The present article dwells upon the chronological significance of the studies of Arab scholars of the Middle Ages on the science of `arūḍ. Including, there is a description ranging from the system created by the founder of the `Arūḍ science, Khalīl ibn Ahmad, to the principles of formation and development from his followers. The first sources about the `arūḍ theory, created after Khalīl ibn Ahmad, are the works of Abul Hassan al-Ahfash and Abu Ishāq al-Zujāzh. With their deep and complete explanations of the theoretical foundations of `arūḍ, the sections on `arūḍ in encyclopedic works written since the 10th century are written by Ibn Abdu Rabbihī, Abu Abdullаh al-Khwarizmī, Ibn Rashīk al-Kairovanī, Yūsuf al-Sakkākī. Among the authors who have enriched `arūḍ in a certain way with their approach and look, one can list philologists such as Ibn al-Sarrāj, Sāhib ibn ‘Abbād, Ibn Jinnī and Maḥmūd al-Zamakhsharī. A scientist from Mā warā’ al-nahr Abu Nasr ibn Hammād Jawharī, who is separately noted in all studies on `arūḍ as the reformer of `arūḍ science, has a special place in scholarship. Starting from the 13th century, the poetic style of aruda is encountered. In particular, the most famous poems (qasīdah) of the classical period, such as Ar-Risala al-Andalusia, Qasīdah al-Khazrajiya, Qasīdah al-Khusna, briefly and conveniently illuminate the theoretical foundations of science, and are designed to memorize and memorizing `arūḍ. Through sources that fully embrace the theory of Arabic `arūḍ of the Middle Ages, which is included in the analysis in the article, one can get the impression of classical Arabic `arūḍ.
This article reveals new informations about such muhaddithes of Shash oasis as Imam Abdullah ibn Avana Shashi, Abu Sa’id Isa ibn Selim Shashi, Abu Muhammad Ja’far ibn Shu’ayb Shashi, Abu Is’hak Ibrahim ibn Huzeym Shashi, Abu Ali Hasan ibn Sahib ibn Hamid hafiz Shashi and e.t.c.
The article deals with the first historical processe on the spread of Islam in the Korean peninsula. It were used the medieval Muslim sources described the socio-political, cultural and geographical environment of the peninsula and the modern English versions of ancient Korean chronicles.
This article is devoted to a brief account of the life and scientific legacy of the great thinkers of the tenth and eleventh centuries, Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ya'qub ibn Miskawayh. Philosophers have left a bright mark in science and in the history of Islamic philosophical thought with their philosophical views and teachings. Farobi is known as the "Second Teacher" ("Muallim saniy"), and Miskawayh is known as the "Third Teacher" ("Muallim-salis"). This means that the high titles are a clear example of the appreciation given to their contribution to Muslim Arab philosophy. On the basis of the philosophical teachings of the thinkers, the role of the Mashhaiyun movement in the ethics of the Middle East Muslim East is highlighted.
This article is devoted to the history of astronomy in our country, in particular, the work of scientists of Mowarounnahr in this field. Although Musa al-Khwarizmi and Ahmad al-Farghani are the first Uzbek astronomers, their work in Iraq, Syria and Egypt is a priority. In this context, monitoring local schools and their development is also important.Termez and Chaghaniyan regions, located in the present-day Surkhandarya region, have a special place in this process. In particular, about 70 years after the introduction of the usturlob into the Islamic world, it began to use in the territory of Termez through Muhammad Hakim Termizi (ca. 820-932). Then, in the late tenth century, Ahmad Usturlabi Chaghani's work in the observatories of Baghdad was particularly noteworthy, and his manuscripts are preserved in Turkey, India, Damascus, England, and Paris. Their study will undoubtedly make a worthy contribution to the study of the history of our country's scientists and local astronomy, which has not yet been sufficiently studied. Termez, in general, the astronomical school operating in the Surkhandarya oasis, reached its peak in the form of an observatory built in Termez for 10 years during the reign of Sayyid Abul-Qasim Majdiddin Ali ibn Jafar from 1135 to 1146.It is noteworthy that local scientists such as Adib Sabir Termizi also worked at this observatory. Haji Khalifa (1609-1657) gives information about Sayyid Jamal al-Din Abu Ja'far Husayn ibn Majd Ali ibn Ahmad Husayn al-Tirmidhi Ayni's book on astronomy in Turkish "Mazaq al-ushshaq fiy ilm al-ofaq" (The taste that lovers find in the science of horizons. In addition, some of the information given by Haji Khalifa about the measurement patterns in Haqqiq al-Irsad means that the observations mentioned in it were in Termez or that these lengths and measurements were according to Termez standards. Because of the research, it can be said that the astronomical school of the Surkhandarya oasis has also been formed at the level of a school that has a place in our country and the Islamic world.
This article is devoted to the initial stage of the formation of the modern genre of short stories in Saudi prose. The initial stage of Enlightenment in the Arabian Peninsula occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century in 1910-1926 during the period of Turkish rule, long before the era of the “oil boom”, and it is associated with the appearance of the first printed publications in the territory of the largest and most developed province of the Ottoman Empire, Hejaz. The extensive spread of educational ideas began in 1926 with the coming to power of Abd al-Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rahman Ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia , and it continued until the sixties of the twentieth century. The years of Ibn Saud's rule were the main catalyst for the sluggish current processes of Enlightenment in the Arabian Peninsula, and they gave a powerful impetus to the development of Saudi society. Immigrants from Arab countries, who were earlier in the sphere of European impact, had a great influence on the development of the educational movement and the processes of literary renewal in the Arabian Peninsula. As carriers of advanced ideas of Eurocentrism, they pointed to the need for social transformations and social reforms in Saudi society. Periodicals became the main tool of the Arabian Enlightenment ideologists, they gave them the opportunity to reach the average reader, which allowed them to express their thoughts and opinions on various issues. The national press was not only a vehicle for educational ideas in the Arabian Peninsula, but also it played a more important role than in other Arab countries in the process of establishing a new type of fiction in Saudi literature. The gradual development of the short story genre took place in the course of educational and reformatory appeals, newspaper and magazine articles, and other journalistic genres, which were transformed into works of art, united under the name of educational literature. The first signs of the emergence of the short story genre in Saudi literature date back to the 30’s of the twentieth century. Early examples of narrative art in Saudi literature did not meet the requirements of the short story genre. They lacked a storyline that unites all parts of the work into a single whole, and didactic notes prevailed. The initial stage of the formation of Saudi short story is a period of fascination with a new form of artistic literature, which has a short volume, allows you to quickly respond to changes in reality, as well as it serves as an effective lever for the implementation of educational idea.
The article deals with al-Farabi's contribution, Ibn Cynna in art and esthetic culture of the East. It analyses basic categories and concepts of their esthetic concepts: beauty, fine, harmony, perfection, measure, art, imitation, esthetics. The accent is put on the theory of music of al-Farabi, a problem of poetic art of Ibn Cynna. It shows the role of art progress in formation of the harmonious person.
The article examines the historical role of the Khwarezm people in the sociopolitical life of the Middle East countries of the 1330-60th based on Medieval Arabic and Persian manuscripts. It is known, the brave Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, the last Shah of the Khwarezmshah dynasty, had already gathered a ten-thousand-strong army of the Khwarezmians outside of Khwarezm, and he was repeatedly engaged in the battle with the Mongols and won their invasion further to West into the Arab world. But he died in 1231, and his army roamed all over the Middle East, serving either the Seljuq empire sultans, or the Ayyubid princes in Syria (Sham), who entered into an internecine struggle for Central power in Syria and Egypt. The Khwarezmians helped the Ayyubids defeat the crusaders, liberate the Holy Muslim city of al-Quds and several fortress cities from them, and later inflict a crushing overthrow the Mongols who entered the Arab lands. These important events are reflected in detail in the historical Chronicles by al-Maqrizi, Ibn Iyas, al-Khanbali, as-Suyuti, Ibn Taghriberdi, al-Khamadani and many other historians of the Mamluk period of the 13-15th centuries, associated with the arrival of the Mamluk Turks in Egypt and Syria. These works repeatedly emphasize the crucial role of the Khwarezmians in the historical arena of the Middle East in the 1330-60th, when they were considered to be a formidable military force in the fateful battles for the peoples of this region. The authors of the Chronicles also pay great attention to certain historical figures, whom they concede to be of Khwarezm origin, such as the Egyptian Sultana Shajarat ad-Dur and the Mamluk Sultan Sayf ad-din Qutuz. Qutuz, along with his emirs, including the Khwarezmians, won a crushing victory over the Mongols in the town of Aynjalut in 1260, stopping their victorious march through the Arab world. The Chronicles unanimously state that Qutuz’s real name is Mahmud Ibn Mamdud and he comes from the Khwarezmshah dynasty, as he is the son of Jalal al-Din Mingburnu’s sister. In the works of the above-mentioned authors, the memory of the Khwarezmians remains as brave, courageous soldiers, who were abandoned by fate to a foreign land, forced to wander far from their homeland until they settled in different parts of the Middle East region. Their further fate is unknown, but the historical memory of the deeds of the glorious sons of Khwarezm in the vastness of the Middle East in the 13th century is forever preserved in handwritten works.
This article analyses the ideological content of the work of Ibn Tufeil “The Treatise on Xaye Ibn Yakzan”, which is the sole treatise had come up to us, as well as his ideas of Aristotle in the ontology Ibn Tufeil.
This article discusses the role of sources in source studies and some of the information contained in them, which are important for the study of the history of Central Asia
The article is devoted to the role of the history of Ismailism and its movements. The article discusses some historical data on the emergence of Ismaili as one of the trends of Shiism, especially its dogma and the role its sects in the history of Muslim countries.
The article states that since ancient times, mankind has tried to prevent the processes of social problems arising in its life that pose a threat to human life. In the Middle Ages, children’s medicine was formed in Movarounnahr over the centuries, and scientists such as Abu Ali ibn Sina and Sharafuddin ibn Abdullah Ilaki were first covered in this area. The author described the development of pediatric medicine in the colonial and early Soviet periods.
This аrticle is bаsed on the British documents of the nаtionаl аrchives of Indiа аnd literаture in English, Аrаbic аnd Russiаn. It аnаlyzes the British policy аimed аt escаlаting of the Sаudi-Yemeni contrаdictions in the period between the two World wаrs. The аrticle reveаls the objectives of Britаin’s diplomаcy аt the conclusion of аn аgreement with Yemen – mаintаining the stаtus quo on the Аden-Yemen border, keeping the southern Yemen territories under British control аnd isolаtion of inlаnd Yemen from аccess to the Indiаn Oceаn. It wаs noted in the аrticle thаt restorаtion of the Аden-Yemeni border of 1905 provided for the Greаt Britаin а reliаble protection bаrrier for the strаtegicаlly importаnt British colony Аden аnd its nаvаl аnd аir bаse. Greаt Britаin’s guаrаntee to Imаm Yаhyа of peаce аnd stаbility on the southern borders of his territories аt the moment when the Sаudi-Yemeni contrаdictions reаched а speciаl intensity, аctuаlly pushed Yemen to the wаr with Sаudi Аrаbiа. The аrticle notes thаt the British influence in Sаudi Аrаbiа begаn to weаken in the 30s of the XXth century, giving wаy to the Аmericаns, аnd Ibn Sаud begаn to get out of the control of Greаt Britаin. Аccording to the British plаns the Sаudi-Yemeni wаr, during which the wаrring pаrties would hаve exhаusted their forces, will help Britаin to restore its lost positions on the Аrаbiаn peninsulа. The аrticle concludes thаt the origins of the current Sаudi-Yemeni relаtions lie in the mid of the twentieth century аnd the Sаudi-Yemeni confrontаtion continuing this dаy, throws Yemen in its development for mаny decаdes bаck.
This article considers information about the scientific heritage of Mirza Yusufkhan ibn Etisomi, a contemporary representative of modern Iranian Literature and culture. Author’s difficult scientific activity as an interpreter, a writer, a publisher and also his unique works for the people of Iran and society have been described in the article.
This article provides a broad overview Ibn Sina’s philosophical worldview. In addition to his works on logic, ethics and theology, Ibn Sina’s treatises on interpretation of the Qur’an and theology contain philosophical notions.
The article is devoted to the analisys of historical information on the basis of “Kitab al-Futuh” (“The Book of Discoveries”) by Ibn ‘A‘tham al-Kufi.
This article based on the analysis of his third, little-known work of the Arabic historian and geographer of the 9th century al-Ya’qubi “Mushakalat an-nas li zamanihim” (The Adaptation of men to their time). It reveals new aspects of Al-Ya’qubi’s oeuvre. The treatise relatively recent work composed by al-Ya’qubi that has reached after two of his well-known works “Kitab al-buldan” (Book of countries). and "Kitab at-ta’rih (“Book of History”). In the article, this treatise is considered from a sociological perspective. Al-Ya’qubi, based on the thesis that all people in Muslim society followed their caliphs, imitated their conducts and behaviors, is trying to identify the causes of the degradation of Muslim society during the reign of Umayyads and early Abbasids. He considers that the main reason for the moral and spiritual decay of Muslim Society are the caliphs themselves. People imitated the customs of the caliphs followed their spiritual and moral orientation. Thus, the quality of Muslim society, according to al-Ya’qubi, directly depends on its leader. As far as the caliph, in its moral, ethical and spiritual qualities, corresponded to the image of the “Amir al-Mu’minin” – “Commander of the Faithful,” so did the members of society correspond to the image of the faithful Muslims. The treatise reveals new aspects of al-Ya’qubi’s worldview, his vision of a just, righteous Muslim society. Through the analysis of this treatise, a new side of al-Ya’kubi’s oeuvre is revealed - sociology. At first glance, an attempt by al-Ya’kubi to delve into the reasons for the development of Muslim society may seem primitive. However, al-Ya’qubi’s work, considering the development of Muslim society through the prism of “adaptation of men to their time”, could be believed the first example of a medieval Arabic work on sociology.It follows from the article that the thesis and examples of “the adaptation of men to their time” should be considered more deeply. The very division of the caliphs (rulers) of Islam into the categories of “caliphs” and “kings,” as can be seen from the author's introductory remarks to the treatise, says a lot. From the context of the treatise, it turns out that the author lists the first four righteous caliphs as “caliphs,” distinguishing among them Osman ibn Affan, who, according to his description, is deprived of the asceticism and modesty of the two previous caliphs Abu Bakr and Omar ibn al-Khattab. By “kings” of Islam, the author means the caliphs of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. Thus, the main plotline of the treatise is based on the opposition of a righteous Muslim society, led by the “caliph” to its “perverted” form (according to al-Ya'qubi) – the Muslim empire, the “caliphate”, under the authoritarian rule of the “kings” in the person of the caliphs – Umayyads and Abbasids.
This article is devoted to the development of a new method for the treatment of non-specific vaginitis and experimental studies of new vaginal suppositories "Kurkuvir" were conducted in the conditions of experimental vaginitis caused by silver nitric acid. It was found that against the background of experimental pathology, the vaginal suppositories "Kurkuvir" showed anti-inflammatory and reparative effects.