The article analyzes the work of Arthur Schopenhauer, the theoretical ideas that motivated the formation of his worldview based on various sources. It reveals life factors that influenced the worldview of the thinker, the interaction between Arthur Schopenhauer’s creative activity in his practical life. In the philosophical views of the thinker, the issue of existence, his ideas about human will are analyzed, Schopenhauer’s doctrine of morality and attitude to religion are thoroughly covered. Schopenhauer’s philosophical system can be superficially compared to the «Four Noble Truths» of Buddhism. According to Schopenhauer, there is no doubt that the whole world, the whole life consists of pain and suffering. The cause of suffering lies in the mindless, wandering, disordered-chaotic will, which voluntarily and freely creates and destroys human life, does not give it any meaning. But suffering can be stopped: life can have meaning, if the mind refuses to serve the will, if it makes «Nothing» its goal, if it becomes absorbed in «Nothing». Schopenhauer suggests a way to escape suffering and reach Nothingness: suffering and asceticism. Looking at liberation in the context of Buddhist teachings, it can be said that Schopenhauer’s philosophy is a European version of nirvana. Schopenhauer promotes Buddhism and calls Indian terms synonymous with his own terms. As we will see below, the negation of «I» in Schopenhauer is based on a Brahmanic script, not a Buddhist one. Behind the immanent individuality is the groundless, substantial will, the «thing-in-itself» that «carries infinite individual possibilities.» In Buddhism, the «I» is disintegrated into a stream of ever-changing elements that appear and disappear every second. Indeed, in «Aphorisms of Life Wisdom» Schopenhauer does not reflect on human compassion and asceticism. In this treatise, the reader is offered a compromise: Schopenhauer forgets about the high moral and metaphysical point of view, and argues that it is possible to live happily from an everyday, empirical position. In his metaphysics, such a possibility turns out to be a lie and a mistake, so Schopenhauer agrees that the value of the «Aphorism ...» is conditional and nevertheless puts forward his advice. Schopenhauer’s idea that “will is the sign of totality” emerged as an analysis of the works of Kant and Fichte. He acquired the idea of the primacy of ideas or phenomena of will from Plato; the overall pessimistic outlook and the idea of abandonment of will in his works are acquired from Buddhism. The life ideal of the philosophers is the ascetism in Buddhist fashion. Despite fact that the worldview of Schopenhauer is heavily influenced by Eastern philosophical traditions, he insists on the independent emergence of his own philosophical system.
The article is devoted to the develjpment of national ideology and democracy, in particular, national identity, the need to stude the ancient and rich history of our Motherland and the harmony of ethnic, national and universal values.
Nowadays when the majority of themes in literature have been already explored, it is hard to find something topical and yet not studied. In this case David Mitchell’s works are the treasury of philosophical ideas covered by author’s fantasy.
The novel under our investigation Cloud Atlas is a complicated work in terms of system of characters, plot development and mixture of themes. At the same time this difficulty attracts researchers from all over the globe and provides them with the enough material to study. As each part is a separate story united only by the reincarnation theme (a comet shaped birth mark). Thus, our objective is to study this binding element which reflects the author’s concept of a soul’s universal nature. Even though this concept is a corner stone in this novel, it was left poorly studied. Therefore, this research is an attempt to fill in the gap in literary criticism. In this article we determined how the author expressed this concept in the novel. Moreover, we analyzed how the theme of reincarnation in the novel imitates elements of Hinduism. Thus, we conclude that Cloud Atlas is a complex philosophical novel of the new era.
Х,озирги замонда юз бераётган ижтимоий-иқтисодий ва сиёсий ўзгаришлар давлат хизматчиси фаолияти асосларини сифат жихатдан ўзгартиришни талаб қилади. Маълумки, давлат бошқаруви самарадорлигини оширишга хизмат қила оладиган малакали, тажрибали, билимли мутахассислар бир неча ўн йиллар ичида шаклланади. Уларнинг иқтидори давр талаблари асосида шаклланиши ва ривожланиши учуй катта куч ва меҳнат талаб килинади. Давлат сиёсатида ушбу масаланинг мухимлигини инобатга олмаслик ижтимоий тарақкиётнинг турғун бўлиб қолишига ёки аксарият холларда интеллектуал ресурс бошқа давлатларнинг ихтиёрига жалб килинишига сабаб бўлади. Шу боне кейинги йилларда юзага келаётган муаммолар ҳамда унинг ечимига багишланган катор фундаментал илмий ишлар олиб борилиб, диссертациялар химоя қилинди.
The given article discusses the role of investments in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, ways to increase the innovative potential of entrepreneurship, as well as the role of venture entrepreneurship in supporting small businesses and entrepreneurship, as a source of commercialization of high-tech research.
Когда заходит речь о качественной реставрации и адгезии, сразу приходит на ум хорошая изоляция. Это обязательная процедура, которую, однако, не всегда легко выполнить. Необходимость работать в сухих условиях в ротовой полости признана многие десятилетия назад, а идея использования резинового полотна для изоляции зуба возникла более 150 лет назад! Впервые применение коффердама описано в 1864 году в Нью-Йорке доктором Sanford Christie Barnum, который продемонстрировал преимущества изоляции зуба куском резины. В то время не были известны адгезивные процедуры, поэтому возникает вопрос: «Почему он решил работать с коффердамом?»
Ushbu maqolada bugungi kunda O‘zbekistonda amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar jarayonida modernizatsiya va innovatsion rivojlanishga berilayotgan e’tibor haqida so‘z boradi. Ayniqsa jamiyatni modernizatsiyalash jarayonida yoshlarda tadbirkorlik faolligini shakllantirishda ta’lim tizimining o‘rni xususida hamda modernizatsiya va innovatsiya tushunchalariga olimlarning bergan ta’riflari va bu boradagi fikr – mulohazalari tahlil etilgan.
This article deals with the literary works studied using the hermeneutic method of analysis. The hermeneutic method is considered to be a new perspective of poetic text study – translation of a literary work within the psychological process of understanding.
Мустақилликни қўлдан бой берган халқ эрксизликка, турғунликка маҳкум. Мустамлакачилик йилларида барча соҳаларда ривожланиш депсиниб, маънавият, илм-фан ривожи секинлашди.
The article is dedicated to the literary figure Ihara Saikaku, who was widely recognized as the founder of the “school of modern realistic literature (“ukiyooshi”) in Japanese literature of the 17th century, and to the literary analysis of his collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” (“Eternal Storehouse of Japan”). From the point of view of poetics, the collection of short stories"Nihon eitaigura" is considered as one of the best works of the writer in the genre of “choninmono” didactic short stories for townsmen. Exactly, in this collection the peculiar style of Ihara Saikaku clearly reaches its highest zenith as a writer. The analysis of the poetic and literary characteristics of the short stories collection "Nihon eitaigura" and its role in Japanese medieval literature as a literary source is considered to be the aim of the article. Revealing the main theme and the idea put forward by the writer, as well as defining the structure of plot and composition, the system of characters in the “Nihon eitaigura” through the example of the short stories included in it, is the research’s main task. Cultural and historical, comparative historical methods of analysis are used to achieve the goals and accomplish the tasks mentioned above. At the beginning of the article, author gives information about the studies related to the works of a prominent representative of Japanese 17 th century prose, Ihara Saikaku, and about the conditions of creating the collection of short stories “Nihon eitaigura” that belongs to him. The structure and theme of the collection are revealed by examples given from the short stories that included in it. Then, through analysis, a system of characters and its characteristic features existing in the didactic short stories of the writer for the townspeople is characterized. Relying on selected short stories from “Nihon eitaigura, the idea put forward by the writer and the ideals to which he sought, are clarified. Along with, in the article, reflection is given on the style of the writer and the characteristic features existing in it, thanks to which he was able to show the life of the medieval city and customs of his era with amazing skill of the artist, as well as express much about the human dignity of a simple townsmen.
Ижтимоий-тарихий жараёнларда барқарор тараққиётни таъминлаш ҳар бир даврнинг ўзига хос муаммоларини ечишда зарурий аҳамият касб этган. Ушбу жиҳат ёзма манбаларда ўзининг ифодасини топган бўлиб, тарихий тараққиётда маънавий-маданий жараёнлар ўзаро яхлитликка асосланган ривожланишни мустаҳкамлашга йўналтирилган мақсадлар ва ғоялар ҳосиласидан иборат эканлигини тасдиқлайди. Айниқса, VII асрнинг охири ва VIII асрнинг бошларида қадимги туркий мутафаккир Иўллиғ тегин Култегин, Билга ҳоқон, Қутлуг Элтериш ҳоқонлар шарафига қўйилган ёзма ёдгорликларнинг муаллифи, теран тафаккур соҳиби туркий маънавият ва маърифатнинг тамал тошини қўйган мутафаккир сифатида турк ҳоқонлиги даврида ўзига хос ўрин тутганлиги Урхун тошбитикларидаги маълумотлардан аён. Ёзувларда қадимги туркларнинг маданий турмуш даражаси, адабий имкониятлари, тарихий воқеъалар инъикоси, тафаккур кенгликлари ифодаланганлиги билан диққатни жалб этади. Қадимги турклар сиёсий бирлигининг етакчилари Билга ҳоқон ёдгорлиги ва унинг укаси Култегин ёдгорлиги ва шунингдек, маслаҳатчи Тонюқуққа аталган ёзувларда даврнинг тарихий воқеалари силсиласини ўзида ифодалаб, турк баҳодирлари жасоратли фаолиятларининг акс этганлиги туркий халқлар тарихи ва маданиятининг тошбитикларда ифодаланган дастлабки боби эканлиги билан характерлидир. Шунингдек, ушбу ёзувларда ўзаро бирлик ва ҳамжиҳатнинг акс этганлиги ғояси бугунги кунда ҳам барқарор тараққиётни таъминлаш учуй тарғиб этишни тақозо этади.
Axboriy muhitda zamonaviy media ta ’lim masalalarini hal etish takomillashtirilgan texnika va chuqur bilim. Axborotni ishonchli, aniqliligi, holisligiga ko proq e’tibor berish kerak. Media ta ’lim bilan muloqat madaniyatida media-matnini to‘liq qabul qilish, interpratsiya etish, tahlil qilish chuqurroq o‘rganish kerak va tezkor yetkazish lozim.
Даврлаштириш – материални таҳлил қилиш ва тартибга солишнинг самарали усулидир.Тарихни даврлаштириш эса тарихий жараёнларни шартли равишда маълум бир хронологик даврларга ажратишнинг ўзига хос тизими. Бу даврлар ўзига хос хусусиятлари билан ажралиб туради.