оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳни қўллаш, бу борадаги халқаро тажриба ҳамда хорижий мамлакатлар қонунчилиги ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти мамлакатимизда мустақил тадқиқот объекти сифатида ўрганилмаган.
Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш тартиби ва хусусиятларига доир айрим масалалар мамлакатимизнинг олимларидан - Ҳ.Р.Раҳмонқулов, С.С.Гулямов, И.Р.Рустамбеков, Б.Б.Самарходжаев, С.Ҳамраев,
Н.Х-А.Раҳмонқулова, З.Ш.Шамуҳамедова, Д.А.Огай, Б.Т.Мусаев,
Х.Б.Абдурахмонова ва бошқаларнинг1 илмий ишларида муайян даражада кўриб чиқилган.
МДҲ давлатларида тадқиқ қилинаётган мавзу йўналишида сўнги йилларда тадқиқот олиб борган тадқиқотчилар сифатида Л.А.Лунц, В.А.Канашевский, М.М.Богуславский, И.В.Гетьман-Павлова, Т.Н.Нешатаева, Л.П.Ануфриева, Г.К.Дмитриева, Н.Ю.Ерпылева, В.Л.Толстых, В.П.Звеков, Х.Шак, О.В.Новикова, Ю.Г.Морозова, Е.Б.Леанович, С.В.Мартынюк, А.А.Мережко ва бошқаларни[6] [7] кўрсатиш мумкин.
Хорижий мамлакатларда чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш ҳамда унда янги ҳуқуқий механимзларни ривожлантиришни сўнги йилларда тадқиқ қилган олимлар сифатида Reynolds W., Batiffol H., Lagarde P., Pillet A., Vischer F., Haller S.M., Cavers D.F., Gutmann D., Farkas J., Clark D.S., Freeman M., Geeroms S., Dannemann G., Fentiman R., Lalive P., Nishino К., Drahoza С., Zoller R. ва бошқаларни[8] кўрсатиш мумкин.
Бироқ мамлакатимизда ўтказилган номлари келтирилган олимларнинг ишлари коллизион нормалар ва чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашнинг умумий жиҳатларига бағишланган бўлиб, чет эл элементы билан мураккаблашган фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий муносабатларга нисбатан қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқни белгилашга доир муаммолар ва уларнинг ҳуқуқий тартибга солиниши масалалари комплекс тадқиқ қилинмаган. Шу сабабли ушбу масалани комплекс тадқиқ этиш долзарб ҳисобланади.
Диссертация тадқиқотининг диссертация бажарилаётган олий таълим муассасасининг илмий-тадқиқот ишлари режалари билан боғлиқлиги. Тадқиқот иши Тошкент давлат юридик университети илмий- тадқиқот ишлари режасининг «Инвестиция муҳити жозибадорлигини ошириш ва таваккалчилик хавф-хатарини камайтиришнинг ҳуқуқий механизмини яратишнинг назарий-методологик асосларини ткомиллаштириш» номли фундаментал лойиҳаси (2019-2О21й.й.) доирасида бажарилган.
Тадқиқотнинг мақсади халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқда чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллашнинг тартибга солинишини янада такомиллаштириш ва ушбу соҳадаги қонун ҳужжатлари ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти самарадорлигини оширишга қаратилган таклиф ҳамда тавсиялар ишлаб чиқишдан иборат.
Тадқиқотнинг вазифалари:
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари ва чет эл ҳуқуқига ҳавола этиш тушунчаси ва моҳияти аникдаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш асосларини очиб бериш;
чет эл ҳуқуқига ҳавола этишнинг ўзига хос хусусиятларини аниқлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш институти ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш манбаларини таснифлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари қўлланилишига ҳуқуқий баҳо бериш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини аниқлаш ва асослантиришнинг ҳусусиятларини аниқлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашни рад этишнинг ҳуқуқий асосларини тавсифлаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини мазмунини аникдамаслик ёки лозим даражада аникламасликнинг ҳуқуқий оқибатларини аниклаш;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш соҳасида Ўзбекистон Республикаси қонунчилиги ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштириш бўйича таклиф-тавсиялар ишлаб чиқиш.
Тадқиқотнинг объекти чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий муносабатларга нисбатан қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқни белгилаш билан боғлиқ ҳуқуқий муносабатлар тизими ҳисобланади.
Тадқиқотнинг предмети халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқда чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашга доир илмий-амалий муаммолар, миллий қонунчилик ва ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти, халқаро-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатлар, хорижий мамлакатлар қонунчилиги ва амалиёти ҳамда мавжуд концептуал ёндашувлар, илмий назарий қарашлар ва ҳуқуқий категориялардан иборат.
Тадқиқотнинг усуллари. Тадқиқот олиб боришда тарихий, тизимли таҳлил, қиёсий-ҳуқуқий, мантиқий, умумлаштириш, илмий манбаларни комплекс тадқиқ этиш, индукция ва дедукция, статистик маълумотларни таҳлили каби усуллар қўлланилган.
Тадқиқотнинг илмий янгилиги қуйидагилардан иборат:
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш ҳамда уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш зарурати, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлашда судлар тегишли ваколатли органларга мурожаат қилиши ва аниқлик киритиши, шунингдек экспертлар жалб этиб уларнинг хулосаларини қўллаш тартиби асосланган;
фуқаролик ва иқтисодий ишлар доирасида ўзаро ҳуқуқий ёрдамни такомиллаштириш, бунда чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш ҳамда хорижий суд қарорларини тан олиш ва ижро этиш механизмларини халқар шартномалар талабларига мувофвиқ қўллаш тартиби ҳамда бу жараёни коллизион ва моддий адолат тамойилини таъминлашга қаратилганлиги асослаб берилган;
чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган муносабатлар билан бевосита ёки билвосита боғлиқ бўлган барча субъектларнинг манфаатларини чет эл ҳуқуқи энг яхши тарзда ҳимоя қилиши кўрсатилиб, бунинг доирасида Ўзбекистон Республикаси фуқаролик кодексида чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш, уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш, императив нормалар ва оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳни қўллашга доир нормаларни миллий қадриятлар ва манфаатлар асосида такомиллаштириш зарурати асосланган;
халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши коллизион нормалар ва ўзаролик принципларига асосланганлиги ҳамда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ доирасида коллизион, моддий ва процессуал нормалар ўзаро алоқадорилиги асосланиб, комплекс Коллизион ҳуқуқ кодексини ишлаб чиқиши зарурати кўрсатиб берилган.
Тадқиқотнинг амалий натижалари қуйидагилардан иборат:
чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган хусусий-ҳуқуқий муносабатларни ҳуқуқий тартибга солиш самардорлигини ошириш, хусусан чет эл ҳуқуқий нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш имконини берадиган чет эл ҳуқуқи мазмунини аниқлаш тўғрисида алоҳида норма киритилиши билан халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ ва халқаро фуқаролик процесси бўйича ягона меъёрий- ҳуқуқий ҳужжат қабул қилиниши зарурияти концептуал жиҳатдан асослаб берилди;
судлар, фуқаролик ҳолати далолатномаларини ёзиш органлари, нотариат, шунингдек халқаро арбитраж суди чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўлловчи ва уларнинг мазмунини аниқловчи ташкилотлар сифатида белгилаб берилди;
суд процесси бошланишигача ва бошлангандан кейин процессуал ҳуқуқни танлаш тўғрисида битим тузиш имконияти ва тартибини белгилайдиган нормаларни, шунингдек Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик процессуал ва Иқтисодий процессуал кодекслардаги чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари ва бошқа ижтмоий нормалар далилларини йиғишни тартибга соладиган нормани аниқлаш зарурияти асослаб берилди;
чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмунини аниқлаш зарур бўлган низоларни ҳал қилиш мақсадида, суд қатъий ҳаракатлар ва чоралар кўриши шартлиги, шунингдек, суд қарор қабул қилишда таянган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари манбаларининг матнларини иш материалларига мажбурий равишда киритиши белгилаш зарурати асослаб берилди;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш масаласини соддалаштириш мақсадида сунъий интеллект негизида махсус тизимларни жорий қилиш ва уларнинг ҳуқуқий асосларини яратиш бўйича таклифлар асослаб берилди;
чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашдан бош тортиш бўйича барча асосларни ягона модда остига бирлаштириш зарурати асослаб берилди;
халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш муаммосини ҳал қилишда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқнинг асосий принциплари ҳамда халқаро судлар ва арбитражлар амалиёти асосида яратилган коллизион нормаларни ўз ичига олган универсал конвенцияни ишлаб чиқиш ва қабул қилиш мақсадга мувофиқлиги асослаб берилди.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг ишончлилиги. Ишда қиёсий тадқиқот олиб бориш бўйича илғор хорижий олимлар томонидан ўрганилган ва тавсия этилган усуллардан фойдаланилган. Тадқиқот натижалари халқаро ҳуқуқ ва миллий қонунчилик нормалари, ривожланган давлатлар тажрибаси, ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиёти, статистик маълумотларни таҳлил қилиш натижалари умумлаштирилиб, тегишли ҳужжатлар билан
расмийлаштирилган. Тадқиқот олиб бориш жараёнида билдирилган айрим таклифлар амалиётда жорий этилган ва бу тегишли ваколатли органлар томонидан тасдиқланган. Тадқиқот натижалари етакчи миллий ва хорижий нашрларда эълон қилинган.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг илмий ва амалий аҳамияти. Тадқиқот натижаларининг илмий аҳамияти ундаги илмий-назарий хулосалар, таклифлар ва тавсиялардан келгуси илмий фаолиятда, қонун ижодкорлигида, ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётида, чет эл жисмоний ва юридик шахслари иштирокида иқтисодий ва фуқаролик ишларини судда ҳал этиш тартибини такомиллаштиришда, тегишли фуқаролик, фуқаролик ва иқтисодий процессуал нормаларини шарҳлашда, миллий қонунчиликни
такомиллаштириш фаолияти юзасидан илмий тадқиқотлар олиб боришда, шунингдек «Халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ», «Халқаро низоларни ҳал этиш», «Фуқаролик процессуал ҳуқуқи» ва «Иқтисодий процессуал ҳуқуқ»каби ҳуқуқий фанларини ўқитиш ва методик тавсиялар тайёрлашда фойдаланиш мумкин.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг амалий аҳамияти қонун ижодкорлиги фаолиятида, хусусан норматив-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатлар тайёрлаш ҳамда уларга ўзгартириш ва қўшимчалар киритиш жараёнида, ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштиришда ҳамда олий юридик таълим муассасаларида халқаро хусусий ва оммавий ҳуқуқ фанларини ўқитишда хизмат қилади.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг жорий қилиниши. Тадқиқот иши бўйича олинган илмий натижалар қуйидагиларда фойдаланилган:
чет эл ҳуқуқи судлар томонидан қўлланилиши ҳамда уни такомиллаштиришга доир таклифлар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик процессуал кодексининг 14-моддаси ҳамда Иқтисодий процессуал кодексининг 13 ва 14-моддаларида ўз аксини топди (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Олий Мажлиси Қонунчилик палатасининг 2021 йил 19 июлдаги 02/819-сон далолатномаси). Ушбу таклиф чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш ҳамда уларнинг мазмунини аниқлаш зарурати, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлашда судлар тегишли ваколатли органларга мурожаат қилиши ва аниклик киритиши, шунингдек экспертлар жалб этилиши доирасида ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётини такомиллаштиришга хизмат қилган;
чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган муносабатлар билан бевосита ёки билвосита боғлиқ бўлган барча субъектларнинг манфаатларини чет эл ҳуқуқи томонидан ҳимоя қилинишини таъминлаш мақсадида Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик кодексида чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш, уларнинг мазмунини аниклаш, императив нормалар ва оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳни қўллашга доир нормаларни миллий қадриятлар ва манфаатлар асосида такомиллаштириш бўйича таклифлар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2019 йил 5 апрелдаги «Ўзбекистон Республикасининг фуқаролик қонунчилигини такомиллаштириш чора- тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги Ф-5464-сон фармойиши ва унинг асосида тайёрланган янги Фуқаролик кодекси лойиҳасида эътиборга олинган. (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Адлия вазирлигининг 2021 йил 12 октябрдаги далолатномаси). Ушбу таклиф чет эл элементи билан мураккаблашган муносабатлар билан бевосита ёки билвосита боғлиқ бўлган барча субъектларнинг манфаатларини чет эл ҳуқуқи томонидан ҳимоя қилинишини таъминлашга хизмат қилган;
халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши коллизион нормалар ва ўзаролик принципларига асосланганлиги ҳамда халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқ доирасида коллизион, моддий ва процессуал нормалар ўзаро алоқадорлиги доирасида комплекс Коллизион ҳуқуқ кодексини ишлаб чиқиши зарурати бўйича таклифлар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2019 йил 5 апрелдаги «Ўзбекистон Республикасининг фуқаролик қонунчилигини такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги Ф-5464-сон фармойиши ва унинг асосида тайёрланган янги Фуқаролик кодекси лойиҳасида эътиборга олинган. (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Адлия вазирлигининг 2021 йил 12 октябрдаги далолатномаси). Ушбу таклиф Фуқаролик кодексида халқаро даражада чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши коллизион нормалар ва ўзаролик принципларига асосланишида ижобий кўриб чиқилишига хизмат қилган.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг апробацияси. Мазкур тадқиқот натижалари 4 та илмий-амалий анжуманда, жумладан 2 та халқаро ва 2 та республика илмий-амалий анжуманларида муҳокамадан ўтказилган.
Тадқиқот натижаларининг эълон қилинганлиги. Диссертация мавзуси бўйича жами 11 та илмий иш, жумладан 7 та илмий мақола (2 та халқаро нашрларда) чоп этилган.
Диссертациянинг тузилиши ва ҳажми. Диссертация таркиби кириш, учта боб, хулоса, фойдаланилган адабиётлар рўйхати ва иловалардан иборат. Диссертация ҳажми 151 бетни ташкил этган.
ХУЛОСА
Ўзбекистон Республикаси халқаро хусусий ҳуқуқида чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш масалаларининг назарий ва амалий таҳлилидан келиб чиқиб, қуйидаги хулосалар қилинди:
Шу билан бир қаторда, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг «Халқаро тижорат арбитражи тўғрисида»ги ҳамда «Ҳакамлик судлари тўғрисида»ги қонунлари халқаро тажриба асосида танқидий таҳлил қилиниб, миллий ҳакамлик судлари чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш ваколатига эка эмаслиги ва уларнинг фаолияти халқаро стандартларга жавоб бермаслиги намоён этилди ҳамда мазкур иккита қонунни ягона қонун остига бирлаштириб чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш ҳуқуқи ва механизми тўлиқ тартибга солиниши мақсадга мувофиқлиги асослантирилди.
«1161-модда. Қарши томон ва учинчи мамлакат ҳуқуқига ҳавола этиш.
Ушбу бўлим қоидаларига мувофиқ, чет эл ҳуқуқига ҳар қандай ҳавола этиш тегишли мамлакатнинг коллизион ҳуқуқига эмас, балки моддий ҳуқуқига ҳавола этиш деб қаралиши лозим, ушбу бўлимда назарда тутилган ҳоллар бундан мустасно.
Жисмоний шахснинг шахсий қонунини, унинг ҳуқуқ ва муомала лаёқатини аниқлаш бўйича муносабатларни, шунингдек оила-мерос муносабатларини тартибга солиш чоғида чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилганда Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳуқуқига қайта ҳавола этиш қабул қилинади».
«1160-модда. Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш
Чет эл ҳуқуқини қўлланишда суд ёки бошқа давлат органи унинг нормалари мазмунини бу нормаларнинг тегишли хорижий давлатда расмий талқин этилиши, қўлланиш амалиёти ва доктринасига мувофиқ аниқлайди.
Суд ёки бошқа давлат органи чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини аниқлаш мақсадида ёрдам ва тушунтиришлар сўраб Адлия вазирлигига ва бошқа миллий ва хорижий ташкилотларга, шу жумладан Ўзбекистон Республикасининг хориждаги консулликлари ва хорижий давлатларнинг Ўзбекистон Республикасидаги консулликларига мурожаат қилиши ёхуд экспертларни жалб қилиши мумкин.
Томонларнинг тадбиркорлик фаолиятини амалга ошириши билан боғлиқ талабларга кўра, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмуни тўғрисидаги маълумотларни тақдим қилиш мажбуриятини суд томонлар зиммасига юклаши мумкин.
Ишда иштирок этаётган шахслар ўз талаблари ёки эътирозларини асослаш учун ўзлари важ келтираётган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини тасдиқловчи ҳужжатларни тақдим этишга ва бу нормаларнинг мазмунини аниқлашда судга ёки бошқа давлат органларига бошқача тарзда ёрдамлашишга ҳақлидирлар.
Агар ушбу моддага мувофиқ кўрилган чора-тадбирларга қарамай, чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмуни оқилона муддатларда аниқланмаса, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқи қўлланилади».
«1164-модда. Оммавий тартиб тўғрисидаги изоҳ
Ушбу бўлим қоидаларига мувофиқ қўлланилиши лозим бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаси, уни қўллаш оқибати Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқ- тартиботи асосларига (оммавий тартибга) очиқ-ойдин зид келган ҳолларда, истисно ҳолати сифатида қўлланилмайди. Бу ҳолларда ушбу ҳуқуқнинг бошқа мувофиқ келувчи қоидаси, ёки зарурият бўлганда, Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳуқуқи қўлланилади.
Ўзбекистон Республикаси оммавий тартиби деганда Ўзбекистон Республикаси ижтимоий тузуми асослари, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Конституцияси ва қонунларида мустаҳкамланган асосий принциплари тушунилади.
Тегишли чет эл давлатининг ҳуқуқий, сиёсий ёки иқтисодий тизими Ўзбекистон Республикасининг ҳуқуқий, сиёсий ёки иқтисодий тизимидан фарқланишигина чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллашни рад этиш учун асос бўлиши мумкин эмас».
Кўрсатилганлардан келиб чиқиб Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фуқаролик Кодекси 1165-моддасини қуйидаги таҳрирда баён қилиш таклиф қилинади:
«1165-модда. Бевосита кўлланиладиган нормалар
Ушбу бўлим қоидалари Ўзбекистон Республикаси қонунчилигининг тўғридан тўғри чет эл элементига эга хусусий-ҳуқуқий муносабатларни, қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқдан қатъий назар, тартибга солувчи қатъий моддий нормалари (бевосита қўлланиладиган нормалар) амал қилишига дахлдор эмас.
Бирон-бир мамлакатнинг ҳуқуқи ушбу бўлим қоидаларига мувофиқ қўлланилганда, агар ана шу мамлакатнинг ҳуқуқига кўра бундай нормалар қўлланилиши лозим бўлган ҳуқуқдан қатъи назар, тегишли муносабатларни тартибга солиши лозим бўлса, суд бошқа мамлакатнинг ана шу муносабатлар билан узвий алоқада бўлган қатъий ҳуқуқ нормаларини қўллаши мумкин. Бунда суд бундай нормаларнинг вазифасини ва хусусиятини, шунингдек уларни қўллаш оқибатларини эътиборга олиши лозим».
«Томонлар суд процесси бошланишигача ва бошлангандан кейин процессуал ҳуқуқни танлаш тўғрисида ёзма битим тузиш ҳуқуқига эга. Бошқа давлатда амал қилувчи ҳуқуқ суд учун зарурлиги ва маълумлигига қараб исботланади. Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини аниқлашда суд томонлар тақдим қиладиган далиллар билан чекланмайди, суд бошқа манбалардан фойдаланиш ва чет эл ҳуқуқи қўлланилиши билан боғлиқ зарур ҳаракатларни бажариш ваколатига эга».
фуқаролик муомаласи иштирокчиларининг ҳуқуқлари ва қонуний манфаатларини таъминлаш учун норманинг алоҳида аҳамияти;
суд кўрсатмаларига амал қилиши керак бўлган ҳуқуқий тизимнинг виждонлилик ва адолатлилик тасаввурлари нуқтаи назаридан тегишли нормани қўллашдан бош тортиш натижасида келиб чиқиши мумкин бўлган салбий оқибатлар таҳлили.
Кўрсатилганлардан келиб чиқиб, Фуқаролик процессуал кодекси ва Иқтисодий процессуал кодекс қуйидаги мазмундаги норма билан тўлдирилиши лозим:
“***-модда. Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунининг суд томонидан аникданиши
Қўлланилиши керак бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунининг аникданиши, Ўзбекистон Республикаси халқаро шартномаларига мувофиқ ҳуқуқий ёрдам учун мурожаат қилиш орқали суд томонидан расмий тартибда амалга оширилади.
Қўлланилиши керак бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи мазмуни тўғрисидаги сўров тегишли ташкилотларга ишнинг асосий ҳолатлари ва томонлар қўяётган талабларни кўрсатган ҳолда берилади. Агарда Ўзбекистон Республикасининг халқаро келишуви йўқлиги ёки бошқа судга боғлиқ бўлмаган сабабларга кўра ҳуқуқий маълумотни расман олиш имконсиз бўлса, суд ўз қарорини қўлланилиши керак бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи нормалари мазмунини тасдиқловчи бошқа манбаларга, шу жумладан ишда қатнашаётган шахслар тақдим қилган ҳужжатларга, ва мутахассислар хулосаларига мувофиқ асослашга ҳақли.
Суд тақдим қилинган далилларнинг мақбуллиги, алоқадорлиги ва асослилигини баҳолайди. Суд тарафларнинг розилиги билан ўз қарорини тақдим қилинган далилларга ёки қўлланилиши лозим бўлган чет эл ҳуқуқи мазмуни тўғрисида суд ихтиёрида мавжуд бўлган бошқа ҳужжатларга мувофиқ кўриб чиқиши ва асослаши мумкин. Суд чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини қўллаш, мазмунини аниқлаш, баҳолаш ва шарҳлашга доир маълумотларни иш материалларига қўшиб қўйишга мажбур.
Агарда мазкур моддага мувофиқ кўрилган чораларга қарамасдан чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларининг мазмуни оқилона муддатларда аниқланмаган бўлса, Ўзбекистон Республикаси ҳуқуқи қўлланилади.
Чет эл ҳуқуқи нормаларини кўрсатилган муносабатларга нисбатан нотўғри қўллаш ёки қўллашдан асоссиз бош тортиш моддий ҳуқуқ нормаларини нотўғри қўллашнинг процессуал оқибатларини келтириб чиқаради”.
Буларнинг барчаси ҳамда диссертация доирасида ишлаб чиқилган бошқа қатор таклиф ва хулосалар Ўзбекистон Республикасида чет эл ҳуқуқини қўллаш самарадорлигини оширишга, миллий даражада ҳуқуқ устуворлиги, чет эл фуқаролари ва юридик шахслари қонуний манфаатлари ҳимоясини таъминлашга, хорижий инвесторлар ишончини ошириш ва инвестиция муҳитини яхшилашга, шунингдек мамлакатимизнинг турли ҳуқуқ устуворлиги рейтингларидаги кўрсаткичлари ошишига хизмат қилади.
The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of genetic factors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and to clarify the features of the clinical course
The оbject of research were 129 children aged 4-15 years who were treated for chronic nephritis in the nephrology department of the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Paediatric Medical Centre.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows:it has been established that the severity of chronic nephritic syndrome in children is associated with clinical manifestations (gradual development, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) and an increase in the amount of Cystatin C in the blood;for the first time, it was revealed that the development of sclerotic lesions due to increased proliferation in patients with the presence of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genotypes in chronic nephritic syndrome leads to a worsening of the clinical course of the disease; established early diagnostic marker MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 (C536T) rs 11551797 in chronic nephritic syndrome in children in the diagnosis of the disease; for the first time, the prognostic value of the alleles of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genes and the homozygous G/G genotype in determining the risk of developing the disease in children with chronic nephritic syndrome has been proven.
Implementation of the research results. Based on scientific results of evaluation of the role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitors in chronic nephritic syndrome in children: methodological recommendation “The role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its genetic inhibitors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children” was developed and approved (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 554 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to predict the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and improve preventive measures; approved and developed on the basis of scientific results of research on early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic nephritic syndrome “Dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters in nephritic syndrome in children”, (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 555 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to optimize the diagnosis and treatment tactics for various forms of nephritic syndrome in children;
The results obtained were implemented in the practice of health care, in particular, in the Republican Children's National Medical Center, in the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University, in the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center (conclusion No. 8 n-r/324 of 21.06.2022 of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan).
The application of the obtained results to practice has made it possible to reduce the frequency of recurrence of the disease in children, prevent complications of the disease, improve the quality of life of patients, diagnose and prevent the disease.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations. The volume of the dissertation is 120 pages.
The aim of the study is to improving the quality of treatment of ventral hernias in patients with morbid obesity by improving the tactical and technical aspects and optimizing the choice of hernioplasty method.
The object of the study were 121 patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity who were hospitalized in the surgical department of the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University in the period from 2012 to 2021.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: a method was developed for preoperative preparation of patients with ventral hernia and morbid obesity using a modified pneumatic belt-bandage to adapt the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to intra-abdominal hypertension after hernioplasty; improved technical aspects of the reconstruction of the anterior abdominal wall in patients with morbid obesity; the surgical instrument "retractor" has been improved for technical optimization of the stage of suturing the anterior abdominal wall for fixing the prosthesis in patients with concomitant obesity and abdominal ptosis; clarified clinical and instrumental criteria for the specific unification of the scale for assessing the quality of life of patients after hernioplasty and abdominoplasty for ventral hernias and morbid obesity with differentiation of the value of physical, mental and social daily activity. The practical results of the study are as follows: According to the results of a scientific study to improve the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity: improved "retractor". The use of the proposed tool made it possible to level the technical difficulties in fixing the prosthesis against the background of severe overweight with a reduction in the operation time; developed guidelines "Technical aspects of hernioplasty for ventral hernias in patients with morbid obesity" (certificate of the Ministry of Health 8n-r / 905 dated October 12, 2021), "Criteria for the choice of surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and obesity" (certificate of the Ministry of Health 8n-r /906 dated October 12, 2021). The proposed recommendations made it possible to optimize the choice of tactics for surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity; the obtained scientific results on improving the quality of diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity have been introduced into the practice of health care, in particular, in the departments of surgery of the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical Institute, the Jizzakh Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Center and the Sh. Rashidov District Medical Association of the Jizzakh region (certificate of the Ministry of Health 8n-z / 368 dated October 22, 2021). The implementation of research results by improving the tactical and technical aspects of the surgical treatment of patients with ventral hernias and morbid obesity made it possible to reduce the overall incidence of postoperative complications from 14.8% to 8.9%, including wound complications from 11.1% to 4.5% and extra-abdominal from 7.4% to 4.5%, as well as significantly reduce the duration of surgical treatment and rehabilitation periods after various types of hernioplasty and abdominoplasty. The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of the text material is 107 pages.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of surgical treatment of chronic anterior-medial dislocations of the radial head in children based on the improvement of the method of surgical treatment.
The object of the study was 83 patients with chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, treated in the department of the consequences of childhood injuries of the Samarkand branch of the RSSPMC of Traumatology and Orthopedics for the period 2017-2020. The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: it is proved by histological examination that, in case of injuries from up to 1 month ago, the anterior wall of the joint capsule is thin and elastic, which is easily stretched, and from 3 months ago, it thickens, scars and forms fibrous tissue; the possibility of using a fibrous-modified joint capsule for annular ligament plasty in the surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the radial head from 3 months ago was proved; the tactics of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius depending on the deformity of the bones of the forearm were determined; a direct relationship between the results of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, depending on the duration of the injury, has been proven.
The introduction of research results. Based on the obtained scientific results on the optimization of surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the radial head in children:
based on the results of the development of a method for annular ligament plasty, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation “A method for the surgical treatment of chronic anterior medial dislocation of the radial head in children by capsuloplasty according” (patent № 2749870 dated 06/17/2021). The results obtained made it possible to improve the results of surgical treatment, to reduce the period of penetration in the hospital and after the surgical rehabilitation period; based on the results of scientific research on the surgical treatment of chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head, the guidelines “Surgical treatment of chronic dislocations of the radial head in children” were approved (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8 n-z / 81 dated February 21, 2022). The results obtained have improved the quality of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head in children; based on the results of scientific research on the surgical treatment of chronic antero-medial dislocations of the head of the radius, the methodological recommendations “Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8 n-z / 289 of August 31, 2021” were approved. The results obtained have improved the quality of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic anterior medial dislocations of the radial head in children;
Scientific results have been introduced into the practice of healthcare (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health 08-32955 of October 24, 2022), in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Bukhara branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care, and the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center. The proposed method for the treatment of chronic anterior-medial dislocations of the radial head in children allowed to reduce the frequency of relapses, increase excellent and good results from 75.6% to 92.9%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, conclusion, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of references and applications. The volume of the dissertation is 109 pages.
In children’s tuberculosis inpatient departments of the PMCforPhandP and the Tashkent city tuberculosis hospital, 272 children and adolescents with various forms of tuberculosis were examined. Among children with various forms of tuberculosis, 28(10,3%) patients were diagnosed with complicated forms and 244 (89,7%)-uncomplicated forms of tuberculosis. When studying the risk factors for the disease, it was revealed that there were 225 (87,7%) children vaccinated with BCG, of which 58 (25,8%) children (76,8%), of whom anemia was found in 35 (12,9%) patients. In the structure of clinical forms in childrenand adolescents with tuberculosis, tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes (57,0%) and primary tuberculosis complex (11,0%) predominate. Most of the children hada positivity to tuberculin (77,5±2,5%) and to the test for Diaskintest (69,5±2,7%).
The aim of the research work is determination of the prospects for the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery on the basis of experimental and morphological studies.
Research objectives were white outbred rats in the amount of 62 individuals, in two experimental studies on the abdominal and pleural cavities, in each series of experiments the studies were carried out in 2 comparative groups, control and main. Experiments on the formation of adhesions in the abdominal and pleural cavities were carried out on the basis of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after acad. V.Vakhidov in the Department of Experimental Surgery for the period from 2019 to 2020.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: it is proved according to the data of experimental research that when modeling the adhesion process in the abdominal cavity, the local application of an anti-adhesion coating made of cellulose derivatives reduces the processes of adhesiogenesis and the development of changes in architectonics, bends and narrowings of the intestinal lumen; it was found in an experimental study that when modeling the adhesion process in the chest cavity, the local use of an anti-adhesion implant provides a significant decrease in the risk of adhesiogenesis in the form of the formation of coarse adhesions or planar adhesions; it was determined that when blood serum was applied over a powder implant, the quality of adhesion and the uniformity of its distribution on the surface of the experimental defect of the peritoneum or lung did not change, but, in contrast to activation by blood (to ensure a hemostatic effect), it was not accompanied by the development of cellular inflammation due to the resorption of thrombotic masses; it was found that the formation of a gel film over the area of damage to the peritoneum in the absence of cellular elements of blood makes it possible to achieve biodegradation of the coating without a pronounced cellular-inflammatory reaction, providing cicatricial replacement of defects with a significant reduction in the risk of developing a massive adhesive process; the morphostructural features of the formation of the adhesive process when using an anti-adhesive coating, characterized by regression in the dynamics of the number of connective tissue cells of the inflammatory infiltrate with scarring of the defect zone without the development of adhesive conglomerates with the surrounding tissues, have been determined.
Introduction of the research results. According to the results of a scientific study on a comparative analysis of the use of a domestic agent for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery: methodological recommendations were developed: "New technologies for the prevention of adhesions in thoraco-abdominal surgery" (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). The proposed recommendations for performing surgical interventions on the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities will allow for sparing local hemostasis, as well as prevent the formation of a coarse adhesive process in the abdominal cavity.
The obtained scientific results on a comparative analysis of the use of the domestic remedy for the prevention of adhesion formation in thoraco-abdominal surgery have been introduced into the practical activities of health care, including in the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after V.I. Academician V. Vakhidov, surgical departments of the clinics of the Andijan and Samarkand State Medical Institutes (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09/10055 of August 12, 2021). Based on the proposed results of experimental studies, it was shown that the use of an anti-adhesive coating made of cellulose derivatives made it possible to reduce the risk of adhesion formation from 60% to 20%, bowel deformation without manifestations of obstruction from 33.3% to 13.3% and the possibility of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction from 6.7% to 0%.
Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations and a list of cited literature. The volume of work is 113 pages.
The aim of the research work. It consists in studying changes in the morphological and morphometric parameters of the wall of the gastric mucosa under conditions of polypharmacy with anti-inflammatory drugs.
The object of the scientific research is 180 white outbred male rats, 5 months of age.
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
For the first time it was established that polypharmacy with anti-inflammatory drugs in 5 combinations had a different negative effect on the mucous and submucosal base, which is the structural structure of the stomach wall of white male rats;
It has been proven that structural changes in the organs of the digestive system cause profound disturbances in the processes of growth and formation of the gastric mucosa and its glandular tissue, submucosa, which is accompanied by a decrease in the total thickness of the stomach wall;
With the simultaneous use of more than 3 types of anti-inflammatory drugs, the negative effects of polypharmacy are significantly enhanced. We analyzed the rate of formation of structural and functional zones of the stomach wall, the activity of mucosal cells, the change in the shape of lymphocytes located in the submucosa, the decrease in morphological parameters;
Using the methods of modern morphological studies (organometric, histological, histomorphometric, statistical), new information was obtained directly about the morphological and morphometric parameters of the stomach wall. Changes at the tissue, cellular and intercellular levels are characterized by hypotrophic and hypoplastic changes in the structures of the stomach wall of white male rats.
Implementation of the research results. Based on the obtained scientific results on morphometric changes in the gastric mucosa under conditions of polypharmasia:
methodological recommendation was approved on the topic: "Method for determining the morphometric parameters of the gastric mucosa in polypharmasia of anti-inflammatory drugs", which allows to determine the morphometric parameters of the gastric mucosa in the conditions of polypharmacy in the experiment.
The scientific results obtained in the study of morphofunctional features and morphometric changes in the structure of the gastric mucosa under the influence of polypharmacy are used in healthcare practice, including Academician Y.Kh. Turaqulov Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Samarkand State Medical University. The introduction of information obtained in scientific research, the development of an algorithm for correct and timely diagnosis, pathogenetic morphometric and morphological indicators, the choice of treatment tactics made it possible to predict the development of pathological changes.
The structure and volume of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of references and applications. The dissertation is presented on 102 pages of computer text.
The aim of the study is to development of an algorithm for managing pregnancy and childbirth by studying the functional state of the mother-placenta-fetus system in pregnant women who have undergone COVID-19 in different trimesters of pregnancy.
The object of the study was 105 pregnant women who, were treated at the Samarkand Regional Perinatal Center and a specialized maternity center for pregnant women with COVID-19
Тhe scientific novelty of the research consists of the followings: for the first time in pregnant women infected with COVID-19, a relationship was established between the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and the development of complications depending on the trimester and severity of the disease; a direct correlation has been established between the state of the vessels of the mother-placenta-fetus system (resistance and pulsation indices, Endothelin-1 indicators), disorders in the hemostasis system (D-dimer, platelet aggregation) and the clinical course of the disease in pregnant women who underwent COVID-19; it has been established for the first time that the developed scale for assessing risk factors for non-developing pregnancy in women infected with COVID-19 (age, BMI, obstetric history, gestation period, hemostasis system status, endothelial function and severity of the disease) can serve as a prognostic marker of the degree of risk of pregnancy complications; it was proved for the first time that the choice of effective therapy for restoring hemodynamics in the mother-placenta-fetus system, in women who underwent COVID-19 at different stages of pregnancy, leads to a decrease in the number of thrombophilic complications.
Implementation of the research results. The results of the scientific research were introduced into the practical activities of the Samarkand Regional Perinatal Center by Order No. 128/1 of 01.09.2022 and the Samarkand City Maternity Complex No. 1 by order No. 58/1 of 03.10.2022. In pregnant women who underwent COVID-19 at different periods of pregnancy, changes in the mother-placenta-fetus system were determined using simple and effective research methods, such as ultrasound and Dopplerography, and this saved 53,000 soums; obstetricians and gynecologists, as well as neonatologists and therapists, are needed to diagnose signs of complications in the echocartin, that is, it has been proven that there is no need for other highly qualified specialists for this, due to the lack of need to train new personnel, state budget funds have been saved. With early detection of disorders in the hemostasis system in pregnant women with COVID-19: the period of stay of patients in the hospital was reduced from 10.5 days to 7.5 days and the number of hospital bed days was reduced; due to the reduction of the period of stay in the hospital for several days, the number of necessary drugs was reduced (on average, drugs are used for 1 day in the amount of 130,000 soums). Examination of pregnant women infected with viral diseases using simple and effective research methods such as ultrasound and Dopplerography served to save 85,000 soums: in the early stages up to 16 (10-11 weeks. - fetometry), 19-21, 32-34, 38-40 weeks of pregnancy; due to the absence of the need to use other research methods, it was possible to reduce costs by 23.5%; early detection of changes in the hemostasis system and endothelial dysfunction using fast, budgetary and effective research methods, contributed to the prevention of possible pregnancy complications, as well as the absence of the need to use long-term and expensive research methods, and this saved 106 000 soums: the coagulogram was checked in 105 (100%) patients, time was saved and efficiency was increased; endothelin-1 was also determined in 105 (100%) patients, efficiency was increased by 78.6%.
Improving the functionality of blood circulation in the uteroplacental and fetal-placental systems, a comprehensive analysis of possible complications during pregnancy and childbirth in women who have had viral infections, improving diagnostic, preventive and prognostic measures for managing pregnancy and childbirth contributed to the birth of live, full-term and healthy newborns in women who experienced COVID-19 during pregnancy, as well as a decrease in maternal mortality and perinatal mortality, 43% of women underwent rehabilitation in the postpartum period, 23.8% of women who underwent severe COVID-19 improved their quality of life.
To introduce scientific novelty on the topic “The impact of COVID-19 on the state of hemodynamics in the mother-placenta-fetus system in pregnant women”, a letter was sent to the Ministry of Health from Samarkand State Medical University on November 9, 2022 under No. 4295 (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health No. 8 n-z / 679 of December 15, 2022).
The structure and volume of the dissertation. The content of the dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusion, list of used references. The volume of the dissertation consists of 113 pages.
Тадқиқот мавзусининг долзарблиги ва зарурати. Жаҳон тилшунослигида рақамли ахборот воситаларидан фойдаланиш қулайлиги ҳамда интернет орқали миллий тилларни ўзлаштиришга бўлган ҳаракат таъсирида миллий корпусларда шевалар базасини яратиш тенденцияси ўсмоқда. Натижада тилда мавжуд диалектларни нафақат лингвистик, балки амалий жиҳатдан тадқиқ этиш, бу орқали шева бирликларини сақлаб қолиш, авлоддан-авлодга етказиш имкониятининг кўлами кенгаймоқда: миллий тил корпусларида шева бирликларини лингвистик аниқлашнинг умумий тамойилларини ўрганиш, шевалар корпусининг жанрлар бўйича метаразметкасини ишлаб чиқиш, диалектал транскрипция лингвистик таъминоти тизимини ишлаб чиқишнинг амалий аҳамияти ошмоқда. Ҳозирда шева бирликларини матнга кўчириш (ёзиб олиш) асосига қурилган диалектал корпусларнинг икки хил йўналишли: мавзувий ва тегланган матнли корпусни шакллантириш муаммолари долзарб бўлиб қолмоқда. Дунё тилшунослигида тилларни сунъий интеллект ёрдамида матн таркибида сақлаб қолиш орқали уларнинг яшовчанлигини узайтириш ва лингвистик корпуснинг субкорпуси – шевалар корпусини шакллантириш зарурияти кун тартибидаги масалалардан бири ҳисобланди. Жумладан, диалектларни бир жойга жамлаш, таркибий тартиблаштириш, шевашуносликда мавжуд манбаларнинг сониялар оралиғида сараланиши ҳамда тақдимотини йўлга қўйиш доирасида: Австрия, Хитой (Мандарин диалектлари корпуси), Германия, Португалия, Чехия, Финляндия, Скандинавия, Польша, Литва, Грузия (масалан: Cor-Dial-Sin; Helsinki corpus of English dialeсts; Nordic dialeсts corpus; Archiv fur gesprochenes Deutsch, Die bayerische Dialektadebank; LEXDIALGRAM ва ҳ.к.), Россиянинг Москва, Славян-Кубан, Вологод, Саратов, Қозон диалектал корпуслари, Санкт Петербург илмий-текшириш институтлари, Томск диалектологик корпус мактабларида амалга оширилаётган тадқиқотларни кўрсатиб ўтиш мумкин.
Ўзбек тилшунослигида корпус лингвистикасига доир яқин йиллар оралиғида бажарилган тадқиқотлар тилни ўрганувчи ва уни тадқиқ этувчилар учун асос вазифасини ўтай бошлагани унинг истиқболли йўналиши эканини яна бир бор исботлаб берди. Бинобарин, “...давлат тилининг софлигини сақлаш, уни бойитиб бориш ва аҳолининг нутқ маданиятини ошириш; давлат тилининг замонавий ахборот технологиялари ва коммуникацияларига фаол интеграциялашувини таъминлаш 1 ” ҳозирги кунда ўзбек компьютер лингвистикаси олдида турган долзарб вазифалардан биридир. Ўзбек шевашунослигида шевалар корпусининг лингвистик базасини яратиш, ўзбек шевашунослиги муаммоларини амалий тилшунослик тамойиллари асосида тадқиқ этиш имкониятларини кенгайтириш ва шу орқали шева корпусини яратишнинг лингвистик асосларини назарий асослаш, белгилаш ва ишлаб чиқиш бугуннинг муҳим масалаларидандир. Бунда ўзбек тили шевалари корпусини шакллантириш орқали унинг компьютер услуби, шеваларнинг хорижий тилларга таржима дастурлари ва луғатлар, электрон дарсликлар яратиш билан боғлиқ илмий методик ишланмалар, амалий тавсиялар тайёрлаш ва бу орада эришилган натижаларни амалиётга кенг татбиқ этиш ҳар жиҳатдан долзарбдир.
Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2017 йил 7 феврал “Ўзбекистон Республикасини янада ривожлантириш бўйича Ҳаракатлар стратегияси тўғрисида”ги ПФ–4947-сон, 2019 йил 21 октябр “Ўзбек тилининг давлат тили сифатидаги нуфузи ва мавқейини тубдан ошириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида”ги ПФ–5850-сон Фармонлари, 2017 йил 17 февраль “Фанлар академияси фаолияти, илмий тадқиқот ишларини ташкил этиш, бошқариш ва молиялаштиришни янада такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида”ги ПҚ–2789-сон ва 2019 йил 4 октябр “Ўзбекистон Республикасининг “Давлат тили ҳақида”ги Қонуни қабул қилинганлигининг ўттиз йиллигини кенг нишонлаш тўғрисида”ги ПҚ–4479-сон Қарорлари мазкур фаолиятга тегишли бошқа меъёрий-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатларда белгиланган вазифаларни амалга оширишга ушбу диссертация тадқиқоти муайян даражада хизмат қилади.
The article presents the results of the study, including both the epidemiological aspects of the disease and the factor analysis of the main causes of unsatisfactory treatment results, according to the largest institution specialized in COVID-19 – the Republican Specialized Multidisciplinary Infectious Diseases Hospital (Zangiata No. 1) – from the opening of the medical center on July 09, 2020 to December 31, 2020.
Subjects of research: choose the activity of OJSC “Uzbekistan pochtasi” and its branches.
Purpose of work: the development scientifically-practical offers on increasing of efficiency of the services of the postal branch in condition of the modernizations of the national economy.
Methods of research: economic-statistical, ekonomico-mathematical and system, statistical grouping and the comparative analysis, is abstract-logic thinking.
The results obtained and their novelty: for the first time in republic carried out the complex analysis of factors increase of efficiency of services of a postal service, and showed priority directions increase of efficiency of post services; it is developed a technique, which by a basis to an estimation and increase of efficiency of post services; proceeding from recommended to a technique to an estimation of efficiency of services of a postal service it is developed systems of indicators of efficiency of post services and on the basis of them it is carried out the analysis; scientifically kinds of efficiency of services of a postal service are grouped; the Analysis increase of efficiency of services in Uzbekistan is carried out on a basis - the analysis of marketing and innovative activity, introduction of new services on a basis attraction is information communication technologies, and also degree of qualifications of shots; It is carried out the analysis of a diversification of post services and perfection of management of branch, and also formation of the competitive environment and it is made practical recommendations about their modernisation and development;
Practical value: the basic results and conclusions serve scientific increase degree to efficiency of services in OJSC “Uzbekistan pochtasi” and its branches. Also, separate scientific ideas and recommendations are applied in teaching special disciplines “Teor-itecal bases to post service”, “the Business economics (Postal service)”, “the organizations and planning of the enterprises of a postal service”, "economy of communication and informatization” in Tashkent university of information technology.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the basic results, conclusions and offers are introduced activity of OJSC “Uzbekistan pochtasi” and the Centre researches and marketing studies. Besides, separate the result of researches are accepted to introduction in educational process of the Tashkent university of an information technology.
Field of application: results of research will be applied in process rendering the postal services, and also in educational process higher educational institutions.
The aim of the research work is to improve the results of treatment of patients with combined injuries of the pelvis and femur, by developing tactical and technical aspects based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the condition.
The object of the study was 130 patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones with concomitant trauma, treated at the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid and its Samarkand branch for the period 2016-2021 years.
The scientific novelty of the research work is the following: the structure and frequency of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur in the general structure of injuries, in the structure of injuries to the pelvis and femur separately were evaluated. the risk factors for the development of unsatisfactory results of treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, based on traditional clinical and diagnostic standards, have been determined; a direct relationship has been proven in the dynamics of the condition of the victims and the prognosis, taking into account the type and nature of segmental injuries; the device for external fixation for stable functional minimally invasive osteosynthesis has been improved and the possibility of expanding the indications for surgical treatment for combined injuries of the pelvis and hip in the early period of traumatic disease has been proved; the technical advantages of a complete set of an improved rod device for external fixation have been proved, the pelvic and femoral versions of which make it possible to use them for effective stabilization of the pelvis and hip separately during anti-shock measures, and for the final reposition of bone fragments; the direct dependence of treatment results on the proposed tactics of providing trauma care at an early hospital stage, depending on the type, nature, severity of pelvic and hip injuries, and the severity of the condition has been proved.
The introduction of research results. Based on the results of scientific research to improve the surgical aspects of providing assistance to victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and femur: based on the results of the development of a device for the treatment of fractures, a patent for an invention was obtained from the Intellectual Property Agency of the Russian Federation "Apparatus for the treatment of combined fractures of the pelvic and hip bones" (patent No. 2749897 dated 06/18/2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactics of surgical treatment of patients, to shorten the period of hospitalization and the period of postoperative rehabilitation, to ensure the possibility of patients with minimal economic costs; on the basis of the results of scientific research on the diagnosis and treatment of concomitant injuries of the pelvic and femur bones, methodological recommendations were approved "Method for the treatment of victims with concomitant injuries of the pelvis and hip, depending on the severity" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 dated August 31, 2021 of the year). The results obtained made it possible to improve the quality of wound diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with injuries of the pelvic and hip bones in concomitant injury; approved methodological recommendations "Tactics of rendering assistance to victims with combined injuries of the pelvis and hip, taking into account the severity of the condition" (Conclusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 n-z / 288 of August 31, 2020). The results obtained made it possible to improve the tactical and technical aspects in the treatment of injuries to the pelvic and hip bones, based on the severity of the injury and the severity of the patient's condition.
Scientific results have been introduced into the practical activities of healthcare, in particular, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, the Jizzakh Branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid, the Samarkand branch of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid (certificate of the Ministry of Health No. 08-09 / 18979 dated December 02, 2021). The proposed tactics for the treatment of combined injuries of the pelvis and femur made it possible to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications of excellent and good long-term functional results from 66.1% to 92.6%.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of referencesand applications. The volume of the text material of the work is 111 pages.
Object of the research: the process of training teachers of the Russian language and literature for higher schools.
Purpose of the work: scientific grounding and elaborating the effective methodology for developing philology students’ professional Russian speech based on learning fictions.
Methods of the research: general philosophy method, sociology and
pedagogy method, comparative method, experimental method, math and statistic method.
The obtained results and their novelty: The necessity of using interdisciplinary links between methodology of teaching the Russian language and literature and subjects on specialty has been grounded; step by step system of teaching professional speech based on functional and stylistic and interdisciplinary orientation of didactic materials has been worked out; the causes of speech interference appeared in bilingual students’ speech while they deal with fictions have been cleared; new typology of academic language tasks for developing skills aimed at production of oral and written speech has been collaborated; methodology of teaching philology students’ professional speech based on the materials of fictions has been created and grounded scientifically and theoretically; pedagogical technologies for developing professional speech skills, principles of their construction, organization and applying have been created; special teaching complex has been organized for realization of created methodology.
Practical value: theoretical and practical materials may be used for creating new programs, textbooks, manuals and in practice of teaching theoretical and practical disciplines such as the Russian language and literature, the Uzbek language, and foreign languages.
Degree of embed and economic effectiveness: implementation into academic process of two course books and three manuals created by the researcher gave positive results.
Field of application: the system of higher education, the institutes of professional development.