In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuriesThousands of scientific studies, works, and works on the natural sciences were created in Central Asia. These works are currently in preservation in the collections of manuscripts and libraries of Uzbekistan. In particular, the rich scientific and spiritual heritage of the famous thinker Ahmad Danish has its place among the sources of the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu RayhanBiruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article indicates the registration numbers of his works and essays. The analysis of the views of Ahmad Donish on science, in the works. The author of the article pays great attention to the study of his works and works, where a place is given to the description of natural phenomena.The article also presents the scientific thoughts of Ahmad Donish about nature, about the origin and structure of the Earth, about the existence and movement of the planets, about the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon. In the works devoted to the natural sciences, he presents natural phenomena, based on scientific arguments. In covering the topic of a scientific article, the author used such scientific methods as historicity, analysis of phenomena in a particular historical context and explanation. It should be noted that Central Asia in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. became the object of active research of Russian and foreign researchers. As a result, hundreds of new studies have emerged. This justifies the level of the highest development of the science of geography in the second end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. Innovations in the field of natural sciences directly influenced the work of the enlighteners of Central Asia. In view of the developing educational movement at the end of the
This article is devoted to the history of astronomy in our country, in particular, the work of scientists of Mowarounnahr in this field. Although Musa al-Khwarizmi and Ahmad al-Farghani are the first Uzbek astronomers, their work in Iraq, Syria and Egypt is a priority. In this context, monitoring local schools and their development is also important.Termez and Chaghaniyan regions, located in the present-day Surkhandarya region, have a special place in this process. In particular, about 70 years after the introduction of the usturlob into the Islamic world, it began to use in the territory of Termez through Muhammad Hakim Termizi (ca. 820-932). Then, in the late tenth century, Ahmad Usturlabi Chaghani's work in the observatories of Baghdad was particularly noteworthy, and his manuscripts are preserved in Turkey, India, Damascus, England, and Paris. Their study will undoubtedly make a worthy contribution to the study of the history of our country's scientists and local astronomy, which has not yet been sufficiently studied. Termez, in general, the astronomical school operating in the Surkhandarya oasis, reached its peak in the form of an observatory built in Termez for 10 years during the reign of Sayyid Abul-Qasim Majdiddin Ali ibn Jafar from 1135 to 1146.It is noteworthy that local scientists such as Adib Sabir Termizi also worked at this observatory. Haji Khalifa (1609-1657) gives information about Sayyid Jamal al-Din Abu Ja'far Husayn ibn Majd Ali ibn Ahmad Husayn al-Tirmidhi Ayni's book on astronomy in Turkish "Mazaq al-ushshaq fiy ilm al-ofaq" (The taste that lovers find in the science of horizons. In addition, some of the information given by Haji Khalifa about the measurement patterns in Haqqiq al-Irsad means that the observations mentioned in it were in Termez or that these lengths and measurements were according to Termez standards. Because of the research, it can be said that the astronomical school of the Surkhandarya oasis has also been formed at the level of a school that has a place in our country and the Islamic world.
At the beginning of the eleventh century, with the formation of the largest centralized state of Turkic peoples, tribes in Central Asia - the Karakhanid dynasty, the prestige of the ancient Turkic language grew, and a number of scholars and poets developed in the process of raising it to a high literary level. These are the works of Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Ahmad Yugnaki, Ahmad Yassawi and Suleiman Bogirgani, who created their works in the 11th and 12th centuries. The works of these authors came not only from the 11th and 12th centuries, but through manuscripts rewritten from the 13th century. Consequently, the history of modern Turkish manuscripts in Arabic dates back to the 13th century. Learning Arabic proverbs began in the 8th century. Like many scholars such as Sahar Ibn Dhabi, the Arab poet Ubaid Jurdzhumiy (8th century) and the Persian scholar Abu Fadl Maidani, Mahmoud Zamahshari wrote his book Al-Mustaksa Min-l-Amsali. In addition to verses from different eras, he quotes from the book of Kalil and Dimna. This article presents the works of great Turkic scholars about Arabic proverbs and parables and historians, Orientalists - Hermann Wamberi, A.Yu. Yakubovsky, S.P. Tolstov, E., who studied the culture, enlightenment and national heritage of the peoples of Central Asia. The hard work of E. Bertels, V.V. Bartold, E. Berezikov and others was recognized.
There exist numerous resources about the history and culture of Uzbekistan in the libraries and archives of Turkey. This work is about a letter from the Ottoman archives. Documents related to the history of Uzbekistan in the Ottoman archives began to be seen especially in the middle of 16 th century and continued to increase permanently. As a result of the relations, there are many documents in the Ottoman archives. In return, it is known that a great number of documents about Turkish history and culture are saved in the libraries and archives of Uzbekistan. Scientific works on these documents should be increased and brought to the scientific world. The letter that we work on, was dated 6 April 1706 and sent by Ubeydullah Khan II of Bukhara khanate to the Ottoman Padishah Ahmet III. The letter is saved in the Ottoman Archives operating under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Department of State Archives. The letter gives essential information about wording, style of language, diplomatic features and historical events in that period. The reason for writing this letter was to declare the accession of Ubeydullah Khan II and to celebrate the accession of Sultan Ahmet. In addition, the work done by Ubeydullah Khan and the importance of the relations between the two countries were mentioned and good wishes were made for their development. The letter was written in old Uzbek (Turkic) language. It is an eloquent and advanced level text in which a number of Arabic and Persian words were used. One of the writing features of the period is the absence of punctuation marks. Another feature of the letter's wording and style is to include several quotations in the same sentence while expressing the idea in order to support and prove the idea. These issues make it difficult to determine the starting and ending places of the sentences as well as making it hard to understand. The quotations included to support and prove ideas and thoughts also reveal the cultural and religious features and levels of the period. The quotations in question are largely verses and hadiths from the Qur'an. This work relies on the first-hand resource and brings in some information to the scientific world about Turkish-Uzbek relations, Uzbek language, history and culture in the late 17 th and early 18 th centuries.
The rich spiritual-cultural, religious-philosophical heritage, national values, customs and traditions of the Turkish people have been restored. In these years, great work is being done to restore Islamic values, which are an integral part of our spirituality. Until now, the religious-philosophical heritage of the enlightened scientist serves as an important source for researches on the history and sciences of Islam at the universities of Vienna, Bonn, Istanbul, Manchester, Göttingen. With his important philosophical works and rich scientific heritage, he left a certain mark on the development of not only Islamic but also world philosophy. Ahmad Zaki Walidi was forced to live and create abroad due to his idea of national enlightenment and due to certain historical circumstances, facing persecution and difficulties. During the time of the Soviets, under the label of nationalism, his teachings were not studied and his works were not published. The study of some of his published works was strictly prohibited. As long as this is the case, the religious-philosophical analysis of the teachings of the enlightened scientist, the independent study of his ideas from the point of view of national and universal culture are of urgent importance.
Всё растущие требования современной экономики к качеству и количеству высококвалифицированных специалистов, а также информатизация образования приводят к необходимости разработки и внедрения инновационных образовательных методик и технологий, способствующих формированию новых форм обучения, неограниченных пространственно-временными рамками. Этим требованиям отвечает идея онлайн обучения, которое позволяет получать качественное образование через интернет независимо от территориального местоположения учащегося и с учетом индивидуальной образовательной траектории.
Sayyid Ahmad ibn Jalal ad-Din Kwajagi Kasani-Dahbedi (868/1461–949/1542) was a brilliant scholar and great thinker of Mawarannahr. He has been mentioned in manuscripts as a Makhdum-i A`zam Kasani, Makhdum-i A`zam Dahbedi, Makhdum-i A`zam Kasani-Dahbedi or shortly Makhdum-I A`zam. This article is devoted to the study of scientific-spiritual heritage of the afore-mentioned outstanding scholar on the base of the first sources, stored at the Manuscripts Fund of the Center for Oriental Manuscripts named after Abu Rayhan Beruni under the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies.
This article is devoted to the scientific analysis of the work of Munajimbashi Darwish Ahmad "Sahaif ul-Akhbar", which tells a short history from the origin of mankind to the Middle Ages of Muslim and Turkic dynasties. The main goal of the study is to analyze the literature and sources of creativity of that time and today, as well as to show the scientific and practical significance of scientific work. Also, the main task was to assess the role of the source in illuminating medieval history, to assess the detail and sequence of events in this historical work. In the study of the study, historical-comparative analysis, research methods from a historical-chronological point of view were used. Covering the history of the early period of mankind and up to the Middle Ages, the work covers the history of the statehood of the Arab and Turkic dynasties that ruled the Middle East and Central Asia, which increases the value and value of the work. Judging by the value of the work, the part associated with the history of the statehood of the dynasties that ruled in the territories of our country has not been studied. Only parts of the history of Khorezm, translated by Muhammad Yusuf Bayani, have been studied, and it can be seen that no research has been carried out to summarize other opinions on this issue. The study of the work shows that most of the analytical work on this topic was done only in Turkey. Taking into account such factors, we believe that research on this work should be encouraged in our country. In a word, this scientific work can not only describe events from Adam to the reign of Mahmud IV, a representative of the Ottoman Turkic dynasty, but also serve as a historical source on the history of our country.
Many works of art have been translated from Turkish into Uzbek. The contribution of Uzbek translators is significant. At the same time, the best examples of Uzbek literature are being translated into Turkish and presented to Turkish readers. The works of A. Kadyri, P. Kadyrov, A. Qahhor, O. Hoshimov and other famous writers who have made a worthy contribution to the development of Uzbek prose have reached Turkish readers today. The contribution of Turkish translators is invaluable. At the same time, Uzbek translators have made a worthy contribution to the translation of Uzbek literature into Turkish. Among them are translations of the works of the People's Writer of Uzbekistan, Hero of Uzbekistan Said Ahmad into Turkish by teachers Iristoy Kochkartoev, H. Khamidov and his students. Speaking about the analyzed works and translations, it is expedient to further develop the work in this area, to highlight some shortcomings of Uzbek translators, as well as their achievements, to conduct translations from the perspective of skilled translators.
At present, much attention is paid in Uzbekistan to the improvement of the educational sphere, in particular, the comprehensive support of representatives of science and education. Intellectual wealth is highly revered, which is directly related to the history, mentality, ageold values and traditions of our people. One of the main goals in our Republic is to create a powerful foundation for the Renaissance, in other words, the Third Renaissance. In this regard, the main tasks are the study and analysis of the scientific, educational and cultural heritage of great ancestors, one of which is Ahmad Al-Fergani. Scientists of the East in their research paid great attention to the compilation and development of astronomical tables, among which one can distinguish - solar, lunar, planetary, as well as the creation of star catalogs. With the help of these tables it was possible to establish the movement of planets, stars and the time of eclipses. Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, was a major center of learning from the 9th century onward for several centuries. Here, the Baghdad caliph from the Abbasid dynasty Al-Mamun founded the «House of Wisdom» - the Academy of Sciences in the East, which was also called the «Mamun Academy». Ahmad Al-Fergani, known in Western Europe under the Latinized name “Alfraganus”, and in the East under the name “Hasib”, participated in an expedition to measure the length of the earth meridian in 832-833. His scientific works not only immortalized his name, but also brought worldwide fame. Among them, the following can be distinguished: «The Book of Celestial Movements and the Code of the Science of the Stars», «The Book of the Beginnings of the Science of Astronomy», «The Book of the Causality of the Celestial Spheres» and other works. An important merit of Al-Ferghani is the discovery of the existence of sunspots and the prediction of a solar eclipse, the proof of the existence of the shortest and longest days of the year (June 22 and December 23), as well as the creation of a device called “Nilometer” - to measure the water level in the river Nile. The rich cultural heritage of the peoples of Uzbekistan is necessary as a predetermined vector for the further development of the country, reviving the inextricable links between the past, present and future.
This article is devoted to a brief account of the life and scientific legacy of the great thinkers of the tenth and eleventh centuries, Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ya'qub ibn Miskawayh. Philosophers have left a bright mark in science and in the history of Islamic philosophical thought with their philosophical views and teachings. Farobi is known as the "Second Teacher" ("Muallim saniy"), and Miskawayh is known as the "Third Teacher" ("Muallim-salis"). This means that the high titles are a clear example of the appreciation given to their contribution to Muslim Arab philosophy. On the basis of the philosophical teachings of the thinkers, the role of the Mashhaiyun movement in the ethics of the Middle East Muslim East is highlighted.
This article provides information about some features of word formation according to the “ishtikak” method in modern Arabic, and especially attention is paid to the word formation methods, types and groups of “ishtikak”, as well as the reasoning of ancient and modern Arabic linguists according to “ishtikak”. “Ishtikak”is considered one of the lexical phenomena in the Arabic language, it serves to form words and enrich the language. Each types and group of “ishtikak” in its own way influences the formation of new words in the Arabic language and as a result of this influence, the words change either by meaning or by form. This study highlights the change in words within the framework of “ishtikak” and the question of the connection of these changes with external and internal factors. In teaching Arabic, the explanation of specific processes in the formation of new words and how words in a language change in terms of form and meaning with the help of clearly scientific examples helps to increase interest in this language and the effectiveness of education.
The United Arab Emirates are one of those Arabic countries where national literature of modern type – which replaced Arabic medieval adab–came into existence as late as in the 1970s. Nevertheless, among the earliest Emirati short – stories, most of which were based on the principles of moralizing sentimentalism and romanticism, one could find samples of mature realism (in Muhammad al – Murr’s writings) and even of modernism (in Abdullah al – Mirri’s writings). In the 1980s along with the steady development of the realistic trend in Emirati fiction, many writers turned to the aesthetics of modernism by abandoning in their works the idea of objective, reality, as well as clear plots, and concentrating instead on ‘’internal’’ states of the mind, in which the objective reality is odd, subjectively transformed. Moreover, some writers (Miryam Jum’a Faraj, Su’ad al – Arimi, Harib al – Zahiri, Salma Matar Sayf) used a complicated language of narration, full of similes and metaphors typical for Arabic poetry, as well as ornate lexical – syntactical constructions, reproducing thus a specific style, which was named by scholars of Arabic literature ‘’poetic modernism’’. Besides, in some Emirati short – stories of that time, one can find features of magic realism (in Abd al – Hamid Ahmad Abd al – Hamid’s and Salma Matar Sayf’s works), absurdism (in Zabiyya Khamis’s works) and post – modernist parody (in Salma Matar Sayf’s works). The themes of Emirati short – stories embrace Emirati local realities and problems, as well as general human and philosophic subjects (in particular, in Basima Yunis’s and Jum’a al – Fayruz’s writings).