In arabic, the term “at-tawlid ad-dilaali” is used in the process of generating new meanings of words, which means a meaningful transformation of words. In the Arabic language, new meanings of words are formed in two ways – by means of “ishtikok”, as well as by introducing foreign words into the Arabic language. The internal types include “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar”, “naht”, “itbaun”, the groups of which are “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” (“sensual ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy” (“sound ishtikok”), “al-ishtikok al-lafziy” (“ uniform ishtikok”), and also “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” (“popular ishtikok”). In the internal types of ishtikak, the form of the word changes. The letters that make up the word change places, the voices change, some vowels drop out, or are added. In such cases, some words change their meaning partially, and some acquire a completely different meaning. The above-mentioned terms – “ishtikok kabiyr”, “ishtikok sogiyr”, “ishtikok kubbar” are part of “al-ishtikok al-lafziy”. That is, as a result on the broken form of the word, it leads to a change in meaning and it is admitted in al-ishtikok al-lafziy. The formation of new words that are associated with sound, as well as with intonation, as admitted in “al-ishtikok as-sovtiy”. In “al-ishtikok ash-shabiy” the mentioned words that are considered foreign words are borrowed and change their meaning, acquiring new meanings. In “al-ishtikok ad-dilaaliy” words change in meaning, not in form. This may mean that the meaning of the word can be expanded, narrowed, or in a more general sense. This process is known to Arabic linguists as “at-tawliyd ad-dilaaliy” and includes homonymy, metonymy, ad-dod, al-iktirad. Although in Arabic the words homonyms are similar in form, they have different meanings. However, such words show a connection between moving two names into one based on the similarities between the two objects. When it comes to ad-dod, Arabic linguists call it the foundation of “tazad” art. It is characterized by the fact that the word reflects two opposite meanings in essence. Interestingly, Arabic linguists are divided into two poles in the traditional approach. One denies the existence of such words, the other emphasizes its existence and emphasizes that such words are found in Arabic poetry, the Quran and Hadith. In Arabic, the term “al-iktirad” (which means “to borrow”) has a special meaning in the formation of words. Thus, the new meaning in is added to the existing meaning of the word. In some cases, the meaning of the word “al-iktirad” is sometimes expressed sequentially, but in some cases it is not observed at all.
This article will explore in detail the Hindi unit words “dwigu”. In particular, their linguistic features have been studied. Specific ways of composing words “dwigu” were shown. It has been studied that they consist mainly of two components, that words in both components have a lexical meaning and in some cases “dwigu” words are also formed using affixes. The article found that when the words “dwigu” are formed from numbers “one” is mainly actively used, while relatively few words are formed from other numbers. All analyzed words were shown to include numbers, nouns and in some cases adjectives, all of which were studied through modeling. All words are divided into three main groups recognized in Indian linguistics, namely tatsama, tadbhava and hybrid words and their specific linguistic aspects are analyzed. It was found that the numbers in the first component of the lexemes characteristic of engine words belonging to the tatsama group consisted mainly of numbers from ancient Sanskrit and that examples of the tadbhava group included numbers from units commonly used in modern literary Hindi. It is noticed that the words “dwigu” characteristic of hybrids consist of several numbers belonging to the literary language of Hindi. Also, when interpreting the examples, it was revealed that in some cases, affixes are also part of hybrid words.
Everyone knows that each language has its own characteristics, attractiveness and endearing qualities. And also, some of them side by side with others developed and achieved perfection. The same can be said about the Persian and Turkic languages. Over many centuries, nationalities speaking on these languages have suffered many different events, including the literary and linguistic positions. Words in these languages have passed from one to another and vice versa, some have acquired new meanings. Some types and methods of word formation were borrowed, and with this they enriched their languages. This process is often observed in the works of poets and writers who lived and wrote their works in the Middle Ages. As Alisher Navoi, who wrote works with high skill in the Turkic language, knew the Persian and Arabic languages perfectly, he wisely uses words in his works. And also, if a word denoting a concept does not exist in the Turkic language, he uses the Persian or Arabic language to use these words or based on own observations, forms himself the words according to models. One of such models is the “arabic stem + semi-affix زاس- -sāz” model, according to which, words were formed and many of them are found in the poem “Khayrat al-abror”. Their determination and study is the purpose of this research. In the result of the research, we observed words such as ’ayšsāz, bаẕlsāz, ġāliyаsāz, jilvаsāz, nаġmаsāz, nаqšsāz, sаjdаsāz, vāsiṭаsāz, which were formed based on the aforesaid model, that is with adding Persian semi-affix زاس- -sāz exactly to the Arabic stem. In this article, the above words were analyzed structurally and semantically based on the model, and their meanings were revealed in context. From the considered words bаẕlsāz “giving a gift”, jilvāsāz “shining,” “spreading the light” sājdasāz “performing worship,” vāsiṭāsāz “making smth. as tool” were not found in dictionaries. We can conclude that the poet formed them on the basis of the “Arabic stem + affixoid - زاس -sāz” model to use in his works
There are two types of affixing – prefixing and suffixing in modern Chinese. Suffix words are formed by adding a semantic morpheme and a suffix. It should be noted that in modern Chinese the number of morphemes acting as suffixes in the formation of nouns is not much. However, they stand out for their productivity. The suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” in modern Chinese are considered one of such suffix morphemes. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation of nouns by 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes in modern Chinese. For the purpose of disclosure of the goal, the author refers to various sources, reveals common and characteristic features only corresponding to the suffix, explores the grammatical features of the lexical units formed by the 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes and presents conclusion on this topic, justifying each of them with corresponding examples. It was revealed that two, three and four-syllable words are formed by these suffixes; the nouns are formed by combination of 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” with certain verbs, adjectives, countable words, numerals; several constructions including these suffixes were identified. There are many similar features in using the suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er”, which are described in this article. However, there are also significant differences, for example, the suffix 子 “zi” combined with nominal roots with the meaning of objectivity forms words with abstract concepts. And the suffix 儿 “er” sometimes forms words with a dismissive, derogatory meaning and words with the suffix 子 “zi” acquire a caressing shade. According to the study, it was revealed that in Chinese, affixing words are mainly formed by means of suffixing, the degree of use of prefixing is limited. With the help of suffixing a large number of nouns and verbs, as well as adverbs are formed. With the help of prefixation, only ordinal numerals and a limited number of nouns are formed.
It is known from history that the Persian language is derived from the ancient languages, which did not retain its linguistic peculiarities. Temporary and historical circumstances have shown the rise of the lexicon of other languages under the influence of Persian words, as well as the Arabic language. The lexicon of the Uzbek language does not apply to exclusion. The ancient Persian-Tajik language was used in parallel with the languages of the Maverannahr region, in parts, in Uzbek. As a result, many words from the Persian and Arabic languages are used in the lexical composition of the Uzbek language, that is, they are used as common words. On the other hand, not all commonly used words are used for meaning and meaning. In the Uzbek language there is such an ancient Arabic word, that their semantic border has another meaning in the Persian language, and in the Uzbek language - a complete other meaning. Interestingly, what this word-term, used in both languages, refers to the word actively spoken in both languages. In addition, the methods of education of one-word words in comparative languages must correspond to the international standard. In the result, such a conclusion becomes the exact etymological basis and the basic meaning of the productive common words Persian and Uzbek languages. For example, in the Uzbek language, such words exist, such as' muhtoriяtʼ, 'maimurяtʼ,' maimurʼ, 'muқobilʼ,' каakam ',' tasrifʼ, 'insonparvarlikʼ,' dorulfunusʼ, х дастурʼ, 'инқиботʼ и многие სხვაе, basically which is related to Arabic borrowing, but does not fully reflect their meaning from the Arabic language. To give common words являются общеупоребительными словами, которые на сегодняшний день были предложены всесто русско-международного слова-термина The semantic and functional study of such a word serves the development of lexicology of the Uzbek language. The reason why, in 1989, when the Uzbek language was given the status of "state language", a task was set to pursue its prestige. Accordingly, the whole article я яvlяet я conducted the structural-semantic analysis of the Persian common-use words-terms, used daily in the Uzbek language.
The article discusses general issues related to the study of the verb synonymy of the Persian language. At the beginning of the article, the general questions of synonymy are examined, the points of view of various scholars - linguists on this phenomenon are revealed, and also a brief analysis of works devoted to the coverage of the problems of synonymy in the Persian language is given. Following consideration of the general signs of synonymy and the criteria for synonymity, the article determines which of the criteria are applicable to the verb vocabulary of the Persian language. It is emphasized that synonyms should be considered as a synchronous phenomenon, which does not exclude the possibility of considering obsolete or out-of-use words as synonyms. The main criteria for distinguishing synonyms in the Persian language are phonetic, morphological, and semantic-stylistic criteria. Based on the fact that words should differ in their sound composition, the phonetic variants of the same word available in the language do not represent special value for synonymy, although their use can serve as an artistic and stylistic tool. According to the morphological criterion, synonyms must belong to the same part of speech. The semantic-stylistic criterion is related to interchangeability. Further, the article concludes that with regard to the verb vocabulary of the Persian language, interchangeability is possible taking into account the presence in the Persian language of words that have different emotionally expressive colors, stylistic differences, and equal syntactic use. As a result, the conclusion is made that the interchangeability criterion “works” when words belong to the same lexical environment and are used in equivalent contexts.
The works of Abdullah Kadiri, who have attracted the attention of local and foreign readers interested in Uzbek literature for nearly hundred years, have been translated into dozens of world languages, including Turkish. This article analyzes the Turkish translation of the novel “Days gone by” (“O‘tkan Kunlar” – “Ötgen Künler (Geçmiş Günler)”). It deals with the degree of recreation of the national identity of the original in translation. From the point of view of comparison, the author also turns to the Russian translation of the novel “Days gone by”. In the article, the author gives his assessment of the work of the Turkish translator, who had to deeply understand the subtleties of the meaning of each word of the original, the culture and national identity of the Uzbek people. The author’s proposals and conclusions made during the study show not only the achievements of the translator, but also indicate some controversial points in the translation of the novel by an outstanding Uzbek writer. As it is known, in translation studies there are a lot of questions related to the transfer of elements reflecting the national indentity of the original in literary translation. When translating the novel “Days gone by”, which can be called with confidence the gallery of Uzbek national specific words, the translator should have the same talent and abilities as the author. However, its achieving is not an easy task. This can be seen in the example of translations of national specifications that reflect the national identity, culture and social life, traditions and customs, spirituality and worldview of the Uzbek people. After all, the translation of national specific words requires a special approach from the translator. It is impossible to single out such words among thousands of words and simply translate into another language. However, the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages belong to the same language family, and that many words have the same form and meaning in both languages, allowed the translator to translate the text without difficulty. However, despite this, the Turkish translator had to pay special attention to the fact that such words were not false equivalents, and had to study in depth the etymology of such words. This article emphasizes this aspect of the question.
The paper deals with character of Shirin in Navoi’s poem “Farkhad and Shirin”. Her rich spiritual inner world is described through 44 adjectives.
The present article considers of current military vocabulary borrowed from English to Urdu. The data for the research were collected from authentic materials of popular newspapers such as Daily Pakistan, Daily Jang and the official magazine of Pakistan Armed Forces Hilal. The newspapers and magazine were chosen as a source because its language considered simple communication language of society. As English and Urdu languages have been in close contact during the British colonization of the sub-continent, the present study also outlines factors involved in borrowing from English to Urdu and shows the influence of English on Urdu. This article attempts to study the main features of the military terminology of Urdu language. The collected authentic materials were divided into the following semantic groups: terms for military positions, terms for military organizations, abbreviations related to the military sphere, weapons, clothing, words expressing military action and equipment. English loanwords of military terms are used not only in the military, but also in common literary language. Such words have special meaning when they are used in the military. Analysis of English loanwords in semantic groups showed that a lot of words were borrowed in military positions, names of military organizations and abbreviations. We can see that military operations and uniforms semantic group use less English loanwords than other groups. Based on analysis, we can predict with a high degree of certainty that it is no coincidence that these borrowings are used in the press. They are available in both bilingual and monolingual dictionaries.
Ijtimoiy hayotda tinimsiz sodir bo‘layotgan o‘zgarishlar albatta tilga ham o‘z ta’sirini o‘tkazmay qolmaydi. Bu esa tilning ayrim birliklarini yo‘qolish xavfi borligini anglatadi. Xuddi shunday salbiy ta’sir sheva birliklarini yo‘qolib ketishi bilan ham xarakterlanadi. Dialektlarni saqlab qolish, ularni ommalashtirish uchun bunday til birliklarini, avvalo shakliy jihatdan tasniflash, tavsiflash zarur. Tilning elektron korpuslarida formal-struktur tahlil qilingan ma’lumotlar bazasini kiritish, nafaqat lingvistlar, balki boshqa soha vakllari uchun ham o‘ziga xos ahamiyatga ega tadqiqotlardan bo‘ladi.
The article outlines the evolutionary views of Uzbek ethnogenesis and ethnic history. Historical, ethnographical, archaeological, anthropological, linguistic scientific literature, their concepts and the methodology of historian scientists have not been studied in whole or in part on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people. This scientific article is a scientific research, which explores the topic in detail and encourages to the scientific reasoning and research. The article reflects monographs, articles, published in various publications and press releases of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particularly, scientific researches conducted by historians such as A. Yu. Yakubovsky, S. Tolstov, A. A. Semeyonov, B. A. Litvinsky, K. Sh. Shoniyazov, A. Askarov, Rakhim Masov and others, their views and its basis were given in the article. During years of the independence, scientists have conducted scientific research on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people, its gradual intensification and prosperity. In the works of Jabborov new findings on ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people on the basis of written sources and partly archeological findings have been made. А. А. Askarov, T. K. Hodjaev and other’s works have studied not only ethnogenesis, but also ethnic history issues on the basis of archaeological and anthropological research. The research of Uzbek anthropologists enriched the ethnogenesis of Uzbeks and proved the truthfulness of the findings of historians, ethnographers and archeologists. This article demonstrates the objective approach in the coverage of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people can be clearly seen and their analysis is understandable.
The main unit of linguoculturology is cultural connotation. Cultural conseption this is a mental unit, an information structure that serves to represent units of mental and psychic resources in the mind, as well as reflecting human experience and knowledge (E.S.Kubryakova), the main unit of culture (V.I.Karasik), the cell of culture in the human mind (yu.S.Stepanov). The linguistic and cultural approach to the concerto dictates the perception of concerto as a base unit of culture and reflects in itself the concepts that are important to a particular culture.
The constituents in the structure of the concept form the square of the concept or the constitutive.
The National Conservatory is the sum of the concretes that are considered characteristic for a concrete nation, the concept presents itself a concretes section, elements. Its elements manifest themselves in concrete communicative processes.
As a result of the analysis of the verification of the cones' Fire ' in phraseological units, it is possible to see that in the phraseological units with the fire component there are mainly figurative and valuable parts of the cones of Fire. Positive aesthetic evaluation is reflected in the following conceptual signs: Fire It 1) positive emotions (love, friendship, caress); 2) aspiration, diligence; 3) motivation Reserve. Negative aesthetic evaluation is reflected in the contextual signs of language combinations that represent the concepts of destruction, fire, War. Fire it is 1) fire, disaster, destruction; 2) War and shooting; 3) negative emotions: anger; 4) difficult test, suffering; 5) shortage of time; 6) reserve of criticism and XK.
In' Water ' component phraseological units, water is interpreted as 1) a kind of texture that expresses different situations in Life; 2) useless and inexpensive compared to other liquids; 3) sacred liquid. At the same time, water and fire are reflected in its semantics of concerted signs, such as devastation, natural disaster.
Thus, in the English linguistics, fire is mainly associated with negative coloring, with such concepts as destruction, suffering, War, Fire. This is due to the fact that the flame is a natural disaster, it can not be stopped when it is drowned, the battle strongholds are mainly associated with grass (arrow, shells, bombs). The fact that the concept of fire is associated with human feelings, is associated with the physiological characteristics of a person (when a person is angry, flushed, fell in love, increased body charisma, etc.)
The development of a market economy creates the inevitability of the formation of the newest ways of economic control, new economic thinking aimed at the greatest satisfaction of human needs. The new market environment gave rise to the concept of marketing in the United States in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, which was later globalized in many countries of the world. Today marketing has turned out to be an inseparable part of the activities of not only market-based companies, but the whole society is mainly involved in marketing activities. The life standard is directly determined by the expediency of mastering marketing information, which is in need of researching and mastering this terminology. Marketing is implied by young science, but some of its components (advertising, price policy, sales) were used several centuries ago. The term "marketing" originates from the English word "market" and literally means market and trading activities. As a rule, this term is not translated into Russian and Uzbek languages, which is explained by the incredible completeness of this concept. Marketing is not only a way of thinking and direction of economic thought, but also a practical activity within the framework of individual firms, industries, and the economy as a whole. Today, there are approximately 2000 definitions of marketing. However, despite the presence of a large selection of definitions, they have something unified, namely, the direction of marketing to the needs of specific groups of consumers, a set of approaches to fulfilling market tasks, activities focused on meeting needs through barter, increasing production and selling according to the principle of a multifaceted study of buyers’ needs and purposeful influence on them. Marketing activities include more than 200 types of marketing, which in turn are divided into subgroups. A great number of definitions of the term, the theory of its study, its features, areas of application, the creation of bilingual and trilingual terminological dictionaries, a variety of approaches - all this confirms the role of the term in linguistics. In Western terminology, there are many debates and disputes on the status of terminology and its place in linguistics. The term is considered a lexical unit with a special meaning, and terminology is a part of lexicology. The analysis of marketing terminology in English revealed that simple marketing terms were made up of nouns, gerund, adjectives, past participles, and verbs. Complex (compound derivative) words and abbreviations function in marketing terminology. The possessive case is formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter "s" to the noun. Some compound terms are hyphenated. The method of structural analysis of English compound marketing terms was applied.
The paper analyzes some aspects of using social-politic terms in Japanese, ways of inter-preting through analyzing some semantic specialties of terms. Recently, in the textual materials of the Japanese mass media, words written by the Japanese phonetic alphabet katakana, used for the written fixation of vocabulary of foreign origin, began to appear more and more. In itself, this phenomenon is not new - similar vocabulary in Japanese and has its own historical roots and specific use. Translation of the borrowed vocabulary involves the use of several methods, three of which we will consider in more detail in the framework of this article. The first way of transfer: borrowing. The simplest method of transfer is borrowing, which allows filling a gap, usually of a metalinguistic nature (new technique, unknown concepts). Borrowing would not even be such a way of translation, which we might be interested if the translator did not need it at times to create a stylistic effect. The second way of translation: calculating. Calculation is borrowing a special kind: we borrow from a foreign language one or another of the syntagmas and literally translate the elements that make up it. We thus obtain either the expression of the expression, and we use the syntactic structures of the translation language, introducing new expressive elements into it. The third way of translation: literal translation. A literal translation, or translation "word for word", means a transition from the source language to the translation language, which leads to the creation of a correct and idiomatic text, while the translator observes only the observance of the compulsory norms of the language. Since the process of assimilation of foreign-language elements begins from the moment they are introduced into the language by translators, it is appropriate to say a few words about the technology of translating specifically foreign names. When translating words and expressions with an incomprehensible associative meaning, as well as translating the names of realities, transcription, less often transliteration, calculating and explanatory translation (the transfer of the meaning of a foreign word or word combination with the means of the native language without preserving the motivation and form) can be applied. When calculating, transcribing and transliteration, sometimes you need to resort to comments. Can also be applied reception, which is a kind of explanatory translation and calculating-replacement of associative meaning.
At present, as in all branches of science, translation is developing at a rapid pace, in sync with the achievements of world translation science. Of course, the main basis for this is the radical reforms being carried out in our country. Today, in Uzbek literature, as in all types and genres, there is an increase in the practice of literary translation. A lot of work is being done to translate samples of world literature directly into the Uzbek language and translate the masterpieces of Uzbek literature into foreign languages. When translating a text, it is important to preserve national identity and correctly and clearly express it in the translated language. It is no secret that the fulfillment of the honorable task of translating samples of Uzbek literature into foreign languages and the best works of world literature into our native language depends on the talent and enthusiasm of the current young generation. Therefore, young people need to pay more attention to their native language and study it in depth. In some languages, words are grammatically divided into gender categories: maxuline (masculine) and feminine (feminine) or neutral (neutral). Although the Uzbek language does not have such categories as maksulin (masculine), feminine (feminine), or neutral (neutral), gender categories are defined according to the meaning of words. For example, dugona describes the friendship of two women and is only feminine. Words like oshna, ortoq belong to the maxulin category. Given these features, it is important to correctly translate into another language or from a second language into Uzbek. Gender studies are not only about gender biology studies, but also the ability to choose words and sentences and use them where necessary in the translation process.
The article deals with the language on the Internet, the formation of the language of computer technology as a continuation of computational linguistics, its levels of development, especially the influence of language on the modeling of a new language for artifi-cial intelligence. The national corpus of the Uzbek language is of great importance in enhancing the international status of the Uzbek language. The work being done in the field of computer linguistics plays an important role in solving the existing problems in the Uzbek language. The article explores the need for building a national corpus, to learn the subtleties of words in the learning process, what to rely on in developing the ability to use it in speech; the importance of the Uzbek language to the science and the nation, There are well-grounded opinions about who can be the main clients and users of the Uzbek language. The main users of the corps are, of course, linguists who work in different fields. Reliable statistical information about a language of a certain period attracts literary scholars, histo rians, and other humanities. National language is also important in language teaching. Opinions were expressed about the technological process of creating a national corps. In particular, the technological process of the national corps takes into account: the creation of a vocabulary of the lexeme and word form based on the selected texts;
view the text for any unit of the received vocabulary; break a graphic
word into syllables and create syllables for repeating syllables; se-
lection of words; The simultaneous processing of unlimited files, the
creation of text files with external characters.
This article provides information about some features of word formation according to the “ishtikak” method in modern Arabic, and especially attention is paid to the word formation methods, types and groups of “ishtikak”, as well as the reasoning of ancient and modern Arabic linguists according to “ishtikak”. “Ishtikak”is considered one of the lexical phenomena in the Arabic language, it serves to form words and enrich the language. Each types and group of “ishtikak” in its own way influences the formation of new words in the Arabic language and as a result of this influence, the words change either by meaning or by form. This study highlights the change in words within the framework of “ishtikak” and the question of the connection of these changes with external and internal factors. In teaching Arabic, the explanation of specific processes in the formation of new words and how words in a language change in terms of form and meaning with the help of clearly scientific examples helps to increase interest in this language and the effectiveness of education.