The article gives a comparative analysis of the Charter of terminological organizations in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as its principles. It is well known that in accordance with theoretical and scientific views, as well as the recommendations of the world terminology of Vienna, Prague and Russian terminology schools, an international standard has been established, which is an instruction for all languages in general linguistics. Prior to this, a number of standardization associations were created, including in 1926 the ISA (International Association for Standardization) - the "International Association for Standardization", in 1931 in Europe the British Standard Institution - the British Institute of Standardization, and in 1946 the ISO ( International Organization for Standardization). And in Iran at different periods were established three language academy to preserve the purity of the language. The third academy, that is, the last of them, is the “Academy of Persian Language and Literature”, which was founded in 1991 and has its own Instruction. At the same time, "Atamakom" started its activities in the Uzbek language, and completed it in the short term. The article presents an analysis of the International Terminological Organization Standard - ISO 704, which was created at the school of world terminology, as well as the influence of its principles on term formation on the rules of term formation in the Persian and Uzbek languages, different and similar sides of each. In addition, some paragraphs of the Charter of the "Academy of the Persian Language" were compared and analyzed by the relevant paragraphs of the terminology of the Uzbek "Atamakom". The main goal of the article is to analyze the provision of terms for borrowing by terminological organizations that were founded for the formation of terms in the Persian and Uzbek languages, as well as compare and study the Statutes for the formation of new terms, to look at the correspondence of the clauses of the Standard of the International Terminological Organization ISO 704. As a result of comparisons of theories a number of proposals for the creation of terms in the Uzbek language are presented.
The development of a market economy creates the inevitability of the formation of the newest ways of economic control, new economic thinking aimed at the greatest satisfaction of human needs. The new market environment gave rise to the concept of marketing in the United States in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, which was later globalized in many countries of the world. Today marketing has turned out to be an inseparable part of the activities of not only market-based companies, but the whole society is mainly involved in marketing activities. The life standard is directly determined by the expediency of mastering marketing information, which is in need of researching and mastering this terminology. Marketing is implied by young science, but some of its components (advertising, price policy, sales) were used several centuries ago. The term "marketing" originates from the English word "market" and literally means market and trading activities. As a rule, this term is not translated into Russian and Uzbek languages, which is explained by the incredible completeness of this concept. Marketing is not only a way of thinking and direction of economic thought, but also a practical activity within the framework of individual firms, industries, and the economy as a whole. Today, there are approximately 2000 definitions of marketing. However, despite the presence of a large selection of definitions, they have something unified, namely, the direction of marketing to the needs of specific groups of consumers, a set of approaches to fulfilling market tasks, activities focused on meeting needs through barter, increasing production and selling according to the principle of a multifaceted study of buyers’ needs and purposeful influence on them. Marketing activities include more than 200 types of marketing, which in turn are divided into subgroups. A great number of definitions of the term, the theory of its study, its features, areas of application, the creation of bilingual and trilingual terminological dictionaries, a variety of approaches - all this confirms the role of the term in linguistics. In Western terminology, there are many debates and disputes on the status of terminology and its place in linguistics. The term is considered a lexical unit with a special meaning, and terminology is a part of lexicology. The analysis of marketing terminology in English revealed that simple marketing terms were made up of nouns, gerund, adjectives, past participles, and verbs. Complex (compound derivative) words and abbreviations function in marketing terminology. The possessive case is formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter "s" to the noun. Some compound terms are hyphenated. The method of structural analysis of English compound marketing terms was applied.
This article briefly reveals some theoretical aspects of Chinese lexicology in particular shows the commonness and difference between the term and the word. For the first time in the example of financial terms the peculiarities of the formation and their structure of Chinese words are proposed by the author.
The article analyzes and summarizes the general features of terms in different forms of military terminology, comparative analysis, development factors of terminology, differences between the term and the word, as well as the views of scholars in this regard.
The paraphrases of the Uzbek language were studied for the first time in the article. Preliminary ideas about the types of paraphrases were also presented. To date, paraphrases have not been studied in a monograph, not only in Uzbek linguistics but also in all world linguistics, which is not a separate, special object of scientific research. Although paraphrases are actively used in our oral and written speech as one of the means of artistic imagery, they are one of the factors that show the richness of language, and the breadth of semantic possibilities. Paraphrases serve to make speech impressive, clear, logical, and unique. There are only a few articles in world linguistics that give a concise definition of paraphrases in dictionaries, along with comments, noting that paraphrases have their own characteristics within the means of artistic representation and should be studied separately. Consequently, the separate study of this figurative expression from a scientific and theoretical point of view, the elucidation of its nature, and the discovery of its essence are one of the issues to be addressed in today’s general linguistics, especially stylistics. The work is based on the achievements in the field of linguistics, the categories of dialectical philosophy: generality and specificity, cause and effect, possibility and reality, unity of form and content, clarity and abstraction. The problem of paraphrasing (figurative expression), which is one of the means of expression, which clearly shows the richness of any language, has not been the subject of separate research to date. But there are certain ideas about paraphrasing, albeit a little about its place in language and speech. Observations show that from a general linguistic point of view, the same term is used in invariants such as paraphrase, periphrase, periphrases, and it is noted that speech is one of the most effective means of expression. We found it necessary to use the term paraphrase in our article. Because, first of all, this term is widely used in general linguistics. That is, it is mentioned separately in monographs, manuals, textbooks and articles; secondly, and most importantly, the term paraphrase clearly defines the nature of the phenomenon under study. By the way, the part «para» in the term paraphrase means similar or contiguous, meaning a pair. It is well known that paraphrases in language arise as a result of a deeper study and knowledge of world events, and an increase in the ability of human thinking. The development of technology and science, the fact that the people who are the owners of the language, its creator, are in full contact with neighbouring countries, as a result of increased trade with them, also increase the number of paraphrases at the expense of words passed from one language to another. Therefore, we aimed to examine the paraphrases of language (languages) together with the historical society - its history, in connection with the development of the people.
Polypoid rhinosinusitis is quite common, but oddly enough, poorly understood pathology of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The very name "polyp" (from the Greek poly - many and pus -leg) is a collective term used to refer to pathological formations of various origins, towering above the surface of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and urinary tract, and uterus. Polyps represent a rather variegated picture of a wide variety of diseases, far from homogeneous in etiological, pathogenetic and morphological terms from benign tumors to hyperplastic formations of an allergic or inflammatory nature. Therefore, it makes no sense to look for any analogies in the etiology and pathogenesis of polyps of the paranasal sinuses and, for example,the gastrointestinal tract or urinary tract. Polypoid rhinosinusitis is a completely independent disease, in no way associated with polyps of other localizations, neither etiologically, nor morphologically, nor pathogenetically. Polyps of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses have nothing to do with the group of benign tumors, although sometimes they are mistakenly placed in the textbooks in the section "Benign nasal tumors". In the presence of a large number of polyps, the term "polyposis" is used, although the border between the concepts "multiple polyps" and "polyposis" is arbitrary. According to most researchers, the term "polyposis" should be used when the number of polyps is more than 10 - 20. Sometimes you can find the term "polyposis of the nose", which is not entirely correct grammatically or "nasal polyposis", like tracing paper with "nasal polyposis", the most the designation of this disease common in the English-language literature. But still, from our point of view, the most legitimate name for this etiopathogenetic form will be "polyposis rhinosinusitis", since it is the paranasal sinuses and, first of all, the cells of the ethmoid labyrinth that are the place of localization of this process.
Currently, there is a rapid process of globalization in all spheres of social life, including in the field of national languages and mercilessly endangers the leveling of national cultures and values. In such conditions, each nation should take care of the future of its language and strive to preserve the social function of the language. Otherwise, in the near future, both the language (the culture) and the nation itself will lose their national identity and even existence. Language is the key to all scientific and technological progress. To this end, we must collect the vocabulary of all the works of the classical period, starting with “Divan Lugati-t-Turk” (an essay in Turkic vocabulary) by Mahmud Kashgari to the present, create a text corpus of the Uzbek language, create concordant vocabulary works. At the next stage, comes collecting all borrowings in the language, classifying them according to European languages and, if possible, replacing them with an equivalent in the Uzbek language or with an analogue from the Turkic languages. The words of Arabic and Persian origin are widely used in the Uzbek language from many times, being an integral part of it. It is better to replace them if there are suitable equivalents in the Uzbek language. In Uzbek language, the full-blooded norm of the term of creation does not yet exist. In this area, it is necessary to study the experience of highly developed countries and develop a promising program for the term of the Uzbek language. It is necessary to collect all the dictionaries of the Turkic languages that are currently developed and to use their experience in order to improve the Uzbek language. Alisher Navoi is the founder of the modern Uzbek language and the author of the largest collected works in the Uzbek language. For this reason, it is necessary, first of all, to develop concordances of his works and create a complete author's dictionary of his works.
The article is devoted to the emergence and evolution of people's diplomacy in international relations. It focuses on the interpretation of international and interethnic friendly relations, the analysis of their stages of development. People's dip-lomacy is one of the important aspects in the development of international relations of each state. The term people's diplomacy has historically been a mechanism for developing friendly relations between nations and states from the time of its formation to the present. The first period of formation of the term people's diplomacy originated in the East, and in the 60s of the ХХth century, the term began to be widely used in international relations in the West. At the same time, the role of people's diplomacy is expanding and playing an important role in the development of international relations. People's diplomacy is an important part of foreign policy, ensuring the improvement of relations between nations, the promotion of the country's interests in the international arena and the creation of its positive image. People's diplomacy is also a way to influence the thoughts and behavior of the population of foreign countries. Today, people's diplomacy is clearly reflected in the lives of all developing countries. However, there are a number of problems related to the extent and purpose of their implementation, the level of ensuring friendly relations between peoples. Therefore, the article also discusses the issue of people's diplomacy in international relations, its formation and stages of development, its role in the international community. The attention paid to the development of people's diplomacy in the international arena in recent years, in particular, and the analysis of the work being done in this direction are also mentioned. The article also reveals the importance of people's diplomacy and its equal development of friendly relations between peoples.
This article briefly reveals some aspects of using and interpreting some terms according to their stylistic gradation in official and other documents, in particular shows the commonness and difference between the official documents in modern Chinese language.
This article is devoted to the morphemic contraction, which is one of the widely used methods of word formation in Chinese. The article describes in detail the features of grammatical morpheme contraction in Chinese.
The article deals with the information about using metaphors in the forming of ‘Sufism’ terms. Author introduces positions external appearance of lexical solidarity in the wide advantage, changing ‘Sufism’ terms in the base nearness of functions and conceptions, in the example of belonging terms.
The comic work "Boburnoma" by Zahiriddin Muhammed Babur, which has been considered a real chronicle for a long time, and has not lost its scientific and literary value to this day, has been translated into English by a number of translators. In this thesis, the compatibility of the military stories used in the English translation of "Boburnoma" by Wheeler Thaxton and Salman Rujdi with the stories published in the original language is studied.
The article discusses the structural features of military terms used in the English and Uzbek languages. Military terms were divided into groups according to military types, general staff, general tactical, military topographic, military ranks and military organizational activities. As a result of the analysis of the collected research materials, it was determined that the methods of affixation, transformation and composition arc the most effective in the formation of English and Uzbek military terms. In addition, in order to find out to which groups of words the total number of military terms in the English and Uzbek languages belongs, the terms were classified according to the criteria of the linguistic-statistical method. At the same time, structural models associated with derivational elements of existing abbreviations in modem English and Uzbek military terminology were considered.
The main actuality of this article is that phraseological units with “bread” components reflected by history and culture have not been studied yet. The main purpose of this article is to study bread idioms as well as their origin and historical and cultural value. In this article, idioms have been analyzed with etymological units, and it reveals their unique charm.
В педагогической и методической практике давно применяется термин "активные методы и формы обучения". Он объединяет группу педагогических технологий, достигающих высокого уровня активности учебной деятельности учащихся. В последнее время получил распространение ещё один термин – "интерактивное обучение". Современная наука об образовании приблизилась к тому моменту, когда возникла потребность в создании педагогических технологий, которые обеспечивают самое главное в образовательном процессе – развитие личности каждого учащегося, его активности. Необходимо создавать такие условия обучения, чтобы учащийся стремился получить новые результаты своей работы и в дальнейшем успешно применить их в практической деятельности.