This article discusses the concepts of "baihua" and "wenyan", their similarities and differences, as well as the burial language of these two realities of the Chinese language. The grammatical and lexical-semantic features of classical Chinese and Baihua, as well as their mutual influence are noted. As it is known, in Chinese before the declaration of putung-hua in standard Chinese, in parallel, there were two realities, this is the classical Chinese language - wenyan, which was relevant in China until the end of the twentieth century, and baihua "spoken language". Laconic sayings on wenyana, texts of classical works of Chinese literature contain about half the number of hieroglyphs than the same text on baihua. In wenyang, monosyllabic words (written in one hieroglyph) predominate, while in baihua, disyllabic words (written in two hieroglyphs) dominate; in the Vanyan texts, transposition is a frequent phenomenon, when many hieroglyphic words in different situations can be different parts of speech; reliance on context is used, in particular, to avoid unnecessary pronominalization (use of pronouns), frequent non-use of subjects in general; no punctuation; no affixation. According to Chinese linguists, the first works on baihua appeared in the period of the Song dynasties (960- 1279) and the Yuan (1271-1368). The flourishing of Baihua prose falls on the Song-Yuan epoch (10th-14th centuries), when significant changes took place in social and cultural life, reflected in literature as well. One of the most important features of spiritual life is the development of folk forms of culture: folk theater, different types of folklore (narrative genres, narratives). Prose on baihua, i.e. in the literary language, which is close to the conversational speech (baihua xiaosho), is one of the most important types of Chinese literature of the Middle Ages and one of the main directions of the creative activity of writers since the XI century. In the twentieth century. This type of literature became the basis of modern prose (novel, story, story). The name baihua xiaosho is a concept of a late period, when in Chinese culture the distinctions between two literary languages were clearly designated: the classical “wenyan” and the colloquial “baihua”.
Object of research: The object of the thesis is the aspect of standard speech in the languages of mass media.
Subject of research: is the normative, communicative and ethic aspects of the speech standard of the language of mass media.
Methods of research: The following methods have been used in the thesis: the method of linguistic classification, methods of semantic and stylistic and componcntial analysis, comparative method, analysis of uttered speech on the radio and TV, and social poll.
The obtained and their novelty: The normative, communicative and ethic aspects of speech standard of mass media (newspaper, television and radio) were analysed for the first time as a monographic research; the principles of the problems of the language of the mass media and speech standard in linguistics were defined; modern concept of the speech standard have been covered and specific features of using speech standards in the language of the mass media have been pointed out; the language peculiarities of the language of the mass media have been analysed; national specific feature of the language of newspaper was covered; socio and psycholinguistic and functional and communicative peculiarities have been studied; expressiveness of the newspaper language and its speech and speech standard evaluation have been defined; the specific language features of newspaper, television and radio have been pointed out; speech the language of newspaper, television and radio have been analysed from speech standard point of view; the use of language in mass media have been analysed from standpoint of speech standard and normative aspect; speech standard of mass media have been analysed from communicative aspect; standard of speech was analysed from ethic aspect; interrelation between the aspects of speech standard in the language of mass media have been revealed
Practical value: The results of the research can be applied to doing scientific work in General Linguistics, Uzbek Linguistics, Speech Standard, Stylistics, Rhetoric and Journalism; it can used in conducting lectures and having seminars in the philology and journalism faculties in speech standard, stylistics, the language of Mass Media, and Rhetoric.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: The basic content of the work reflected in a monograph, in scientific articles published in foreign journals, scientific and theoretical conferences, and in more than 60 articles and abstracts.
Sphere of usage: The materials of the research can be used in writing textbooks in Speech Standard, Stylistics, Linguoculturology, the Language of Mass Media, and Psycholinguistics.
This article discusses databases. We will try to understand what SQL and NoSQL databases are and introduce the main differences between them, areas of application, and how they work.
It is known from history that the Persian language is derived from the ancient languages, which did not retain its linguistic peculiarities. Temporary and historical circumstances have shown the rise of the lexicon of other languages under the influence of Persian words, as well as the Arabic language. The lexicon of the Uzbek language does not apply to exclusion. The ancient Persian-Tajik language was used in parallel with the languages of the Maverannahr region, in parts, in Uzbek. As a result, many words from the Persian and Arabic languages are used in the lexical composition of the Uzbek language, that is, they are used as common words. On the other hand, not all commonly used words are used for meaning and meaning. In the Uzbek language there is such an ancient Arabic word, that their semantic border has another meaning in the Persian language, and in the Uzbek language - a complete other meaning. Interestingly, what this word-term, used in both languages, refers to the word actively spoken in both languages. In addition, the methods of education of one-word words in comparative languages must correspond to the international standard. In the result, such a conclusion becomes the exact etymological basis and the basic meaning of the productive common words Persian and Uzbek languages. For example, in the Uzbek language, such words exist, such as' muhtoriяtʼ, 'maimurяtʼ,' maimurʼ, 'muқobilʼ,' каakam ',' tasrifʼ, 'insonparvarlikʼ,' dorulfunusʼ, х дастурʼ, 'инқиботʼ и многие სხვაе, basically which is related to Arabic borrowing, but does not fully reflect their meaning from the Arabic language. To give common words являются общеупоребительными словами, которые на сегодняшний день были предложены всесто русско-международного слова-термина The semantic and functional study of such a word serves the development of lexicology of the Uzbek language. The reason why, in 1989, when the Uzbek language was given the status of "state language", a task was set to pursue its prestige. Accordingly, the whole article я яvlяet я conducted the structural-semantic analysis of the Persian common-use words-terms, used daily in the Uzbek language.
The article gives a comparative analysis of the Charter of terminological organizations in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as its principles. It is well known that in accordance with theoretical and scientific views, as well as the recommendations of the world terminology of Vienna, Prague and Russian terminology schools, an international standard has been established, which is an instruction for all languages in general linguistics. Prior to this, a number of standardization associations were created, including in 1926 the ISA (International Association for Standardization) - the "International Association for Standardization", in 1931 in Europe the British Standard Institution - the British Institute of Standardization, and in 1946 the ISO ( International Organization for Standardization). And in Iran at different periods were established three language academy to preserve the purity of the language. The third academy, that is, the last of them, is the “Academy of Persian Language and Literature”, which was founded in 1991 and has its own Instruction. At the same time, "Atamakom" started its activities in the Uzbek language, and completed it in the short term. The article presents an analysis of the International Terminological Organization Standard - ISO 704, which was created at the school of world terminology, as well as the influence of its principles on term formation on the rules of term formation in the Persian and Uzbek languages, different and similar sides of each. In addition, some paragraphs of the Charter of the "Academy of the Persian Language" were compared and analyzed by the relevant paragraphs of the terminology of the Uzbek "Atamakom". The main goal of the article is to analyze the provision of terms for borrowing by terminological organizations that were founded for the formation of terms in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as compare and study the Statutes for the formation of new terms, to look at the correspondence of the clauses of the Standard of the International Terminological Organization ISO 704. As a result of comparisons of theories a number of proposals for the creation of terms in the Uzbek language are presented.
This article gives some insight into the role of the media – the press of time and television in the development and popularization of the Arabic literary language. In addition to using the Arabic literary language as the language of international communication, the language of fiction, the Arabic literary language is used as the language of instruction in administrative and administrative documents of schools and educational institutions, social and political, educational and in scientific literature. The fact that the Arab countries are so numerous also suggests that each Arab country has its own regional literary language.
Аny lаnguаge consists of four skills which аre (listening, speаking, reаding, writing) аnd аs much аs the level of the Аrаbic lаnguаge teаcher for non-Аrаbic speаking speаkers of these skills in the Аrаbic lаnguаge enаbles the level of Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners to be spoken by other thаn those skills, аnd in this sense wаs This reseаrch is аbout the importаnce of lаnguаge skills for the Аrаbic lаnguаge in teаching аnd leаrning the Аrаbic lаnguаge for non-nаtive speаkers, аnd the importаnce of this reseаrch is in its orientаtion to teаchers of Аrаbic lаnguаge who do not speаk Аrаbic аnd whаt it represents the importаnce of knowing the lаnguаge skills of the Аrаbic lаnguаge аnd knowing its importаnce in teаching the lаnguаge аs well аs the role of the teаcher аnd leаrner аnd Teаching methods аnd how to develop those skills аnd the meаns used to teаch those skills. The need for non-nаtive speаkers of Аrаbic lаnguаge to identify these skills, their importаnce аnd the role of the teаcher in them аnd how they аre performed is no less thаn the need of Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners from other speаkers, in this reseаrch we leаrn the lаnguаge skills of the lаnguаge Аrаbic аnd its importаnce аnd the role of the teаcher in her teаching, аs well аs the role of the leаrner in her leаrning, аs well аs how to develop this skill for the teаcher аnd the leаrnerَ. The reseаrcher hаs relied on his field studies through his work in the Depаrtment of Аrаbic Lаnguаge, Fаculty of Orientаl Lаnguаges, Tаshkent Stаte University for Orientаl Studies, аnd to identify some of the problems fаcing Аrаbic lаnguаge teаchers who аre not speаkers of it, аs well аs the difficulties fаcing Аrаbic lаnguаge leаrners аt the university аt their vаrious levels of beginner, intermediаte аnd upper Аnd аlso for grаduаte students; therefore we cаn sаy thаt fаmiliаrity with the lаnguаge skills of the Аrаbic lаnguаge аnd how to teаch аnd develop it is аn urgent necessity in building curriculа for teаching Аrаbic to non-speаkers аs well аs in progrаms for prepаring Аrаbic lаnguаge teаchers for non-speаkers. Аnd presenting them in а wаy thаt helps in the educаtionаl process by employing these skills effectively in the clаssroom, аnd not only thаt they аre merely knowledge informаtion provided to students аnd teаchers.
Phraseological units in the language are connected with the specific psychology, lifestyle, mentality, customs of each people, etc. The phraseology Department – the study of the phraseology of a foreign language – not only increases the effectiveness of studying vocabulary, but it also gives an opportunity to get acquainted with the features of the linguistic sphere of the language more closely. Consideration of various linguistic aspects of phraseological units belonging to the phraseological layer of a foreign language on the example of the Indian language is of great importance in the deep study of phraseologisms of the Indian language, in the ability to read and analyze phraseologisms in artistic texts. The main purpose of writing this article is to provide a semantic analysis of phraseologisms in the Indian language, which are formed from somatic nouns. In carrying out the goal, the following tasks were taken into account: - at first the main source is the designation of all somatic nouns given on the first roof of V.M. Beskrovny's dictionary «Хинди-русский словарь» and the collection of somatic phraseologisms from additional dictionaries; - to study the semantically collected examples; - somatic phraseology in World linguistics research on the extent of World linguistics; - to reveal specific aspects of expression in the interpretation of examples; New lexemes from somatic words are also made and enrich the lexical system of the Indian language. And the results from this can be used in the Indian language lexicology, ethnolinguistics, Indian language textbooks, educational manuals, as well as new regulated information that is given in the compilation of a phraseological Dictionary of the Indian language. The main issue is the semantic separation of somatic phraseologisms of the Indian language into different groups. Most of the phraseological units are somatic phraseologisms, and in this respect many scientists have come to many conclusions by studying this classification in different ways. The collected samples were drawn from the semantic point of view to the analysis and the intended purpose was achieved.
The article is devoted to the study of the method of word formation in modern Chinese using the «族zú» affix. It is known that the lexical stock of a language is constantly replenished due to the internal capabilities of the language and extracted from a foreign language. Of course, Chinese is no exception. Which method is the most effective for a language, depends on a number of features of the language. In Chinese, affixing is the second most productive after word addition. Like the vocabulary of a language, its morphemic units are constantly replenished. In addition to the trend observed in world linguistics, the affix method is becoming more and more active in word formation in the Chinese language, therefore the number of affix units in the language is also increasing. One of the affixes that plays an important role in the construction of modern Chinese neologisms is 族 zú, which participates in the construction of a number of new words in the Chinese language. Most of these words refer to a noun and serve to denote a social group that has a specific character. Words formed with the participation of 族 zú are more involved in the formation of words that are applied to a specific group of people in accordance with their social status or role in social life. But, in our opinion, 族 zú is not a full affix unit, but a semi-affix. Therefore, when words are formed with the participation of, zú, it does not completely lose its original meaning, the meaning of a group or community. Like the vocabulary of a language, its morphemic units are constantly replenished. In addition to the trend observed in world linguistics, the method of affixation in the Chinese language is becoming more and more active in word formation, therefore the number of affix units present in the language is also increasing.
Personal pronouns are important according to a number of features in the language. The stylistic function of personal pronouns is particularly important. In addition, personal pronouns are among the words that will be the subject of special research, as they reflect the national culture, socio-political life, philosophical views. In addition, personal pronouns reflect the speaker’s attitude toward the interlocutor, his social status, and even his religious and philosophical views. Therefore, the study of personal pronouns used in the novels of the Ming period (XIV-XV c.), especially in the novel "Three Kingdoms", shows the features of the lexicon of the period, as well as the study of this series of words in diachronic and synchronous terms gives some conclusions about the dynamics of Chinese lexicon. By analyzing Japanese personal pronouns, it is possible to draw conclusions about the influence of Ming period novels on the lexicon of other languages in the synosphere.
In Iranian studies, the scientific description of the Dari language mainly notes its differences from the modern Persian language. In the word-formation of the Dari language, special attention is paid to the affixational word-formation of parts of speech. In recent years, the comprehensive development of the Dari language has become noticeable, during which time there have been tangible changes in all its fields. In this regard, the study of the questions of the ways of forming, developing and improving the Dari language, substantiating the reasons, regularities and possibilities of this process, as well as determining the principles of word-formation, is becoming increasingly essential. This, in turn, points to the need for a separate study of the Dari language directly based on its materials. The article studies affixal and semi-affixal word-formation and the problems of compounding in the Dari language within the framework of genetically related languages. The derivational affix in the Dari language, also in Persian, produces a word that belongs to a certain lexical-grammatical category: in derived words, derivational features are simultaneously categorical. The leading role in replenishing the vocabulary of the modern Dari language belongs to word-formation through semi-affixes. In the Dari language, words in which the second part is expressed by a verb (the stem of simple verbs of the present tense, their variants with the suffix -i or the particle of negation, the form of the imperative mood) make up the majority of word-formation. The stems of prefix and compound verbs of the present tense are much less common here. Due to a large number of verbal word morphemes, semi-affixation, as well as affixation and compounding, is the most productive way in the system of word-formation. Semi-suffixes are used mainly in the formation of new socio-political and scientific-technical terms. In word-formation, an indicator of the method of lexicalization, i.e. the transformation of combinations with conjunction into complex words is high enough. The process of lexicalization of word-combinations in the Dari language is still at the stage of formation, which gives reason to assert the complexity of the distinction between a complex word and a word-combination. Among the phonetic, grammatical and semantic features that make it possible to distinguish a complex word from a word-combination, the main one is the grammatical feature.
This article is devoted to the problem of typology of lexical difficulties in teaching Chinese language to students-philologists of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author covers the views of scientists on the comparative study of the vocabulary of native and foreign languages, considers the views of various researchers on the nature of interference, describes the set of conditions by which its nature is determined. In the comparative analysis of the two languages there are two tasks - linguistic and methodological. The task of linguistic analysis is to identify everything general and distinctive in these languages as fully and in depth as possible. The task of methodological analysis is to select from all material identified as a result of linguistic analysis one that can facilitate the consistent introduction of lexical material into the educational process, i.e., that contributes to the intensification of the educational process. The Uzbek and Chinese languages belong to different language families. The Chinese language in terms of morphological classification belongs to the isolating type, and it is generally accepted that the main feature of languages of this type is the immutability of words and the absence of formal, or morphological, elements in a word. It follows that the Chinese language is in a difficult relationship with concepts such as syllable and morpheme. The Uzbek language refers to agglutinative languages, in which the grammatical forms of words (case forms) are formed by affixation, that is, adding standard suffixes (endings) to the word base. The categories of difficulties encountered by philological students of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the lexical layer of the Chinese language - they are associated with the form of the word, meaning and use. The categories of difficulties encountered by in the lexical layer of the Chinese language are highlighted - they are related to the form of the word, meaning and use.
Studies on the Arabic language are currently being conducted in Cairo, Damascus, Beirut, Baghdad, Algeria and Tunisia, where most of the studies in these linguistic centers are based on the traditions of Arabic schools. Scientists from the universities of Leiden, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Halle, Prague and Rome are more committed to studying Arabic grammar, adhering to European linguistic traditions. This tradition is also observed in the activities of scientists working on the Arab grammar system in the institutes of Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In addition, it is noted that European scholars studied the Arabic language based on the traditions of Arabic linguistics, and that the study of the Arabic language was carried out using European theories. To illustrate these two traditions, it is appropriate to study the work of Russian scientists, who have taken a leading place in Arab, European and European studies and have made a significant contribution to the development of Arab studies. This article is devoted to a chronological analysis of studies of issues of Arabic philology of a traditionally Arab and European direction. In the process of analysis, the scientific activity of scientists in the field of Arabic grammar, literature, the history of Arabic linguistics and dialectology is noted. The study of Arabic manuscripts played an important role in the formation and development of Arabic philology. The department of Oriental Studies, which studies Arabic literary language and manuscript monuments in the same language, originated in Europe. Later, this tradition came to Russia. Russian archeologists have made a number of achievements in this area. In particular, the study of manuscripts stored in library collections and private funds has been the task of scientific research since that time. In addition to Europe and Russia, the study of Arabic manuscripts in Uzbekistan began, especially in Bukhara, Samarkand and Khorezm. However, the study of manuscripts in these areas was considered more religious. It is noteworthy that unlike Russia and Europe, large theoretical studies on Arabic were carried out in Uzbekistan until the 14th century. This shows that Arabic studies have developed early on the territory of Uzbekistan.
This article is devoted to the paradigm of the formation of lexical units with the help of conversion, the basis of which are words related to part of the verb speech in modern Chinese. Conversion in linguistics is a type of transposition. If the transposition is associated with a change in the lexical-morphological environment and, as a result, the paradigm of the inflection, previously not inherent in the lexical unit, arises, and other syntactic signs also appear, then this kind of transposition is usually called morphological transposition, that is, often referred to as conversion. Conversion is widespread in various languages of the world, and this phenomenon is interdependent on the following factors: a) what parts of speech this phenomenon relates to and what kind of derivation it refers to, b) which morphological paradigms are formed as a result of conversion. As a result of the conversion, words are formed that are similar in root, but different in relation to parts of speech. In many languages, issues related to semantic conversion models are still not fully researched. The article revealed six conversion models among words related to the speech part of a verb in modern Chinese, such as: [verb → noun], [verb → adjective], [verb → counting word], [verb → conjunction], [ verb → preposition] and [verb-noun-adverb]. In modern Chinese, in addition to substantiation, as one of the types of conversion, adverbization, verbalization and adjetivization are also widespread. Despite the widespread use of conversion, descriptions of this phenomenon in many scientific text-books and materials relating to the Chinese language, and studying the modern Chinese language in the framework of word formation, this phenomenon has not been studied in a separate foreshortening. Based on the research done, we can conclude that all types of conversions in the Chinese language contribute to the replenishment of the vocabulary of words and this phenomenon needs a separate study.
An adverb is a lexico-grammatical class of unchangeable, as a rule, words denoting a sign of an action, quality or object and acting in the syntactic function of a circumstance or definition, less often of a predicate. The adverb in all languages of the world belongs to the late parts of speech, the formation process of which continues to the present day. At the same time, words belonging to this category still retain their functions in other parts of speech from which they were formed. Another distinctive feature of the adverb is the conceptual heterogeneity of the class of words in comparison with other parts of speech. Based on the above, we can say that there are many definitions of adverbs in Afghan and Iranian studies. Previously, the works of Arab scholars served as the basis for studying the grammar of Dari and the Persian languages; today, Afghan and Iranian philologists admit that there are significant differences between Arabic and their languages, and therefore, in studying the grammar of their language, they try to take into account the grammatical features exclusively Farsi. It should be noted that there is an activity of Iranian philologists in the field of writing scientific articles and books devoted to the interpretation of a particular grammatical issue, the attention of researchers to the structure of syntax has increased. We have analyzed a number of works on the grammar of the Dari and Persian languages, which touch on the question of parts of speech and minor members of a sentence. Below is a brief description of some works on the grammar of the modern Dari and Persian languages, in which the question of our research is most fully considered. In world linguistics, the Dari language is not widely studied, like the Persian language. In Iranian studies, in the scientific description of this language, it is mainly noted that it differs from the modern Persian language. In the Dari language, as well as in the Persian language, the authors consider the adverb from a morphological and syntactic point of view. In the course of our research, we analyzed the works related to the modern Dari language, as well as unique works that are being republished for the second time in Afghanistan
This article is devoted to the analysis of grammatical topics in textbooks written for a specialized school of the Hindi language and a lyceum of oriental languages at the Tashkent State University. Friendly relations between Uzbekistan and India develops fruitfully and we, the Hindi language teachers, should also contribute to the development of these relations. The establishment of scientific cooperation between the two countries requires a high level of Hindi learning for our youth. Unfortunately, over the past twenty years, textbooks on the Hindi language for schoolchildren and students of lyceums have not been created. In this article, teachers of the school and lyceum were suggested to familiarize themselves with the teaching aids prepared by the author of the article, and the task was to create new textbooks under the guidance of teachers of the Hindi at University of Oriental Studies. The article describes the step-by-step study of Hindi by elementary and senior schoolchildren. The 5th grade textbook includes introductory topics in Hindi phonetics, spelling and grammar. Various exercises and pictures are offered to keep students interested in learning Hindi, and helps to increase student activity in the language learning process. Textbooks for high school students contain more detailed phonetic and grammatical sources in Hindi; various topics are given, namely geography, history, texts telling about famous Indian statesmen, about the national holidays of India, grammar tables, dictionaries of each text (or lesson), oral and written exercises, performing tests increases knowledge of the Hindi language.
This article is devoted to the problem of typology of lexical difficulties in teaching Chinese language to students-philologists of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author covers the views of scientists on the comparative study of the vocabulary of native and foreign languages, considers the views of various researchers on the nature of interference, describes the set of conditions by which its nature is determined. In the comparative analysis of the two languages there are two tasks - linguistic and methodological. The task of linguistic analysis is to identify everything general and distinctive in these languages as fully and in depth as possible. The task of metho-dological analysis is to select from all material identified as a result of linguistic analysis one that can facilitate the consistent introduction of lexical material into the educational process, i.e., that contributes to the intensification of the educational process. The Uzbek and Chinese languages belong to different language families. The Chinese language in terms of morphological classification belongs to the isolating type, and it is generally accepted that the main feature of languages of this type is the immutability of words and the absence of formal, or morphological, elements in a word. It follows that the Chinese language is in a difficult relationship with concepts such as syllable and morpheme. The Uzbek language refers to agglutinative languages, in which the grammatical forms of words (case forms) are formed by affixation, that is, adding standard suffixes (endings) to the word base. The categories of difficulties encountered by philological students of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the lexical layer of the Chinese language - they are associated with the form of the word, meaning and use. The categories of difficulties encountered by in the lexical layer of the Chinese language are highlighted - they are related to the form of the word, meaning and use.
This article focuses on the perception of undergraduate students and undergraduates, as well as teachers on the effectiveness of the initial-level Turkish text-book "HİTİT" and the English textbook "Along and across." This research concludes with recommendations based on the preferences of teachers and students,
which can be useful for textbook authors, educational researchers in getting a practical and correct understanding of the nature of existing textbooks. The study also sheds light on the need to adapt materials.
This article writes about the history of Urdu and its position mainly in India and partly in Pakistan as it emerged in the past centuries, took its place during the political conflicts in India and was enriched by differences with Hindi and other languages and is now the only language of India and Pakistan. At the same time, it is believed that this unique language has evolved over time in both countries, India and Pakistan, and has a place among the general public with its literature and culture, which has been highlighted by many Urdu scholars. Urdu is spoken in two countries in Pakistan and India. The article considers Urdu as the language of Pakistan, whose roots are in India and when the country was divided Pakistan was an Urdu country and India also has a certain number of Urdu speakers. In this case, the Urdu language was considered not only in the field of linguistics, but also in literary life.
Along with the implementation of ‘The Belt and Road Initiative’, Central Asian studies have drawn attention of Chinese scholars again. This paper discusses a brief research history of Uzbek language studies abroad, and with more emphasis on China studies. Based on the academic value of Uzbek language studies in China and Uzbekistan, the paper also explores the research trends and the cooperative opportunities between scholars from these two countries.