This article focuses on the interests of international system actors in Central Asia in modern global processes, such as the United States and China. In particular, Frederick Starr's concept of "Greater Central Asia", the US Strategy for Central Asia for 2019-2025 and China's "One Place - One Way" project were analyzed.
Мустақиллик йилларида Ўзбекистоннинг жанубидаги қадимги тарих ва моддий маданиятни ўрганиш борасида самарали ишлар амалга оширилмоқда. Хусусан, қадимги Суғддаги археологик тадқиқотларнинг салмоғи ҳам анча юқори. Бизга маълумки, Суғд тарихига оид ёзма маълумотлар “Авесто”да Суғд-Суғуда этнонимининг пайдо бўлиши билан бошланиб, эллинизм, илк ўрта асрларда янада кўпроқ келтирилади. Бу ҳолатни даврий жиҳатдан уч даврга: 1) “Авесто” ва Суғднинг Аҳамонийлар давлати таркибига кирган давр; 2) Эллинизм даври; 3) Ўрта асрлар даври.
Yaqin Sharq allaqachon ilm-fan va tarixda yaxshi tanilgan tushuncha. O‘rta asrlarda va zamonaviy davrda Evropaga yaqin bo‘lgan Sharq hozirgi davr bilan taqqoslaganda bir xil mintaqani bildiradi. Shu bilan birga, o‘zgaruvchan atrof muhit, mintaqadagi va dunyodagi vaziyat, shuningdek, ilm fan rivoji mintaqa chegaralari va hatto uning belgilanishi bilan bog‘liq kelishmovchiliklarni oldindan belgilab qo‘ydi.
This article is to introduce the ‘New North Policy’ of the Moon Jae-in’s government (since May 2017) of the Republic of Korea, and explain the contents and performance of the 2019 Korea-Central Asian State Summit (Korean President and Prime Minister’s official visit to Central Asia) and cooperation in Central Asia under the ‘New North Policy’. By analyzing the significance of 2019 Summit Diplomacy with the relation of New Northern Policy, the conclusion is to propose a couple of plans for future cooperation of Korea and Central Asian states.
Ўзбекистон тарихини биз ёшлар билишимиз мозийдан кўплаб сабоқ олишимиз, эртанги кунимиз учун керакли хулосани қила олишимиз учун керак.Бу эса мавзуимизни долзарблигини оширади.Бугунги кунда биз ёшлар бобокалонимиз А.Темур даврини билишимиз, керак бўлганда шу даврдаги ижтимоий-иқтисодий жараёнларни ўрганишимиз, эртанги кунимиз учун дастурамал бўлиб хизмат қилиши бу мавзунинг долзарблигидир.
This article is devoted to some features of the foreign policy of the People’s Republic of China on ensuring the stability of social and political processes in the states of Central Asia and promoting economic prosperity of the region. In particular, the essence of the Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at the consistent development of constructive, good-neighborly relations between China and the Central Asian states, as well as raising them to a new level by increasing the region’s potential, is revealed.
Замонавий халқаро муносабатларда “soft power” муваффақиятли ташқи сиёсатнинг муҳим таркибий қисми ҳисобланади. 1990 йилда Гарвард университети профессори Жозеф Най томонидан илмий муомалага киритилган “юмшоқ куч” тушунчаси бошқа иштирокчиларнинг хулқ-атворига мажбурлаш орқали эмас, балки ҳамкорлик ва ишонтириш орқали таъсир қилиш орқали белгиланган мақсадга эришиш қобилиятини назарда тутади. Ташқи сиёсатда “юмшоқ куч”дан АҚШ, Хитой, Япония, Жанубий Корея, Ҳиндистон, Туркия, Буюк Британия ва бошқа бир қатор давлатлар фойдаланади[1].
Профессор Ў.М. Мавлоновнинг асосий илмий тадқиқот ишлари Марказий Осиёда қадимги йўлларнинг шаклланиши ва эволюциясига бағишланган. Маълумки, йўллар тарихини ўрганиш халқларнинг маданий, иқтисодий алоқаларини ўрганиш демакдир. Устоз Марказий Осиёда илк йўлларнинг пайдо бўлишини палеолит давридан бошлайди ва сўнгги ўрта асрларгача бўлган даврларда кечган маданий ҳаётни, қадимги халқлар ўртасида кечган ассимиляцияжараёнларни очиб берган.
In this article the legal framework of initiatives which put forwarded by the Central Asian countries and Uzbekistan to promote stability in Afghanistan is analyzed. The author also studied the best practices of foreign countries and national legislation on the basis of comparative analysis and develops proposals and recommendations
In the article explores the differences in the approaches of each Central Asian country to regional cooperation. The initiatives put forward by the leaders of the countries of the region were analyzed. The author describes the features of the foreign policy concepts of the countries of the region. The factors of foreign policy of the Central Asian countries are analyzed. The need for regional integration was explained by analyzing the evolutionary processes taking place in Uzbekistan's neighbors in Central Asia. Regional cooperation is based on an understanding of the evolution of geopolitical processes in the modern world, where the tendency to build international, political, economic, and other relations is growing. It is emphasized that such a view is extremely relevant for modern Central Asia, which is a link interconnected by relatively different ancient local ties. Some factors were considered, the development of a special legal document or a concept that reveals prospects aimed at enhancing the development of the countries of the region directly with neighbors. The speeches of the leaders of the countries of the region from the tribunes of influential international organizations and forums on the creation of a new system of international relations in the region have been studied. The main regional and international initiatives of the Central Asian states in the field of security and development were highlighted. Analyzed issues are the measures taken by the countries of the region to solve border problem
The moral-spiritual values play a central role in the life of the Central Asian Peoples. The formation of moral values is influenced by factors such as the natural and geographical environment in which the ethnos lived, the uniqueness of the lifestyle, social relations, especially the types of work. These factors cannot fail to affect the world, environment and socio-cultural life of a person, people. Therefore, there are many similarities and similarities in the moral culture of peoples who live in different regions and have the same natural and geographical environment. From the earliest times, the moral values are disseminated through culture, arts, national traditions and folklore. For instance, in the fight between goodness and evil, nobility and inferiority, nobility and inferiority, elegance and rudeness, high moral and spiritual qualities expressing the ideal of the people always prevail. It is almost rare to celebrate such immoral events and traits as evil, baseness, meanness, and rudeness in folk creativity and art. It should be noted that in some episodes they are superior to high moral and spiritual qualities, positive, they make the protagonists sad, they are exposed to danger, ignorance, arrogance, but the hero of the people overcomes them through noble and beautiful goals and actions. We can see the moral values in folklore by noticing the elevation and appraisal of patriotism, nobleness and courage in folklore. No matter which folk tale or folk epic, the main characters in them are depicted as a person with high moral qualities, noble qualities, bravery. In the artistic-aesthetic image, these noble
qualities become a social ideal that generations envy and follow. The article seeks to explore the role of ethical and moral values in individual and social life, the issues of ethical-spiritual norms and the problem of ethical ideal.
The article notes that although representatives of the social and humanitarian sciences have not yet sufficiently studied the processes of formation and development of diplomacy of the Central Asian states and territories, subordinate to them, as well as the history of the development of the Uzbek diplomacy, a comprehensive study of various periods in the history of the problem and issues of international cooperation mainly began in the years independence. The author on the basis of the problem-chronological method conditionally subdivides the conducted research into several directions.
XIX аср охири - XX аср бошларида Туркистоннинг иқтисодий ҳаёти қишлоқ хўжалигига хусусан, суғорма деҳқончиликка асосланганди. Ўрта Осиё ҳудудлари Россия империяси томонидан забт этилгач, маҳаллий хўжаликнинг ўзига хослигини ҳисобга олиб, рус ҳукумати янги эгалланган Туркистон ўлкасининг ички айниқса иқтисодий ҳаётига бевосита аралашмаслик йўлини тутди. Мустамлакачилик сиёсатининг илк даврларида қабул қилинган бундай қарор Россия вазирлар қўмитасининг Туркистон ўлкасини бошқариш бўйича чиқарган кўрсатмалари, подшоҳ томонидан тасдиқланган 1867 йил 11 июлдаги низомда акс этди. Қабул қилинган ушбу низом қуйидаги тамойилларга асосланди: а) сиёсий хусусиятга эга бўлмаган барча масалаларда ички бошқарувни маҳаллий аҳоли томонидан сайланган шахсларга бериш; б) шариатнинг маҳаллий ёзма қонунларини, қирғизлар учуй рус қонуни билан аниқлаштирилмаган ҳуқуқий муносабатлари учун одатни сақлаб қолиш; в) маҳаллий бошқарув тизимида, унинг қонун ва одатларида давлат манфаатларига зид бўлган ҳолатларни бартараф этиш.
This article describes the activities of special services were sent by Great Britain to Central Asia until the first half of the 19 th century. Also the British-colonial East-India company and its staff, who visited Central Asia under the guise of British ambassadors, traders, and tourists. The state structure, form of government, relations with neighboring countries of the countries located in the region, types of armies, military fortification, topography of the region, economic, political and social situation of the peoples, their customs, traditions, way of life, diversity of nations, peculiarities of this period are described. It also covers the military-political and diplomatic preparations of the British Empire for the invasion of Afghanistan, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand khanates in the late thirsty 19 th century. They carefully studied the detailed drawings of every road in the country, the waterways, the government officials, the various sources, the political and economic conditions of the regions. The essence of this article is to cover the UK’s secret services, their systematic and uninterrupted operation, and the use of any means at their disposal. The article concludes by saying that the British Empire had been carefully preparing for this process for many years before invading any territory.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
The article is devoted to the analisys of historical information on the basis of “Kitab al-Futuh” (“The Book of Discoveries”) by Ibn ‘A‘tham al-Kufi.
This article attempts to clarify political views on the sudden appearance of a new type of coronavirus COVID-19 on the world stage, in particular, against the background of tense relations between the United States and China, aspirations of certain lobby groups to replace the green peril with the red-yellow threat in the paradigm of world politics. Discussions are expressed about the spread of the pandemic that has seeped into Central Asia; the degree of its influence on the relations of the states of the region with China which may prompt the establishment of new conditions of the world order in international relations and changes in state governance. An interesting point of the article is the attention paid to the diversity of the dynamics of the spread of COVID-19 in countries bordering China, as well as the need to learn and exchange the best practices in minimizing the consequences of the pandemic.