State social insurance first appeared in Germany. This happened in the 19th century under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck. The principle of social insurance is very simple: pensioners are dependent on working citizens, for which they transfer a certain part of their wages to the state pension fund. Funds were distributed and immediately given to pensioners. In 1981, the amount of allocations was sufficient for both parties and was 1.7%. At that time there was no unemployment, life expectancy was short compared to today. A lot has changed since that time - the society is aging, allocations to the pension fund are 18.9%.
Ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy yosh avlodni erkin, demokratik, insonparvarlik tamoyillari asosida komil inson ruhida o‘stirish, ularni nafaqat o‘z huquq va erkinliklarini yaxshi biluvchi, balki ularni amalga oshira oladigan hamda o‘z burch va majburiyatlarini ham ongli ravishda bajaruvchi inson sifatida jamiyatning teng huquqli va faol subyekti qilib tarbiyalashning ayrim dolzarb masalalari o‘z ifodasini topgan.
This article analyzes the norms of family
law regarding fictitious marriage, the issues of recognition of marriage invalid by the court, developed proposals and recommendations.
To reduce the amplitudes of accelerations under high-frequency impacts and the amplitudes of displacements under low-frequency vibrations, the principle of paired columns was applied in the work, which were calculated beyond the limits of elasticity. At the beginning, the internal columns only support bending moments and axial forces. When the movement increases, the external columns are included in the work. Expanding units and burst-type dampers are installed in the gaps between the internal and external columns.
This article classifies and analyzes the ethnotoponyms of the Khiva Khanate, which are found in "travelogues" created on the basis of travel memoirs of Russian and foreign tourists and officials of the countries who visited the Khiva Khanate in the XIX century. We know that ethnotoponyms are place names associated with "ethnos", which reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socioeconomic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. A comparative analysis of ethnotoponyms on the basis of known sources, the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the region, demographic processes and the factors influencing them from the point of view of source and historiography, the study of place names is a historical field. From this point of view, the study of place names in the khanates on the basis of travelogues of Russian and foreign tourists visiting the Central Asian khanates in this study serves to fill in some of the unknown pages that are not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the source significance of travelogues in the study of ethnotoponyms of the Khiva khanate, to determine the weight of ethnotoponyms in them, to reveal the general purpose of travelogues, their differences and similarities and to develop the principle of classification according to certain criteria. The article used research methods such as systematic analysis, periodicity, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification of place names, genetic analysis, used in historical research. As a result of the research, the role of travelogues as a common source and the total weight of ethnotoponyms belonging to the Khiva khanate were shown. The classification of ethnotoponyms of Khivakhanate, peculiarities of their origin, theoretical and practical aspects of studying the socio-economic and ethnic history of ethnoponyms of khanate were analyzed.
This article describes how to strengthen the implementation of the principle of adversarial
proceedings at the stage of assigning cases to the trial and it was analyzed the implementation of optimal procedures for this stage of the criminal process.
Maqolada xalqaro huquq normalarining tushunchasi, O’zbekiston Respublikasining xalqaro huquq normalarini yaratishdagi ishtiroki, “Xalqaro huquq” tushunchasini aniqlash va uning ta’rifi, xalqaro huquq davlatlararo yoki kengroq ma’noda xalqaro munosabatlarga xos bo‘lgan hodisa va jarayonlarning huquqiy xususiyatlarini ko‘rib chiqishi, xalqaro huquqning rivojlanish tarixi haqida batafsil so’z yuritiladi.
У новорожденных, особенно недоношенных, и у детей раннего возраста уровень иммунологической реактивности организма низкий, что связано как с морфофункциональной незрелостью составных элементов иммунной системы намолекулярном, клеточном, тканевом и органном уровнях, так и с несовершенством местных и центральных механизмов регуляции и функции.
This article evaluated the place of the principle of going concern in accounting. As a result of the study, the principle of going concern was evaluated on the basis of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic concepts.
In the article it is analysed features of legal regulation of the main pipeline transport in Uzbekistan.The author analysed legislations of foreign countries in the field of main pipeline transport and noted the need of legal regulation of this activity in Uzbekistan. The author states that transportation through main pipeline transport is difficult process and this sphere demands creation of the specific legal base, and the accurate mechanism and system of its regulation.
При лечении любой патологии, основной принцип - улучшение качества жизни больного. Чтобы стать активным помощником врача в лечении глаукомы, больному необходимо быть хорошо информированным о своем заболевании. Для достижения хороших функциональных результатов, лечение глаукомы должно быть начато в ранний период развития заболевания, пока в глазу еще не наступили необратимые изменения.
Within the framework of this article, new fundamental, conceptual and basic principles of judicial reform are substantiated and proposed - digitalization and virtualization of economic legal proceedings, which will significantly provide access to justice for individuals and legal entities, ensure its maximum openness and transparency. In practical terms, this concept implements the principle of independence and objectivity in judicial decisions, will serve as an anticorruption mechanism and will help to prevent unlawful interference in the affairs of a judge and pressure on him by the prosecutor's office or other authorities, which will be a conceptual approach for reviewing not only arbitration, but and civil, criminal, administrative processes and will give a significant impetus to the further development of the judicial system of any country.
Maqolada bugungi axborotlashuv davrida milliy ta’lim tizimini modernizatsiyalashtirishda tizimli yondashuv masalalari, o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, evolyutsion rivo jlanishga asoslangan tadrijiylik va izchillik tamoyillari xususida so‘z yuritilgan. Shuningdek, postindustrial jamiyat talablaridan kelib chiqqan holda oliy ta’lim jarayonidagi tizimli,nochiziqli yondashuv asosidagi modernizatsion o‘zgarishlar bayon etilgan.
The article is devoted to organizational and legal aspects of strengthening the powers and control functions of the legislative power in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author reveals the problems of parliamentary control and maintaining a reasonable balance between the branches of government. Special attention is paid to the legal basis for ensuring the rule of law in society, the rule of law, and improving public administration through effective parliamentary control. Based on the analysis of legal gaps in the current national legislation in terms of its provision, new proposals for legislation are given.
This article analyzes the law-making activity and specific features of the executive branch in the system of separation of powers. The author tries to disclose the peculiarities of the government's law-making activity on the basis of the analysis of national and foreign law, the study of the opinions of national and foreign scientists. Based on the analysis carried out in the article proposed suggestions for the improvement of the area.
Improving the quality of education depends on both the teacher and the students, and both sides are equally important. Increasing the student's active participation in the learning process is one of the most important tasks, for which it is necessary to create all conditions. From this point of view, the main goal is to improve students' self-learning skills using modern teaching methods such as FL, TBL, and PBL, deviating from the traditional method in medical education. Self-learning study will be related to each practical training. And, the content of individual learning will be part of practical training topics. As a result of the using student-centered method, the students’ self-learning skills are formed by effectively using the hours of independent study, and their active participation increases during the lesson.
This article is devoted to the problem of building the motivation in consecutive interpretation teaching. The aim of the article is to describe the notion ‘motivation’ from both psychological and practical points of view and also the use of the notion while training. The article tells about the necessity of application of methods, principles and techniques of teaching and the information technologies while consecutive interpretation training.