In arabic, the term “at-tawlid ad-dilaali” is used in the process of generating new meanings of words, which means a meaningful transformation of words. In the Arabic language, new meanings of words are formed in two ways – by means of “ishtikok”, as well as by introducing foreign words into the Arabic language. The internal types include “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar”, “naht”, “itbaun”, the groups of which are “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” (“sensual ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy” (“sound ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok al-lafziy” (“ uniform ishtikok”), and also “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” (“popular ishtikok”). In the internal types of ishtikak, the form of the word changes. The letters that make up the word change places, the voices change, some vowels drop out, or are added. In such cases, some words change their meaning partially, and some acquire a completely different meaning. The above-mentioned terms – “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar” are part of “al-ishtikok al-lafziy”. That is, as a result on the broken form of the word, it leads to a change in meaning and it is admitted in al-ishtikok al-lafziy. The formation of new words that are associated with sound, as well as with intonation, as admitted in “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy”. In “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” the mentioned words that are considered foreign words are borrowed and change their meaning, acquiring new meanings. In “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” words change in meaning, not in form. This may mean that the meaning of the word can be expanded, narrowed, or in a more general sense. This process is known to Arabic linguists as “at-tawliyd ad-dilaaliy” and includes homonymy, metonymy, ad-dod, al-iktirad. Although in Arabic the words homonyms are similar in form, they have different meanings. However, such words show a connection between moving two names into one based on the similarities between the two objects. When it comes to ad-dod, Arabic linguists call it the foundation of “tazad” art. It is characterized by the fact that the word reflects two opposite meanings in essence. Interestingly, Arabic linguists are divided into two poles in the traditional approach. One denies the existence of such words, the other emphasizes its existence and emphasizes that such words are found in Arabic poetry, the Quran and Hadith. In Arabic, the term “al-iktirad” (which means “to borrow”) has a special meaning in the formation of words. Thus, the new meaning in is added to the existing meaning of the word. In some cases, the meaning of the word “al-iktirad” is sometimes expressed sequentially, but in some cases it is not observed at all.
This article briefly describes the set of verbs in Arabic and Uzbek, its study by linguists, comparative lexical-semantic analysis of action verbs in both languages. In the study of the lexical-semantic relations of action verbs in Arabic language, special attention should be paid to aspects related to the meaning of verbs, such as synonyms and antonyms between them. Among the verbs of action in Arabic, there are many verbs that have polysemantic meanings, and sometimes they are used in their original meaning, and sometimes in other meanings as well. The meaning of these verbs also depends on the event or situation to which they are related. While the original, original meaning of the verb is mainly related to the normal state of the subject, other meanings serve to express his emotional state. During study of lexical-semantic relations related to action verbs in Arabic, special attention should be paid to which prepositions these verbs come with, because a particular action verb depends on whether the object to which the action is directed is animate or inanimate may require a different preposition. In synonymous relations, the verbs of action differ according to the extent to which the action lasted, for what purpose it was performed, or by what means it was performed. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the verb "to come" in Uzbek and in Arabic. In Uzbek, the main semantic of this action verb is quite simple, but the content is almost identical to the Arabic lexeme "to come". In Uzbek, this verb requires that the object to which it is directed come mainly in the infinitive, place-time, exit, and direction verbs, while in Arabic they are represented by a preposition giving the meaning of an infinitive or a definite conjunction. In expressing some of the meanings of the verb "to come" in the Uzbek language, it is necessary to use their Arabic alternative, and in some cases, the meanings of this verb in the Uzbek language. in Arabic it is also expressed by the verb "to come", but in this case it is necessary to choose a verb that expresses the expected meaning from the synonymous verbs that mean "to come" in Arabic.
The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of genetic factors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and to clarify the features of the clinical course
The оbject of research were 129 children aged 4-15 years who were treated for chronic nephritis in the nephrology department of the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Paediatric Medical Centre.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows:it has been established that the severity of chronic nephritic syndrome in children is associated with clinical manifestations (gradual development, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) and an increase in the amount of Cystatin C in the blood;for the first time, it was revealed that the development of sclerotic lesions due to increased proliferation in patients with the presence of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genotypes in chronic nephritic syndrome leads to a worsening of the clinical course of the disease; established early diagnostic marker MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 (C536T) rs 11551797 in chronic nephritic syndrome in children in the diagnosis of the disease; for the first time, the prognostic value of the alleles of the MMP-9 (A-8202G) rs 11697325 genes and the homozygous G/G genotype in determining the risk of developing the disease in children with chronic nephritic syndrome has been proven.
Implementation of the research results. Based on scientific results of evaluation of the role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitors in chronic nephritic syndrome in children: methodological recommendation “The role of polymorphic genes of matrix metalloproteinase and its genetic inhibitors in the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children” was developed and approved (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 554 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to predict the development of chronic nephritic syndrome in children and improve preventive measures; approved and developed on the basis of scientific results of research on early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic nephritic syndrome “Dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters in nephritic syndrome in children”, (reference of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8n-r / 555 of 30.02.2022).
This methodological recommendation made it possible to optimize the diagnosis and treatment tactics for various forms of nephritic syndrome in children;
The results obtained were implemented in the practice of health care, in particular, in the Republican Children's National Medical Center, in the 1st clinic of the Samarkand State Medical University, in the Samarkand Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center (conclusion No. 8 n-r/324 of 21.06.2022 of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan).
The application of the obtained results to practice has made it possible to reduce the frequency of recurrence of the disease in children, prevent complications of the disease, improve the quality of life of patients, diagnose and prevent the disease.
The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations. The volume of the dissertation is 120 pages.
It is known from history that the Persian language is derived from the ancient languages, which did not retain its linguistic peculiarities. Temporary and historical circumstances have shown the rise of the lexicon of other languages under the influence of Persian words, as well as the Arabic language. The lexicon of the Uzbek language does not apply to exclusion. The ancient Persian-Tajik language was used in parallel with the languages of the Maverannahr region, in parts, in Uzbek. As a result, many words from the Persian and Arabic languages are used in the lexical composition of the Uzbek language, that is, they are used as common words. On the other hand, not all commonly used words are used for meaning and meaning. In the Uzbek language there is such an ancient Arabic word, that their semantic border has another meaning in the Persian language, and in the Uzbek language - a complete other meaning. Interestingly, what this word-term, used in both languages, refers to the word actively spoken in both languages. In addition, the methods of education of one-word words in comparative languages must correspond to the international standard. In the result, such a conclusion becomes the exact etymological basis and the basic meaning of the productive common words Persian and Uzbek languages. For example, in the Uzbek language, such words exist, such as' muhtoriяtʼ, 'maimurяtʼ,' maimurʼ, 'muқobilʼ,' каakam ',' tasrifʼ, 'insonparvarlikʼ,' dorulfunusʼ, х дастурʼ, 'инқиботʼ и многие სხვაе, basically which is related to Arabic borrowing, but does not fully reflect their meaning from the Arabic language. To give common words являются общеупоребительными словами, которые на сегодняшний день были предложены всесто русско-международного слова-термина The semantic and functional study of such a word serves the development of lexicology of the Uzbek language. The reason why, in 1989, when the Uzbek language was given the status of "state language", a task was set to pursue its prestige. Accordingly, the whole article я яvlяet я conducted the structural-semantic analysis of the Persian common-use words-terms, used daily in the Uzbek language.
The article analyses the current state of the art and the importance of the forensic characteristic in ensuring the recording of road traffic accidents and the resolution of the problems that arise in connection with the procedure and the method of carrying out the auto-technical procedure, Trace and other examinations. The opinions of domestic and foreign scientists on the role of the forensic characteristic in the detection and investigation of road traffic offences are considered, and proposals are being made to improve the mechanism of forensic support for road traffic fixingtraffic accidents. The main purpose of the article is the legal and law-enforcement analysis of the criminality characteristic in the system for ensuring the recording of a traffic accident in the criminal sphereProcedural and forensic techniques and tactics for investigating this type of crime. The main content of the problems examined in this article is the consideration of the features of the use of the forensic characteristic in the process of securing the recording of an accident. Such a view would be of interest to experts studying the importance of forensic characteristics as the basis for forensic support for the recording of road traffic crashes. As a research task, the author identified ways of improving the methodology and tactics for applying the rules of forensic characterization in the algorithm of the activities of the person conducting the initial inquiry, the investigator and the bodies conducting the initial inquiry and the operationalSearch activities to ensure the recording of road traffic accidents. Drawing on the practical experience of experts and expert institutions using the tactical features of the forensic characteristic in the assignment and conduct of forensic examinations, Proposals have been drawn up to improve the methods of their production and the use of forensic expertise. The author of this article has identified promising ways of using innovative information and communication technologies in improving forensic support for the recording of road traffic accidents on the basis of modern forensic techniques, Tactics, forensic examinations, the benefits of automation and programming of investigative and expert activities and the broad participation of specialists in them. The conclusion discusses the place and importance of the forensic profile in the field in question, and elaborates and makes suggestions and recommendations for the development of law enforcement and the improvement of the criminal justice systemProcedural rules governing the criminally enforced recording of an accident.
Phraseology is the figurative type of fixed expressions that shows the linguist's perceptions about the world and events in a particular way. Phraseological expressions always reflect the worldview of people, the social structure and ideology of their time. As F. Buslayev argues, phraseology is like a peculiar small world with short, wise expressions of moral rules and truths inherited by ancestors. Phraseological units are translated from one language to another in four ways. First, the translator can make use of a target language phraseological unit which is identical to the source language phraseological unit in all five aspects of its semantics. Second, the source language phraseological unit can be translated by a target language phraseological unit which has the same figurative meaning, preserves the same emotive and stylistic characteristics but is based on a different image, that is, has a different literal meaning. Third, the source language phraseological unit can be translated by reproducing its form word-for-word in target language. Fourth, instead of translating the source language phraseological unit, the translator may try to explicate its figurative meaning, so as to preserve at least the main element of its semantics. Phraseological units do not allow for word-for-word translation: they require searching for the phraseological equivalent of another language, because the phraseology unit comes with an emotional meaning and stylistic expression. The article analyzed the use of four ways of translation of phraseological units from one language to another using examples from the book “Anthology of Modern Korean Prose”. The similarities between the phrases in different languages are often explained by the commonality of the living conditions, customs, and logical considerations of those peoples. Consequently, the Korean and Uzbek language, coming from one language family, share common mentality, and have some similarity in living conditions. Thus, it has contributed to the formation of many common phrases in their words. Such common phrases, which are equivalent in translation, are almost certainly not a problem. It is natural for every linguistic community to represent the world in a particular way. From this point of view, phrases in a particular linguistic community may not be culturally specific, have no equivalent or alternative in another language. In this case, a descriptive translation or a calque is used.
The word serves a meaning. A word can have different meanings than its original meaning. The first of these meanings is the original lexical meaning, the rest are figurative or additional meanings. This condition occurs in all languages. The figurative meaning of the word serves to increase the attractiveness and effectiveness of speech, to illuminate the essence of events, to give it an artistic harmony, and is realized in more literary texts, works of art. The lexemes that characterize the subject are widely used in speech, especially in the literary text, and serve to pass on to future generations the rich heritage of the people, information about their social life. Colors play an active role in creating the artistic landscape of the world. Color adjectives in Pashto also have semantic semantic meaning. Among the adjectives that express color, the most significant are the transitions or loss of meaning in the adjectives نیپس (white) and روت (black), which are reflected in more literary texts and works of art. In addition to the figurative meanings of the white and black adjectives denoting color, the article analyzes the lexical-semantic analysis of the occurrence of these adjectives in word combinations, compound words and fixed compounds. The article describes the active participation of white and black qualities in the creation of famous horses, such as land, sea, mountain, road, as well as the fact that these qualities are used in the creation of verbs. In the concluding section, the figures show the occurrence of the adjectives white and black in figurative senses and their participation in compound words and phraseological combinations.
Description of the semantics of the verb is a complicated process since the semantics of the verb is closely related to its distribution. In view of the foregoing, verbs are classified by the expression of directional movement and the presence or absence of subject/object, if there is one, by its quantity. In the Chinese language, there are verbs of motion that, besides movement, also express direction. These verbs can act as an independent verbal predicate or an appositive adjunct known as directive additional parts, a modifier or directional morpheme in a sentence. Verbs 来 [lái] “to come” and 去 [qù] “to go” are basic verbs of the direction of movement. Compound verb of the direction of movement is also formed by adding these verbs. If the action of the verb is getting closer to the speaker, 来 is used. If the action is moving away from the speaker, 去 is used. 来 [lái] “to come” is one of the basic verbs of the direction of movement. 来 [lái] is a polysemous word and it can act as notional or auxiliary verb in a sentence, as well as in the function of a syntactic word. The specificity of the semantics of the verb 来 [lái] lies in the fact that in addition to the orientation or direction of movement, it indicates the narrative clause, what information the speaker wants to emphasize. In this article, the verb properties of 来 [lái] are studied and ways to actualize their meanings in the Uzbek language are identified. The models 来 [lái] in the functions of the main and auxiliary verbs have been studied, as well as in the function of a syntactic word based on materials of the book by Lu Shusyan “现代汉语八百词吕 叔湘” (“800 words of modern Chinese”). The similarities and differences between the semantics of the verbs 来[lái] in Chinese and kelmoq in Uzbek are described.
Природная либо приобретенная способность продуцировать беталактамазы – ферменты, способные гидролизовать эндоциклическую пептидную связь в беталактамных антибиотиках, – является основным механизмом постоянно возрастающей резистентности бактерий к данному классу антибактериальных препаратов. Феномен собственной беталактамазной активности (БЛА) человеческой крови известен достаточно давно. Однако, клиническое значение феномена не исследовалось.
This scientific article expounds analytical thoughts that in the first decades of the twenty-first century the level of global problems related to the security of mankind has increased many times over, the reasons for this phenomenon are also stated, including the inconsistency of the formation of a new world order, the difficulties of democratization. Conclusions are drawn about new false barriers to the formation of new international relations. The article focuses on the significance of the 75th anniversary session of the General Assembly of the United Nations and new conceptual ideas that were voiced in the speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev. The author concludes that the constructive ideas and initiatives put forward in the speech of the President of our country will be of great importance in the formation of a fair international system, and at the same time, the institutional capacities and effectiveness of the UN will increase. The article concludes that as a result of the implementation of the new ideas put forward, the recommendations of the head of our state under the auspices of the UN, a very large number of problems facing humanity will find their positive solution, as a result, new conditions will appear for the formation of a modern, fair, democratic world order. The article emphasizes that the new ideas put forward by the President of our country, in their essence, are aimed at updating the world order. In this regard, our President calls for an increase in common responsibility, as well as strengthening the democratic approaches of the world community to address these challenges. Therefore, the author believes that the initiatives of our head of state have a very positive meaning for all peoples of the world. The scientific article emphasizes that the proposal of the head of the country to increase the role of national parliaments is also of historical importance. In this regard, as noted in the article, the initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the adoption by the UN of a special decision to enhance the role of parliaments is extremely important for the formation of modern foundations for the development of parliamentary diplomacy. Also, the article pays special attention to the historical role and significance of the new initiatives of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the peaceful solution of the problem of Afghanistan. The article concludes that these fundamentally new, effective initiatives to solve the Afghan problem will contribute to a thorough solution to all the contradictions that exist in modern Afghanistan.
In the introductory part of the article the author gives concept of the international contracts and their value for today. In the basic part of the article the role of the international contracts in development of the international attitudes and a diplomatic language is comprehensively considered. In the conclusion the author comes to opinion, that nowadays the role of the international contracts has huge value in development of the international diplomatic relations and therefore, the states should develop and carry a special role to writing, i.e. language of the international contracts.
The aim of the study was to study the clinical and diagnostic significance of natriuretic peptide
(BNP) in heart failure (HF) in children with congenital heart defects.
Methods. The study included 24 children under 3 years of age with HF. All patients had HF
secondary to congenital heart disease and clinical data, echocardiographic parameters were collected. A comparative analysis of the data indicating significant changes in BNP with characteristic changes on the echocardiogram characterizing the signs of heart failure in children was carried out. Study results: analysis of NT-proBNP values and type of heart disease associated with HF. In our
cohort, median NT-proBNP was highest in patients with cyanotic heart disease (248.0 fmol/ml), followed by patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (193.3 fmol/ml). The lowest median value of NT-proBNP was recorded in patients with acyano- tic heart disease.
Conclusion. In patients with HF, BNP and echocardiography can provide diagnostic and
prognostic information. The highest BNP values were reported in patients with lower LVEF, but were not statistically significant. The combination of all these data may offer the best tools for optimizing the treatment of heart failure in children.
The paper deals with character of Shirin in Navoi’s poem “Farkhad and Shirin”. Her rich spiritual inner world is described through 44 adjectives.