The purpose of the study is to analyze the grounds for terminating a criminal case due to the non-appearance of a private prosecutor without good reason at a court session in criminal cases of private prosecution (both provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and arising from the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated April 13, 2021). The mechanism proposed by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation for exercising the right of the defendant to effective judicial protection did not remove the problem of applying Part 3 of Art. 249 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, and the legislator, who did not accept the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, returned to the basis for terminating the criminal. cases of private prosecution when the private prosecutor fails to appear without good reason at the court session, provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR.
In this paper were analyzed issues of the humanization of criminal justice as an important criterion to assess the strengthening of guarantees of rights and freedoms. It analyzes the concept such as criminal justice, criminal procedure relationships and humanization of the criminal proceedings. In addition, the article highlights the important aspects of the humanization of the criminal proceedings.
В статье анализируются факторы, препятствующие эффективному применению
основания прекращения уголовного дела в связи с истечением срока давности привлечения к ответственности, даются рекомендации по их устранению и
дальнейшему совершенствованию процессуального порядка применения данного основания.
The article is dealing with the theoretical analysis of scientific views concerning the essence and contents of investigators and inquiry office's interaction. In the light of the study author its definition of interaction investigator with the bodies of inquiry.
The paper analyzes the factors impeding the effective application of grounds for termination of the criminal case in connection with the expiration of the statute of limitations, provides recommendations to address them and further improvement of the procedural modalities of application of foundation.
Articles 83 and 84 of the Code of Criminal Procedure define the grounds for closing a criminal case, which includes 16 grounds for closing a case. Among these grounds, in the absence of reconciliation and the victim's complaint, the criminal case is terminated without resolving the issue of guilt. Today, there are different views on the termination of the criminal case based on these two grounds
This article is dedicated to the questions of carrying out of witness immunity at the stage of criminal case initiation. The concrete concept and importance of witness immunity is observed. The main accent is given to the necessity of study of evidences for realization of witness immunity. Besides that legal literature including opinions of legal scientists on the topic is studied and analyzed. The important summary part of the article gives conclusions and recommendations on deciding of the problems related with possibility of using the preliminary reports as evidence and the basis for conclusion of accusation.
Принцип защиты прав и свобод, законных интересов граждан вытекает из ст. 2 и 60 Конституции Республики Беларусь, в которых установлено, что человек, его права, свободы и гарантии их реализации являются высшей ценностью и целью общества и государства и каждому гарантируется защита его прав и свобод компетентным, независимым и беспристрастным судом в определенные законом сроки
This article scientifically substantiates the legal foundations of the legal regulation of the institute of refusal to initiate a criminal case and proposals for introducing new conceptual norms into the criminal and criminal procedural legislation to strengthen and improve them.
In this article author had analyzed by the historical-legal aspects the organization and evolution of the criminal proceeding in the Ancient Greece states, the types of criminal proceedings and had comparative analyzed of their elements, the role and meaning on the intensification of the criminal proceeding.
This article describes how to strengthen the implementation of the principle of adversarial
proceedings at the stage of assigning cases to the trial and it was analyzed the implementation of optimal procedures for this stage of the criminal process.
The article deals with the urgent issues of ensuring of the rule of law in the stage of instigate criminal case. The author analyses the notion of legality, infringement of legality, authorities of the head of the investigation department on ensuring of the rule of law in the activity in the stage of instigate criminal case bodies on the basis of studying the norms of Criminal procedure and scientific literature.
The article comparatively analyzes the norms of the criminal procedural legislation of some Euro pean countries and the United States related to the proce dure and features of the production of private prosecution cases, and outlines recommendations for improving the institution of private prosecution in the domestic criminal process.
There arc several principles ranging from legality, administration of justice only by court, independence of judges and their accountability to law only, mandatory initiation of criminal case, administration of justice on basis of equality before the law and court, respect for honor and dignity of individual, protection of human rights and freedoms, language of criminal proceedings, securing right of suspect, accused ordefendant to defense, right to bring complaint against procedural actions and adversarial principle of parties in the Code of Criminal Procedure of Uzbekistan.]
The aim of the research consists in development of offers and recommendations about further improvement of criminal-legal and criminological measures of fight against crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The object of the research work is the system of the public relations regulating criminal-legal, criminological and organizational measures for counteraction to crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
the expediency of establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy at compliance with the law about protection of private life, ensuring protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of legal gaps is proved;
need of establishment of responsibility for infringement of personal privacy in article 1411 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan when ensuring criminal legal protection of personal privacy and inevitability of responsibility is proved;
for ensuring the principles of justice and humanity in the criminal legislation the expediency of awarding punishment in the form of restriction of freedom on the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies is proved;
high degree of public danger of some crimes (illegal activities for attraction of money and (or) other property (article 1881 of CK), production, storage, distribution or demonstration of the materials containing threat of public safety and to public order (article 2441 of CK)) committed with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is explained;
establishment of responsibility for bringing to suicide and inducement to suicide with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet is proved;
need of introduction of responsibility of the blogger for placement of public negative information of a certain look for the Internet is proved;
inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract, need of nondisclosure of the specified data are proved;
establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts is offered;
expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state are specified;
need of recognition of the actions exerting negative impact to life, health and morality of the personality, made with use of means of information technologies as socially dangerous act is offered.
Implementation of research results. The results of the study are used:
the proposal on establishment of administrative responsibility for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 461 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan about the administrative liability entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). This change provides compliance with the law about personal privacy, protection of the rights of citizens and also completion of a legal gap in the legislation;
the proposal on establishment of criminal liability for violation of personal privacy has found the reflection in article 1411 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Uzbekistan entered by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 23, 2016 No. ZRU-411 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from September 28, 2016, No. 06/1-05/1148-vkh). Establishment of criminal liability for commission of the act breaking personal privacy provides criminal legal protection of private life of the person and inevitability of responsibility;
offers on expediency of awarding punishments in the form of restriction of freedom concerning the persons who have committed crimes in the sphere of information technologies, have found the reflection in articles 2781-2786 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from August 10, 2015 No. ZRU-389 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer serves purpose of alternative punishment for crimes in the sphere of information technologies;
high degree of public danger of commission of some types of crimes with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet has found reflection in article 1881, the «g» point of third part of article 2441 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 25, 2016 No. ZRU-405 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). According to this offer criminal liability for use of information technologies in criminal intents has been established;
responsibility for bringing to suicide, the inducement to suicide made with use of networks of telecommunications and the Internet have been established in article 103 and 1031 Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of June 13, 2017 No. ZRU-436 (the act of Committee on the legislation and the judicial-legal matters of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 06/1-05). This offer has served establishment of criminal liability for the information attacks encroaching on human life;
regulations on responsibility of the blogger for dissemination of public negative information of some look on the Internet are introduced in articles 3 and 121 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 11, 2003 No. 560-II «About informatization» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves prevention of various crimes committed with use of the Internet;
offers on inadmissibility of use of personal data of the participants at implementation of electronic commerce for who aren't provided by the contract need of nondisclosure of the specified data have found the reflection in article 18 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 22, 2018 No. ZRU-385 «About electronic commerce» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer became a basis for the ban illegal use of personal data from participants of electronic commerce;
offers on establishment of the ban on distribution among children of the information justifying illegal behavior and promoting commission of offense, calling for promotion of the destructive ideas in society and also responsibility for the specified acts are introduced in article 16 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of September 8, 2017 No. ZRU-444 «About protection of children from information doing harm to their health» (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer has served recognition of dissemination of information among children of information doing harm to their health as illegal behavior;
offers on improvement of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and safety have been used by preparation of analytical notes within the Concept of improvement of the criminal and criminal procedure legislation approved by the resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 14, 2018 No. PP-3723 (the act of Committee on questions of innovative development, information policy and information technologies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018, No. 05/2-01-71). This offer serves a proving of inevitability of responsibility for crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on expediency of application of a method of «confidential dialogue» concerning the persons who have committed information crimes, need of implementation of inquiry, the investigation and preventive measures proceeding from their psychological state have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served increase in efficiency of prevention of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers on need of definition of external influence, level of competence and practical skills of employees, motives of offense when studying the reasons of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security and also conducting monitoring of social networks have been introduced in activity of the relevant structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (the act of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan from July 2, 2018 No. 33/1985). This offer has served definition of the reasons and early warning of crimes in the sphere of information technologies and information security;
offers that the information security is object of criminal legal protection taking into account its direct connection with the state interests have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served protection of information security as object of criminal legal protection;
offers on need of implementation of complex measures from law enforcement agencies for ensuring information security at information security have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has provided orientation of activity of law enforcement agencies on information security;
offer that threats of information security exert essential harm to the interests of the personality, society and state information have found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03- 07-02/124). This offer has allowed to estimate high degree of public danger of information threats as a factor of commission of information crimes;
the rule about protection of the personality against illegal information influence taking into account that impact on consciousness of the personality with use of means of information technologies exerts negative impact on life, health and morality of the personality, has found the reflection in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About modification and additions in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About the principles and guarantees of freedom of information» (the act of the Center of information security and assistance in ensuring public order at the Ministry of information technology development and communications of the Republic of Uzbekistan from November 13, 2017 No. 03-07-02/124). This offer has served recognition of the specified actions as socially dangerous act.
Structure and volume of the dissertation. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature and applications. The volume of the thesis is 260 pages.
Становление и развитие уголовного процесса непосредственно связаны с преобразованиями социальных отношений конкретного исторического периода. Если XVIII - XIX века для ведущих государств мира знаменуемы промышленной революцией, и как следствие развитием правового регулирования общественных отношений, то сегодня смело можно утверждать о цифровой трансформации разных сфер общественный отношений, в том числе и уголовно-процессуальных. Результаты научно-технических достижений позволили говорить об электронной информации и электронных носителях информации. Идея цифровой трансформации уголовного судопроизводства полностью коррелирует с генеральной линией повышения транспарентности деятельности государственных органов, обозначенной в Указе Президента РФ «О Стратегии развития информационного общества в Российской Федерации на 2017 - 2030 годы»1, а также в «Едином плане по достижению национальных целей развития Российской Федерации на период до 2024 года и на плановый период до 2030 года»
В современных условиях, деятельность правоохранительных органов, ведущих борьбу с преступностью должна быть не просто качественной, а максимально эффективной. Такая эффективность невозможна без использования новейших достижений науки и техники. При этом, нельзя не отметить, что внедрение в уголовный процесс результатов научно технического прогресса поднимает целый пласт проблем, затрагивает различные аспекты: организационный, криминалистический, правовой и нравственнопсихологический33 34 35. Охватить весь комплекс проблем, связанных с цифровизацией уголовного судопроизводства в рамках одной статьи, конечно, не представляется возможным. В этой связи можно определить цель данной работы, как выявление тех сфер уголовного процесса, затрагиваемых цифровизацией, которые существенным образом могут повлиять на фундаментальные основы судопроизводства.
In this article, the author conducted a retrospective analysis of the Criminal Code and put forward suggestions and recommendations for improvement. In particular, the article analyzes, changes and additions to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in which the steps of the criminal law policy of the state in the sphere of liberalization of criminal law in areas: criminalization, decriminalization, penalization, decriminalization, differentiation and individualization of responsibility punishment.