This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs.Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language.
Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order.
In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs
similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from
verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented.
Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.
This article analyzes the phonetic changes of verbs with "weak" letters in the Arabic language, the expression of this phenomenon in written speech. It is also studied the coverage of the topic of "weak" letter verbs in the scientific works of classical and modern Arabic and Uzbek grammar scholars. It is based on the goal of language learners to develop the skills to apply the "weak" letter verbs in different places. Methods of description, comparison, analysis, component analysis were used in the study. In Arabic grammar, the letters “alif – ا ”, “vav – و ” and “ya –
ي ” are called " ةَّلِع ُفوُرُح " – weak letters, and verbs with weak letters are called weak verbs. The two letters “vav – و ” and “ya – ي ” are also used to denote semi-vowel sounds. The fact that the letters “vav – و ” and "ya - ي " fall in many places or are replaced by one another (usually the alphabet) is caused by three different changes: kalb (exchange), taskin (turn into a closed joint), hazf (dropping out the letter). Given that "weak" letter verbs play an important role in the lexicon of the Arabic language, it is important for language learners to develop the skills to use such verbs correctly in practice and in the use of dictionary books. On the basis of his works, an in-depth and comprehensive study of the examples of classical and modern literature remains an
important issue.
In Korean linguistics, the study of auxiliary verbs, which began in the 1930s with the study of the traditional grammar of Choi Hyun Bye, is still the subject of continuous research. This article focuses on auxiliary verbs in Korean linguistics and the criteria for distinguishing them. It addresses issues such as the connection of auxiliary verbs to the main verb, and the complementary meaning of auxiliary verbs that gives the auxiliary verb to the main verb. Such features of the auxiliary verb as semantic and syntactic subordination to the main verb, aspect and modal meanings are investigated. It also explains the relationship of auxiliary verbs with subordinate forms and their use in combination with a main verb in a similar form.
Description of the semantics of the verb is a complicated process since the semantics of the verb is closely related to its distribution. In view of the foregoing, verbs are classified by the expression of directional movement and the presence or absence of subject/object, if there is one, by its quantity. In the Chinese language, there are verbs of motion that, besides movement, also express direction. These verbs can act as an independent verbal predicate or an appositive adjunct known as directive additional parts, a modifier or directional morpheme in a sentence. Verbs 来 [lái] “to come” and 去 [qù] “to go” are basic verbs of the direction of movement. Compound verb of the direction of movement is also formed by adding these verbs. If the action of the verb is getting closer to the speaker, 来 is used. If the action is moving away from the speaker, 去 is used. 来 [lái] “to come” is one of the basic verbs of the direction of movement. 来 [lái] is a polysemous word and it can act as notional or auxiliary verb in a sentence, as well as in the function of a syntactic word. The specificity of the semantics of the verb 来 [lái] lies in the fact that in addition to the orientation or direction of movement, it indicates the narrative clause, what information the speaker wants to emphasize. In this article, the verb properties of 来 [lái] are studied and ways to actualize their meanings in the Uzbek language are identified. The models 来 [lái] in the functions of the main and auxiliary verbs have been studied, as well as in the function of a syntactic word based on materials of the book by Lu Shusyan “现代汉语八百词吕 叔湘” (“800 words of modern Chinese”). The similarities and differences between the semantics of the verbs 来[lái] in Chinese and kelmoq in Uzbek are described.
The purpose of the article is to emphasize the specific stylistic features of verb forms used in Persian language newspaper texts. The analysis examined the grammatical categories of verbs used mainly in newspaper texts, identified the most active and inactive grammatical categories, and identified the reasons for their activity. At the same time, the article analyses verbs used in newspaper texts and explains the methodological features of their use. Newspaper-journalistic style has specific features and the main task of the materials of this style is to report certain information to certain positions; thereby achieving the desired effect on the reader or listener. The content of the newspaper and informational messages is different in that here we are talking about events that are available for a broad understanding of the layers of non-specialists, directly or indirectly related to their lives and interests. From this point of view, this article is relevant in stylistic-functional aspects of the verb category.
This article is devoted to a review of the study of verbs of visual perception in Turkish and English. Turkish verbs of visual perception were considered mainly in the composition of verbs of perception. This made it possible to discover a number of common properties inherent in all perceptual verbs, including the verbs of visual perception, and to correlate the verbs of visual perception with other semantic classes within this system. The efforts of the researchers were mainly aimed at creating classifications of verbs of perception according to the type of perception designated by them or by meaning. In the semantics of these verbs, researchers intuitively distinguish two aspects: perceptual and mental, which in real analysis are either mixed and not differentiated, or contrasted as completely autonomous entities and are considered separately. However, with all the differences in points of view, it should be noted that there are common points in the classifications of these verbs in both perceptual and mental meanings. Because of this, issues of paramount importance remain unresolved, in particular: questions on the list of verbs that belong to the class of perceptual ones, including verbs of visual perception, criteria for distinguishing them from other semantic classes of verbs, definition of a unified terminological apparatus for description. The history of studying English verbs of visual perception is extensive and includes a large number of multidirectional studies. These verbs were examined in more detail in Ake Viberg's monograph. All subsequent works devoted to these verbs and made on the material of various languages, to one degree or another, are based on those provisions that A.Viberg formulated. An analysis of the works allows us to see the following approaches to the study of these verbs: comparative, system-structural, linguo-pragmatic. As a rule, in studies devoted to the comparative analysis of the English verbs of visual perception and their correspondences in other languages, the English language acts as a standard, and the material of other languages is examined and evaluated against its background. In this case, the structure of these verbs, semantic potential and functioning in certain types of texts are examined. The works devoted to the system-structural analysis of the verbs of visual perception are aimed at studying systemic connections, both in terms of form and content, as well as the nature of their compatibility. In later works, these verbs were studied in the framework of linguo-pragmatic analysis carried out on the material of various types of texts.
This article briefly describes the set of verbs in Arabic and Uzbek, its study by linguists, comparative lexical-semantic analysis of action verbs in both languages. In the study of the lexical-semantic relations of action verbs in Arabic language, special attention should be paid to aspects related to the meaning of verbs, such as synonyms and antonyms between them. Among the verbs of action in Arabic, there are many verbs that have polysemantic meanings, and sometimes they are used in their original meaning, and sometimes in other meanings as well. The meaning of these verbs also depends on the event or situation to which they are related. While the original, original meaning of the verb is mainly related to the normal state of the subject, other meanings serve to express his emotional state. During study of lexical-semantic relations related to action verbs in Arabic, special attention should be paid to which prepositions these verbs come with, because a particular action verb depends on whether the object to which the action is directed is animate or inanimate may require a different preposition. In synonymous relations, the verbs of action differ according to the extent to which the action lasted, for what purpose it was performed, or by what means it was performed. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the verb "to come" in Uzbek and in Arabic. In Uzbek, the main semantic of this action verb is quite simple, but the content is almost identical to the Arabic lexeme "to come". In Uzbek, this verb requires that the object to which it is directed come mainly in the infinitive, place-time, exit, and direction verbs, while in Arabic they are represented by a preposition giving the meaning of an infinitive or a definite conjunction. In expressing some of the meanings of the verb "to come" in the Uzbek language, it is necessary to use their Arabic alternative, and in some cases, the meanings of this verb in the Uzbek language. in Arabic it is also expressed by the verb "to come", but in this case it is necessary to choose a verb that expresses the expected meaning from the synonymous verbs that mean "to come" in Arabic.
Мазкур мақолада инглиз ва ўзбек тилларида миқдор феъл бирликларининг таркибий ва семантик хусусиятлари, уларнинг итератив маъноларига бағишланган. Миқдор феъл бирликларининг лексемасида мавжуд бўлган маълум вақт жараёнида ягона субъектнинг бир хил, тўхтовсиз, бир-бирига ўхшаш кичик ҳаракатларнинг амалга оширилишини аниқлашга қаратилган. Тадқиқотчи ўз ишида амалий мисоллар таҳлилини келтириб, улар бўйича хулоса қилган
This article deals with the problem of proverbs “seeing” in English and Uzbek. By means of analyzing the psycholinguistic aspect of this problem the author makes an attempt of explaining the role of “seeing” in the process how people get information about the outer world using the organs of perception and the brain. The author analyses the problem of the “linguistic map of the world”, “national picture of the world” in order to find answers to the problems analysed.
The word serves a meaning. A word can have different meanings than its original meaning. The first of these meanings is the original lexical meaning, the rest are figurative or additional meanings. This condition occurs in all languages. The figurative meaning of the word serves to increase the attractiveness and effectiveness of speech, to illuminate the essence of events, to give it an artistic harmony, and is realized in more literary texts, works of art. The lexemes that characterize the subject are widely used in speech, especially in the literary text, and serve to pass on to future generations the rich heritage of the people, information about their social life. Colors play an active role in creating the artistic landscape of the world. Color adjectives in Pashto also have semantic semantic meaning. Among the adjectives that express color, the most significant are the transitions or loss of meaning in the adjectives نیپس (white) and روت (black), which are reflected in more literary texts and works of art. In addition to the figurative meanings of the white and black adjectives denoting color, the article analyzes the lexical-semantic analysis of the occurrence of these adjectives in word combinations, compound words and fixed compounds. The article describes the active participation of white and black qualities in the creation of famous horses, such as land, sea, mountain, road, as well as the fact that these qualities are used in the creation of verbs. In the concluding section, the figures show the occurrence of the adjectives white and black in figurative senses and their participation in compound words and phraseological combinations.
The article researches the verbs that are used as variants of meanings to ask, to request, to demand of the verb ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧ [xāstan], and also gives the case of usage for each of them.
At present, our country pays great attention to learning and teaching foreign languages. Because, our country is striving to gain a worthy place in the world community, maintaining relations with many countries in the economic, political, cultural, diplomatic, scientific and educational spheres. This in turn indicates that one of the most important tasks is the deep learning of foreign languages, including Arabic and its incomparable beauty, history and grammar. It is also important to learn grammatical rules and terms from the original sources rather than translated sources for better understanding. As it is known, there are six cases in our mother tongue and all these are included in three of cases of Arabic language. They are nominative, genitive and accusative cases. Nominative case is used in six kind of situations while, genitive and accusative cases are used in two and eleven kind of situations respectively. As we can see, the most commonly used term in Arabic is accusative case, and most of the parts of the sentence are expressed in this arrangement, which is called "an-nasb – بصنلا". Accusative case is a means of formalizing the verb’s dominance over name. Accordingly, the word in accusative case is strongly linked to the verb in the sentence itself to which it relates. Accusative case completes the action of the verb in meaning and answers the questions such as "Who?", "What?", "Who from?", "From what?" It is divided into object of a transitive verb and adverbial object. Object of a transitive verb answers the questions "who?" and “what?” known as هب لوعفملا and comes after subject and predicate. It should be noted that the famous linguist Mustafa Gallaini, in contrast to other modern scientists, in his book "ةيبرعلا سوردلا عماج" distinguishes two types of accusative (cognate and hidden) and divides them into several species. Also, in the aforementioned book of the scholar, there are many other sources of information about object of a transitive verb. "Masdar muwwal" or "jumlah mu'awwal" are can be examples of this. As mentioned above, the origin of the mafulun bihi is related to the use of transitive verbs in the sentence. From this point of view linguists have divided these verbs into four types. In particular, the well-known medieval linguist Sayyid Sharif Jurjoni in his book “Nahvi Mir” called them verbs that required one, two, and three objects, changing subject and predicate of sentences into maful bihi.
There are two types of affixing – prefixing and suffixing in modern Chinese. Suffix words are formed by adding a semantic morpheme and a suffix. It should be noted that in modern Chinese the number of morphemes acting as suffixes in the formation of nouns is not much. However, they stand out for their productivity. The suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” in modern Chinese are considered one of such suffix morphemes. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation of nouns by 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes in modern Chinese. For the purpose of disclosure of the goal, the author refers to various sources, reveals common and characteristic features only corresponding to the suffix, explores the grammatical features of the lexical units formed by the 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes and presents conclusion on this topic, justifying each of them with corresponding examples. It was revealed that two, three and four-syllable words are formed by these suffixes; the nouns are formed by combination of 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” with certain verbs, adjectives, countable words, numerals; several constructions including these suffixes were identified. There are many similar features in using the suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er”, which are described in this article. However, there are also significant differences, for example, the suffix 子 “zi” combined with nominal roots with the meaning of objectivity forms words with abstract concepts. And the suffix 儿 “er” sometimes forms words with a dismissive, derogatory meaning and words with the suffix 子 “zi” acquire a caressing shade. According to the study, it was revealed that in Chinese, affixing words are mainly formed by means of suffixing, the degree of use of prefixing is limited. With the help of suffixing a large number of nouns and verbs, as well as adverbs are formed. With the help of prefixation, only ordinal numerals and a limited number of nouns are formed.
More than 70 works of Mahmud Zamakhshari, which had a great influence on the spiritual heritage of Maverannahr, are devoted to linguistics, literature, religious studies, didactics, geography. Linguistics and word science occupy a special place in the scientific heritage of the scientist. Mahmud Zamakhshari covers all areas of science related to linguistics and lexicography. The famous work of the scientist “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” is one of the sources of this style. This work, recognized as the first multilingual dictionary, contains аrabic-рersian-turkic trilingual, arabic-persian-turkic-mongolian four-language manuscripts. The work consists of five parts, the first title of which belongs to the category of words, and the second is dedicated to the verb and its derivatives. The third part consists of grammatical rules concerning auxiliary words, the fourth part-declension of nouns, and the fifth part-declension of verbs. There are copies in world collections that contain five parts of the work, as well as manuscripts in which the grammatical parts are translated separately. The volume of the dictionary parts of the work is of great and important scientific significance. In particular, the turkic vocabulary in the manuscripts included in the turkish vocabulary of the work is among the topics that are not studied and are relevant in world linguistics. 10 rare manuscripts of the dictionary “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” are stored in the funds of Tashkent, 62 copies-in the funds of countries around the world. The main part of them was moved in the XIII-XIVcenturies, and this period serves as an important source for studying the richness and semantic features of the turkic language dictionary. So far, 6 manuscripts have been found in the funds of the world, which were rewritten in Khorezm. The oldest manuscript of the work is the arabic-persian dictionary, rewrittenin Khorezm in 1257 and now stored in the Suleiman Foundation of Turkey. Khorezm manuscripts of the work are stored in the funds of Turkey, Dagestan, and France.