This article is devoted to highlighting the place of the city of Tashkent in foreign trade relations in the second half of the 19th century based on materials from the archive. For this purpose, information about the importance of internal and external trade of the city of Tashkent is analyzed, the list of goods sent to domestic and foreign trade, the cost of goods, the number of goods, duties levied on these goods using the example of documents stored in the National Archives of Uzbekistan. It is known that the city of Tashkent has become one of the special links in the active trade center of the Great Silk Road since ancient times. Tashkent was a special city leading caravan trade besides with the regions of cattle-breeding nomads of Eurasia, intensively conducted trade and economic relations with the khanates of Central Asia, as well as with close and distant foreign countries, including China, the European and Siberian parts of Russia, East Turkestan, Semirechye. Craftsmen who lived in specialized makhallas, depending on their occupation for the production of certain goods, played an important role in the trade relations of the city of Tashkent. Therefore, the Tashkent residents, depending on their occupation, were called mahallas with the same names. For example, "pichakchi" - knife makers, "misgarlik" - copper casting, "sagban" - psari, "ukchi" - arrows, "konchi" - tanners, "degrizon" - boiler makers, "egarchi" - saddle makers, etc. .d. During the period under review, the bulk of Tashkent residents lived in country estates. For example, residents of the Sebzor mahalla lived in Yunusabad, Khasanbai, Kokterak, residents of the Shaikhantakhur mahalla lived in Kokche, as well as in the direction of Salar-Karasu, Beshagach residents lived in the Chopanata-Kani-Dombirabad quarters, etc. and were engaged in gardening and brought the essential fruits to foreign trade. Rabats located around the city of Tashkent played a special role in carrying out the order of foreign trade operations, in solving the problems that arose in the collection of duties and heraj. Merchants from other countries stopped in caravanserais and their goods were stored in them, and wholesale trade was also carried out here. This is considered as proof that foreign trade played a special place in the economic life of the city of Tashkent. The article analyzes information about the number of caravans, the value of goods exported abroad, their quantity, transportation of goods, information about customs duties.
The article examines general issues of the international division of labor, the formation and development of a system of regulation of the international division of labor, taking into account the development of interna- tional trade.
The article deals with the ways of perfection of norms of the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan providing the liability for children traffic.
Илк ўрта асрларда суғд, хоразм аҳолисининг халқаро муносабатларда ва савдо-иқтисодий алоқаларда моҳир инсонлар бўлганлигига оид маълумотлар тарихий манба ва адабиётларда сақланиб қолинган.
В статье раскрыты закономерности и особенности международных торгово-экономических связей Республики Узбекистан при интеграции экономики в мировой рынок капитала. Обоснованы концептуальные подходы расширения внешнеэкономического сотрудничества Республики Узбекистан с мировыми и региональными державами, странами СНГ и ЕАЭС, ШОС, а также с международными финансовыми институтами, ведущими иностранными компаниями и банками. Раскрыта эффективность реализации Стратегии действий по пяти приоритетным направлениям развития Республики Узбекистан в 2017-2021 годах..
The аrticle considers the strengthening of the Turkic fаctor in Egypt аfter the Mаmluk Emirs, nаtives from the Khwаrezm, Turkmen аnd Kipchаk tribes, who cаme to power in the second hаlf of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic fаctor аffected аll аspects of life in Egypt. Under the leаdership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptiаns defeаted the crusаders who invаded Egypt in 1248. This defeаt of the 7th crusаde mаrked the beginning of the Generаl collаpse of the Crusаdes. Аnother crushing defeаt of the Mаmluks led by Sultаn Kutuz cаused the Mongols, stopping their victorious Mаrch through the Аrаb world. Аs а result of these brilliаnt victories, Egypt under the first Mаmluk Sultаns turned into а fаirly strong stаte, which developed аgriculture, irrigаtion, аnd foreign trаde. The аrticle аlso exаmines the fаctors contributing to the trаnsformаtion of Egypt in the XIII–XIV centuries in the center of Muslim culture аfter the fаll of the Аbbаsid Cаliphаte. Scientists from аll over the Muslim world cаme to Egypt, educаtionаl institutions-mаdrаssаs were intensively built, аnd Muslim encyclopediаs were creаted thаt аbsorbed the knowledge gаined in vаrious Sciences (geogrаphy, history, philology, аstronomy, mаthemаtics, etc.). Scholаrs from Khwаrezm, the Golden Horde, Аzerbаijаn, аnd other Turkic-speаking regions аlong with Аrаb scholаrs tаught hаdith, logic, orаtory, fiqh, аnd other Muslim Sciences in the fаmous mаdrаssаs of Egypt. In Mаmluk Egypt, there wаs а greаt interest in the Turkic lаnguаges, especiаlly the Oguz-Kipchаk diаlect. Аrаbic аnd Turkic philologists write speciаl works on the vocаbulаry аnd grаmmаr of the Turkic lаnguаges, аnd compile Аrаbic-Turkic dictionаries. In Egypt, а whole lаyer of аrtistic Turkic-lаnguаge literаture wаs creаted thаt hаs survived to the present dаy. The fаmous poet Sаif Sаrаyi, who cаme from the lower reаches of the Syr Dаryа river in Mаwаrаunnаhr wаs considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigаtаi (old Uzbek) lаnguаge аnd is recognized а poet who stаnds аt the origins of Uzbek literаture. In аddition to his known the nаmes of eight Turkish-speаking poets, most of whom hаve nisbа "аl-Khwаrizmi". Notаble chаnges occurred in Аrаbic literаture itself, especiаlly аfter the decline of Pаlаce Аbbаsid poetry. There is а convergence of literаture with folk аrt, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such аs “zаzhаl”, “mаvvаl”, “muvаshshаh”, etc. emerge in the Egyptiаn poetry. In Mаmluk Egypt, the genre of “аdаbа” is rаpidly developing, аimed аt bringing up аnd enlightening the good-nаtured Muslim in а populаr scientific form. The works of “аdаbа” contаined а lаrge аmount of poetic аnd folklore mаteriаl from rivаyаts аnd hikаyаts, which mаkes it possible to hаve а more complete understаnding of medievаl Аrаbic literаture in generаl. Unfortunаtely, the culture, including the fiction of the Mаmluk period of Egypt, hаs been little studied, аs well аs the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl аnd sociаl life of the Egyptiаns. The Turkic influence is felt in the militаry аnd household vocаbulаry, the introduction of new rituаls, court etiquette, chаnging the criteriа for evаluаting beаuty, in food, clothing, etc. Nаtives of the Turkic regions, former slаves, historicаl figures such аs the Sultаn Shаjаrаt аd-Durr, Mаmluk sultаns аs Kutuz аnd Beybаrs becаme nаtionаl heroes of the Egyptiаn people. Folk novels-Sirs were written аbout their deeds. Аnd in modern times, their nаmes аre not forgotten. Prominent Egyptiаn writers hаve dedicаted their historicаl novels to them, streets hаve been nаmed аfter them, monuments hаve been erected to them, аnd series аnd TV shows dedicаted to them аre still shown on nаtionаl television. This аrticle for the first time exаmines some аspects of the influence of the Turkic fаctor on the culturаl life of Mаmluk Egypt аnd highlights some unknown pаges of culturаl relаtions between Egypt аnd Mаwаrаunnаhr.
The article discusses the specifics of the socio-economic model of India and current trends in its development, analysis and regulation of foreign trade, the importance of increasing export potential in modernizing the economy, optimizing the import structure, and attracting foreign investment and foreign investment policy. India offers millions of travelers the opportunity to relax by the sea and mountains, tourism and architectural monuments, unforgettable vacations, festivals and carnivals, spiritual uplift and deep immersion in the culture, customs and spiritual heritage of the country. It was revealed that India is an important destination in the Asian region with unique natural, recreational, cultural and historical resources for the development of tourism. In addition, the stages and directions of development of the tourism industry in India, as well as the existing free economic zones are considered as an important form of foreign economic activity of the country. At the end of the article, opinions and comments on the topic are given and a clear conclusion is made.
The present article aims to analyze relations between the republics of Uzbekistan and Turkey. The roots of cooperation between the two countries, being based on the principles of mutual friendship and brotherhood, go far into the past and play an important role in developing an effective strategic partnership. Issues and prospects for the development of mutually beneficial cooperation in the political, trade, economic, cultural and humanitarian spheres were also considered. In particular, it is noted that friendly relations between the leaders of the two countries give a great impetus to the development of mutual cooperation. Studying the achievements and experience of Turkey in the fields of economy, industry, textile industry and tourism, the implementation of mutually beneficial projects between entrepreneurs of the two countries will usher in a new stage in the development of cooperation. There are still unused opportunities for cooperation between the two countries in the fields of industry, agriculture, transport, science and education, healthcare and many others, which are equally beneficial for Uzbekistan and Turkey.
Чорвадорларда шаҳарларнинг юзага келишидаги омиллардан бири уларнинг воҳа шаҳарларини қўлга киритишлари ёки олдинги даврлардан қолган эски шаҳарлардир [1]. Ашина турклари ҳам ўз ўтмишдошлари сингари хоқонлик қурилиши биланоқ Шарқий Туркистон ва Амударё –Сирдарё оралиғидаги воҳа ҳукмдорликларини бўйсундиришни ўз сиёсатларининг бош вазифаси деб билишган [2].
The article investigates the issues of improving the electronic information systems of the authorized state bodies for international transport and their mutual integration. It also highlights the advanced international experience in this area and gives practical recommendations for its implementation in Uzbekistan.