Purpose of work w as the cliniko-functional assessment of efficiency of a preparation “CORTEXIN” in the complex treatment of a diabetic retinopathy at non proliferative and preproliferative stages. Under supervision there were 30 patients (60 eyes) aged from 40 till 81 years old, with a diabetic retinopathy at nonproliferative and preproliferative stages who were divided into 2 groups. The first group (main) - 15 people (30 eyes) in addition to traditional treatment took “CORTEXIN” preparation of 10 mg on 0,5ml parabulbarly 1 time within 10 days. The second group (control) — 15 people (30 eyes) underwent traditional therapy. There were 12 males (40%) and 18 females (60%). The efficacy of treatment was studied by methods of visiometry, ophthalmoscopy and perimetry. The examinations have been performed before and 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. During the carried out treatment in the main group of patients the improvement of visual acuity, field of vision and condition of retina w ith keeping the stable effect till 6 months was fixed. And ali this allows authors to recommend “CORTEXIN” application in the complex treatment of diabetic retinopathy at nonproliferative and preproliferative stages.
Одно из самых тяжелых офтальмологических проявлений сахарного диабета (СД) - диабетическая ретинопатия (ДР), частота которой, по данным разных авторов, колеблется от 20 до 90% и неуклонно нарастает в последние годы. Среди причин необратимой потери зрения и инвалидности у лиц, в основном трудоспособного возраста, ДР занимает одно из первых мест. Так, 12% случаев слепоты во всех возрастных группах и 20% случаев слепоты, появившейся в возрасте от 45 до 74 !дет, обусловлено диабетическим поражением сетчатки (Brechncr R. J., 1992). Кроме того, слепота, связанная с ДР, обнаруживается у 0,6% больных СД, болеющих менее 6 лет, а при продолжительности заболевания более 15 лет она в 10 раз выше (Кацнельсон Л. А.. 1991).
Исследования последних лег, особенно эпидемиологического характера, тех или иных заболеваний показывают, что факторы влияющие на возникновение и развитие заболеваний, их частоту, структуру и распространенность, имеют комплексный характер.
The late complications of the DM are one of the basic reasons of premature physical inability and lethality of the DM patients, which puts essential harm to the health of the population and the economy as a whole (2). Proceeding from it in the foreground of the problem of prophylactics of the given DM complications is put forward.
Диабетическая ретинопатия (ДР) является одним из наиболее тяжелых осложнений сахарного диабета (СД), представляя одну из ведущих причин инвалидизации больных (М.И.Балаболкин, 1994). Заболевание нередко продолжает прогрессировать, несмотря на проводимое лечение, приводя пациента к слепоте (Ф.Е. Шадричев и др., 1998). Известно, что успех лечения и профилактики развития ДР определяется своевременным проведением терапевтических мероприятий, направленных на коррекцию обменных нарушений, гемореологических факторов с включением средств местного воздействия на сетчатку (Van der Pijl J.W. et all, 1998). Вместе с тем. несмотря на большое количество исследований, проблема лекарственного лечения ДР остается открытой и нуждается в дальнейшем изучении.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is considered a microcirculatory disease of the retina. However, new data are emerging that suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of DR, which may precede the development of microcirculatory disorders that occur in DR, as well asparticipate in them. Therefore, studying the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration will be essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Elevated glutamate levels, oxidative stress, overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system, and activation of glycation end-product receptors play important roles in diabetic-induced retinal neurodegeneration. Finally, the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors is critical in determining the survival of retinal neurons. In this review, we focus on neurotrophic factors already synthesized by the retina under physiological conditions, and we also discuss current neuroprotective strategies and future directions for the treatment of DR
Диабетическая ретинопатия (ДР) представляет собой одну из ведущих причин потери зрения, инвалидизации больных с сахарным диабетом (СД). Проблема патогенеза поражения сосудов глазного дна при диабете и поиск новых подходов в терапии этого страдания остается самой актуальной в диабетологии [1, 2, 3]. В литературе опубликовано большое количество исследований по лекарственному лечению ДР. Есть указания на положительное влияние ангиопротекторов, дезагрегантов, ангиодилятаТоров, антиоксидантов, витаминов, препаратов, нормализующих гемостаз, белковый и жировой обмены, имуннокоррегирующих средств. Стабилизирующее действие на течение ДР оказали ингаляции гепарина и внутрисосудистое лазерное облучение крови. Для рассасывания кровоизлияния успешно используются фибринолитики, особенно, рекомбинантная урокиназа человека в сочетании с ингаляциями гепарина [1, 2,4, 6, 7, 8].
Одним из поздних осложнений сахарного диабета, приводящих к смертельному исходу, является диабетическая нефропатия. Имеющиеся исследования функционального состояния почек при диабетической нефропатии в основном посвящены оценке фильтрационной способности. В начальных стадиях диабетической нефропатии важно установить не только фильтрационную способность клубочков, но и функции канальцевого аппарата почек, которые могут быть ранним признаком диабетической нефропатии. В качестве маркеров поражения канальцевого эпителия могут быть использованы показатели экскреции молекулы повреждения почек (KIM-1), липокалин-2, цистатин С, гликозаминглаканы, экскреция канальцевых ферментов
Relevance of the problem. The difficulties of diagnostics of orbital diseases are well known. Especially difficult is intraspecies differentiation among the multitude of tumour, pseudotumour, inflammatory, vascular, endocrine and other diseases occurring here, manifested by the symptom complex of unilateral exophthalmos [Beradze I.N., 1978; Brovkina A.F., 1993].
Malignant intraocular neoplasms are the main cause of death of patients with diseases of the organ of vision, with 45-48% of patients dying from metastases in the first 5 years after enucleation [Alekseeva I.B., 1990, Barkhash S.A.1978, Brovkina A.F..1991, 1997; Keizer R.W.. Viclvoyc G.L.,1986],
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in children. According to different authors, the frequency of its occurrence is 1 case per 14000 - 35000 newborns. [Bobrova N.F. and Vit V.V., 1993; Brovkina A.F., 1997; Provenzale J.M., et al., 1995; Skulski M., et al., 1997; Weber A.L., Mafee M.F, 1992; Wilms G., et al., 1989]. The frequency of patients with the most malignant intraocular tumour in adults - uveal melanoma has recently reached 7-9 people per 1 million population [Brovkina A.F., 1997; Kotslyansky E.O., 1989; Yushko N.A., Peskova L.I., Kalenich L.A., 1989; Peyster R.G., Augsburger J..I., Shields J.A., 1988; Romani A.. Baldeschi L., ct al 1998; Scott I.U., 1998].
The fundamental difference in treatment tactics, depending on the stage of development, size and topography of the tumour, as well as the seriousness of the prognosis in retinoblastomas and melanomas sharply increase the requirements for the accuracy of their differential diagnosis. At the same time, the number of diagnostic errors in ocular tumours continues to be 10-30% even when complex clinical and instrumental examination is applied in specialised ophthalmological centres [Ternovoy S.K., Panfilova G.V., Rogozhin V.A., 1979; Friedman F.E., Malyuta G.D., Kodzov M.V., 1995; Song G.X., 1991].
Widely used in ophthalmological practice traditional diagnostic methods (ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, diaphanoscopy, fluorescence angiography, laboratory tests) are insufficient to obtain comprehensive information about the localisation, nature of growth and prevalence of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and orbit. This circumstance and not quite satisfactory results of surgical treatment are the causes of high mortality of patients [Muratova T.T., Nigmanova N.H., Kozlovskaya G.M.. 1989, Naches A.I., 1980; Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., Kholin A.V., 1991]. Untimely or erroneous recognition of pathological processes of the orbit leads to a sharp deterioration of visual functions, up to blindness, and in some cases to the death of the patient [Yuzhakov A.M., Travkin A.G., Kiseleva O.A., 1991]. All this determines the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis of diseases of the orbit, on the one hand, and the difficulty of such diagnosis - on the other [Gabunia R.I., Kolesnikova E.K., Tumanov L.B., 1982].
The fact that the orbit is closed from direct inspection and palpation by bone walls and the eyeball, indicates the advantage of radial diagnostics in comparison with other methods of examination. In the arsenal of clinicians there is a great variety of methods of clinical-radial diagnostics of orbital pathology, however, at present the information in the literature about their resolving capabilities and significance in comparative aspect is incomplete and not fully studied. The priority of using one or another instrumental investigation, their sequence and expedient combination have not been determined yet. This makes it difficult to choose the optimal standardised approach for diagnosis and adequate treatment [Cheremisin V.M., Trufanov G.E., 1993, Weber A.L., Sabates N.R., 1996; Wenig V.M., Mafee M.F., 1998].
Thus, the study of these and other questions, contributing to the improvement of diagnostics and treatment of patients with neoplasms of the eye and ocular cavity, should be recognised as urgent urgent.
Purpose of the study. Comparative evaluation of magnetic resonance tomography capabilities and development of algorithms for complex radial diagnostics of volumetric formations of the visual organ. To solve this goal we set the following tasks.
1. To study the normal picture of the magnetic resonance image of the visual organ in comparison with other methods of visualisation.
2. To find out the possibilities of magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound and computed tomography in detection and evaluation of intraocular neoplasms.
3. To determine the role and place of magnetic resonance tomography in differential diagnostics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye cavity in comparison with other radial methods of research.
4. To determine the indications and to develop an algorithm for the complex application of radiography, ultrasound, computer and magnetic resonance tomography for diagnostics of volumetric formations of the eye organ.
Scientific novelty.
The present work is the first to give a detailed and detailed description of the complex clinical and radiation examination, with generalisation and standardisation of magnetic resonance, computer and ultrasound semiotics of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity. The conducted clinical and instrumental investigations allowed to determine the diagnostic value and resolving capabilities of each of the applied methods. The ultrasound, CT and MRI signs of volumetric formations of the eye organ were studied, clarified and supplemented taking into account the use of low-field magnetic field and general-purpose ultrasound apparatus. The developed standardised diagnostic algorithm of examination of patients with this pathology is new, thanks to which the pre-oppositional diagnosis of tumour and other diseases of the visual organ is improved and the total radiation load on the patient is reduced.
Conclusions
1. MPT will provide an opportunity to study the weight of the soft tissue and anatomical components of the ocular cavity, up to the optic nerve sheath and perineural liquor space, the orbital apex and chiasmal-sellar region, as well as to assess the condition of adjacent structures of the brain and facial skull. The method is limited in the evaluation of changes in the bony walls of the orbital cavity.
2. MRI is inferior in detecting characteristic signs of retinoblastoma (presence of calcification). The sensitivity of MRI was 66.6%, while for ultrasound and CT these values were 96.1 and 100%, respectively. But when the tumour spreads rstrobulbarly outside the eyeball (at 3-4 stages) the informativeness of MRI increases significantly. In uveal melanoma the sensitivity and specificity of MRI reaches 100%.
3. Both MRI and CT have a high detection rate (98.1% and 95.8% respectively) of benign orbital tumours of both primary and secondary origin. However, MRI is the preferred method of investigation. MRI is especially informative when a cranioorbital tumour and pseudotumour are suspected. The sensitivity of the method is 90.9% and 91.6%, respectively
4. In some cases ultrasound can be used to differentiate between encapsulated and diffuse neoplasms, which facilitates the diagnosis. However, when the pathological process is localised near the orbital apex, the diagnostic value of ultrasound decreases. In such cases it is advisable to use MRI.
5. In detection of primary and secondary malignant tumours of the orbital cavity both MRI and CT are quite informative (sensitivity 97,2% and 95,4% respectively), but the most comprehensive information about the state of bone walls will be provided by CT. When the process spreads intracranially, the value of MRI increases significantly, especially with the use of contrast enhancement.
6. The developed algorithm of complex clinical and radiation examination of patients with the use of ultrasound, CT and MRI is the most effective in the diagnosis of volumetric pathological formations of the eye and eye cavity, allowing to reduce to an adequate minimum the total radiation load on the patient and diagnostic period, excluding duplication of research techniques and choosing the most informative in each case, which in turn allows to develop appropriate treatment tactics and reduce the level of disability of the patient.
Проблема перинатальной патологии, обусловленной сахарным диабетом (СД) у матерей, остается одной из актуальнейших в акушерстве, неонтологии и педиатрии.
Diabetik retinopatiya,mikrosirkulyatsiya, qon tomir o'sish omili VEGF, miyadan olingan neyrotrofik omil BDNF, DR rivojlanishi uchun biomarkerlar.