Том 4 № 39 (2025)

Ushbu maqolada temuriy hukmdorlar Shohrux Mirzo va Mirzo Ulug‘bek hukmronligi davrida tashqi savdo va diplomatik aloqalarning yuksak darajada rivojlaganligi  yoritiladi.

Studying the administration of value-added tax in our country is also related to the improvement of value-added tax. The article analyzes the specific features of calculating the value-added tax base, some complications and problems in its determination, and focuses on issues of improving the formation of the tax base. In addition, based on the results of the changes and additions made in determining and calculating the value-added tax base, appropriate conclusions were formed and recommendations were developed.

В статье анализируются основные направления цифровой экономики в Республике Каракалпакстан. Освещаются процессы формирования цифровой инфраструктуры, внедрение электронных государственных услуг, цифровизация образования, здравоохранения и предпринимательства. Предложены пути решения ключевых проблем, включая нехватку квалифицированных кадров, цифровое неравенство и низкую цифровую грамотность. Работа может быть полезна для специалистов в области цифровой экономики, государственного управления и регионального развития.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda shahar va hududlarni kompleks rivojlantirish doirasida bosh reja (masterplan) loyihalarini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirishda qo‘llanilayotgan yangi amaliy yondashuvlar yoritiladi. Jumladan, raqamli texnologiyalar asosida ma’lumot yig‘ish, GIS va BIM tizimlaridan foydalanish, jamoatchilik ishtirokini ta’minlash hamda ekologik va ijtimoiy barqarorlikka urg‘u berish kabi yondashuvlar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda Toshkent, Samarqand va boshqa yirik shaharlarning yangi masterplan tajribalari asosida amaliy misollar keltiriladi.

Мамлакатимизнинг халқаро таъминот занжирларида муқим ва мустаҳкам жой олиши ва мослашувчанлигини ошириш учун миллий қонунчиликни халқаро талаблар ва стандартларга мувофиқлаштириш, ташқи бозорларга чиқиш ва экспорт диверсификацияси учун кенг имкониятлар яратиш, халқаро савдо қоидаларини шакллантиришда бошқа давлатлар билан тенг равишда иштирок этиш, барча учун очиқ савдо қоидалари ва низоларни ҳал этиш механизмидан фойдаланиш долзарб аҳамият касб этади. Бу мамлакатимиз иқтисодиёти учун кенг тижорат имкониятларини очади ҳамда иқтисодий тараққиётнинг ҳаракатлантирувчи кучи бўлган экспорт ва импорт салоҳиятининг ошишига олиб келади. Ушбу масалаларнинг мавжудлиги мамлакатимиз экспорт ва импорт салоҳиятини оширишда божхона тўловлари ва имтиёзларидан фойдаланиш механизмини такомиллаштиришга қаратилган тизимли илмий тадқиқотлар олиб борилишини зарурлигини ифодалайди.

This article explores the effectiveness of peer feedback in enhancing writing competence among high school students. Rooted in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Piaget’s constructivist approach, peer feedback encourages learners to engage actively in the writing process through collaborative evaluation. By providing and receiving feedback, students develop critical thinking, metacognitive awareness, and greater ownership of their learning. The article discusses various models of peer feedback, highlights implementation challenges, and presents empirical evidence supporting its positive impact on writing fluency and accuracy. Ultimately, the paper argues that peer feedback, when guided and structured effectively, serves as a powerful pedagogical tool for fostering writing development in secondary education.

Ushbu maqolada advokatlik faoliyatining kafolatlari institutining nazariy-huquqiy asoslari har tomonlama tahlil qilinadi. Advokatlik institutining mustaqilligi, daxlsizligi va kasbiy erkinligini ta’minlovchi huquqiy mexanizmlar, ularning konstitutsiyaviy me’yorlar bilan uyg‘unligi ilmiy asosda o‘rganilgan. Maqolada advokatlik faoliyati mustaqilligini ta’minlashdagi amaliy muammolar – advokatga bosim o‘tkazish holatlari, tergov va sud organlari bilan munosabatlardagi muvozanatsizlik, himoya huquqining buzilishi kabi masalalar ochib berilgan. Ushbu maqola natijalari advokatlik institutining huquqiy maqomini yanada mustahkamlash, uni huquqiy davlat barpo etishdagi roli va ahamiyatini kuchaytirishga xizmat qiladi.

In the modern era, the issue of rational and fair use of natural resources remains one of the most pressing global problems. In developing countries, particularly in the Republic of Uzbekistan, improving the legal mechanisms for the use of natural resources is closely linked to principles of environmental safety, economic stability, and legal order. From this point of view, legal analysis of the system of special use of natural resources based on permits or licenses is of both scientific and practical importance.

В современном литературном процессе возникла тенденция создания художественных текстов с отсылкой на произведения классического наследия. Творчество Ф. М. Достоевского воспринимается современными писателями сквозь призму рецепции. Теорию рецептивной эстетики впервые в литературоведении разработали немецкие ученые Хансом Робертом Яуссом  и Вольфгангом Изером .

The formation and strengthening of a strong army is directly related to the expansion of its economic and social support. In the early years of independence, social protection of military personnel became an urgent issue. This is because during this period there was a task of social protection not only for military personnel, but also for participants in World War II and the Soviet-Afghan War, as well as for citizens who served at nuclear and radiation weapons testing facilities.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the differentiation method, carried out on the basis of the same tasks. The peculiarities of this method are that all students are offered tasks of the same content, but an individual approach is provided in the process of their completion. Some students have the opportunity to complete the task independently, while others carry out the work under the guidance of the teacher. The advantages of this method include the creation of equal opportunities in education, increasing student activity, overcoming individual difficulties, and effectively organizing the educational process. The article also provides an example of the phased organization of educational activities for the practical application of this method. Analysis shows that differentiation through similar tasks is one of the effective learning strategies, allowing for the consolidation of knowledge and skills, taking into account the individual capabilities of students.

This article presents an analysis of methods for determining the efficiency coefficient of irrigation networks, identifying wasteful consumption of water resources within them, and provides information on technologies for increasing their effectiveness.

Advokatlar inson huquqlarini himoya qilishda yetakchi oʻrinni egallagani bois, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti va mintaqaviy darajadagi advokatlik faoliyatining mustaqilligi hamda xavfsizligiga oid qonun va meʼyorlarni samarali joriy etish va qoʻllash butun dunyo boʻylab inson huquqlarini ragʻbatlantirish va himoya qilishning asosini tashkil etadi.

Ushbu maqolada sintagmatik munosabat tushunchasi, uning til va nutqdagi ifodalanishi, asosiy turlari va o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Muallif F. de Sossyur va boshqa tilshunoslarning fikrlariga tayanib, sintagma va sintagmatik munosabatlarning shakliy va mazmuniy jihatlarini hamda ularning gap va matn tuzilishidagi ahamiyatini yoritib beradi. Shuningdek, teng va tobe munosabatlar, sintaktik aloqa vositalari va sintagmatik munosabatlarning paradigmatik munosabatlardan farqlari misollar orqali izohlanadi. Maqolada sintagmatika asosida nutq birliklarining tartibli va mantiqiy bog‘lanishi kommunikativ jarayon samaradorligiga qanday ta’sir qilishi ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.

This article examines the latest methodological innovations and pedagogical shifts in the field of language teaching. It highlights the impact of globalization, digitalization, and intercultural communication on language pedagogy. By comparing traditional approaches with modern techniques such as CLIL, TBLT, and technology-enhanced learning, the paper outlines current trends and effective practices. Special emphasis is placed on contributions by Uzbek scholars to localize global practices for national contexts.

Pit wall stability in open-pit mines is directly affected by natural geological and climatic factors. This study focuses on the Kalmakir open-pit mine, assessing the effects of rainfall, seismicity, groundwater levels, and lithological composition on slope deformation. Using field instrumentation, laboratory testing, and numerical modeling with Slide2, various instability scenarios were simulated. Results revealed that rainfall infiltration and elevated groundwater levels drastically reduce the factor of safety (FoS), particularly in weathered rock zones. Complementary slope monitoring data validated the numerical findings. Recommendations include the implementation of real-time drainage management, targeted reinforcement, and seasonal excavation strategies.

Linguosynergetics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates insights from linguistics, synergetics, cognitive science, and social sciences to study the dynamic nature of language. This field emphasizes how language evolves, adapts, and interacts with various systems, including cognitive, social, and cultural elements. Linguosynergetics examines the self-organizing processes that shape linguistic change, offering a more comprehensive understanding of how language evolves in response to internal and external influences. As language is an ever-evolving system influenced by human cognition and social interaction, this field holds immense potential for explaining the fluidity and complexity of language evolution. This article will examine the scientific foundations of linguosynergetics, its key principles, and its application to languages such as English and Uzbek. We will also include scientific findings to support the conceptual framework of this field.

Mazkur tezisda oliy ta’limda organik kimyo fanini integrativ metod asosida o‘qitishning nazariy va amaliy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Fanlararo bog‘liqlikni yo‘lga qo‘yish, talabaning mustaqil fikrlash va ilmiy faoliyatga jalb etish imkoniyatlari, shuningdek, texnologik va tabiiy fanlar bilan integratsiyaning afzalliklari ilmiy-nazariy asosda yoritilgan.

This study presents a comparative analysis of economic advertisements in English and Uzbek, focusing on linguistic features, persuasive strategies, and cultural elements. By examining print and digital ads from both language communities, the research identifies similarities and differences in how products and services are promoted. The analysis draws on discourse and pragmatics theories to uncover how language reflects economic values and consumer behavior. Findings show that while English ads prioritize individualism and direct appeal, Uzbek ads often rely on collectivist values and indirect persuasion. These insights have implications for marketing, translation, and intercultural communication in economic contexts. Furthermore, the study highlights the increasing need for cultural competence in advertising practices due to globalization. As societies become more interconnected, understanding the communicative norms of different cultures becomes essential. The results offer valuable perspectives for linguists, translators, marketers, and educators, especially in business communication. The paper also points toward the importance of future research that explores multimodal advertising and how digital transformation affects linguistic choices.

The article is covered with the approximation and uncertainties in estimating the number of world  languages, and its main aim is demonstrating the reasons, such as discoveries, living and dying languages , dialects, and last one, language names.

Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek va turk tillaridagi qarindoshlik terminlarining leksik-semantik va strukturaviy xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Terminlar bir komponentli, ikki komponentli va undan ko‘p komponentli shakllarda tahlil etilib, ularning morfemik va fonetik tuzilmalari, shuningdek, ijtimoiy-madaniy kontekstdagi o‘rni ochib beriladi. Semantik tahlil integral va differensial semalar asosida amalga oshiriladi, strukturaviy yondashuv esa terminlarning shakliy tizimini aniqlashga qaratilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari qarindoshlik terminlarining turkiy tillar leksik fondidagi umumiylik va farqlarga asoslangan murakkab tizim ekanligini ko‘rsatadi.

Bugungi kunda ta’lim jarayonini samarali tashkil etishda interaktiv metodlardan foydalanish muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. Interaktiv metodlar o‘quvchilarning mustaqil fikrlashini, bilimga bo‘lgan qiziqishini oshiradi, ijodkorlik va muloqot ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantiradi. Aqliy faoliyatni faollashtirish, o‘ziga ishonishni rivojlantirish muammosi talabalarning ijodkorligi dolzarb muammolaridan biri bo‘lgan va shunday bo‘lib qolmoqda. Ta‘limning kompetentsiyalarni shakllantirishga zamonaviy yo‘nalishi shaxsning faoliyat va muloqotga tayyorligi va qobiliyati quyidagilarni nazarda tutadi talaba qila oladigan pedagogik va psixologik sharoitlarni yaratish nafaqat intellektual va kognitiv faoliyatni, balki shaxsiy ham namoyon bo‘ladi ijtimoiy mavqe, uning individualligi, uni o‘rganish predmeti sifatida ifoda etishi mumkin.  

This article highlights the forms of the institution of complicity in crime, their specific features, and practical significance. The main attention is paid to the legal analysis of the forms of complicity in a crime and their differences. The theoretical foundations of the effective application of the institution of participation within the framework of existing legislation are also considered.

This article deals with the importance of SCAMPER technology in education and how it can be used more effectively in learning process.

Ushbu maqolada   Xiva xonligi davrida iqtisodiy savdo aloqalari haqida shuningdek savdo-sotiq munosabatlari va  karvon yo’llari haqida batafsil bayon qilingan.

This article examines the importance and necessity of ecological monitoring in the industrialized areas of Navoiy city. The research analyzes the environmental status assessment and monitoring systems of Navoiy city, one of Uzbekistan's major industrial centers. The results indicate that implementing a comprehensive ecological monitoring system in Navoiy city is crucial for improving environmental quality and protecting public health.

This article analyzes the impact of global climate change on the environment, particularly soil fertility, water resources, and the state of ecosystems. The role and importance of plant protection and quarantine in the context of climate change in maintaining plant health, sustainable agricultural development, and ensuring food security will also be considered. The article discusses the prevention of the spread of new pests and diseases caused by climate change, strategies to combat them, and the need for quarantine measures.

The article is devoted to the study of dastans as a unique genre of oral folk art, which played an important role in the formation of cultural identity of the peoples of the East. Artistic features, structure, theme and function of dastans in traditional society are considered. Special attention is paid to their significance in preserving historical memory, national values and moral and ethical ideals. The ways of adaptation of dastans in modern literary and cultural space are also analyzed.

В статье рассматривается потенциал русской художественной литературы как инструмента преподавания языка, в том числе русского как иностранного. Подчёркивается интегративная роль литературы в формировании языковой, коммуникативной и культурологической компетенций обучающихся. На основе анализа научной и методической литературы выявлены преимущества использования художественных текстов в языковом образовании: аутентичность речевого материала, развитие критического мышления, расширение словарного запаса, формирование грамматических навыков и приобщение к культурным реалиям. Рассматриваются особенности подбора и дидактической обработки литературных текстов в зависимости от уровня владения языком. Статья опирается на принципы коммуникативного и культурологического подходов и предлагает конкретные методические приёмы и примеры их реализации в образовательной практике.

Ушбу мақолада ички ишлар органларида рағбатлантириш чораларини қўллашнинг ҳуқуқий асослари тадқиқ этилади. Ички ишлар  вазирлиги тизимида рағбатлантиришни тартибга солувчи меъёрий-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатлар, бундай чора-тадбирларнинг мақсад ва тамойиллари, касбий интизом ва самарадорликни оширишдаги ўрни таҳлил қилинади.

Йўл ҳаракати қоидаларини доимий равишда бузувчиларга қарши қонун чораларини такомиллаштириш муҳим масала саналади. Жаҳон соғлиқни сақлаш ташкилотининг 2024 йилги маълумотига кўра, йўл ҳодисаларидан 1,35 миллион киши вафот этган[1]. Юртимизда бу соҳа турли назоратни кучайтирувчи қонун ва қонун ости ҳужжатлар билан назорат қилинсада, аммо амалиётда муаммолар мавжуд.

Ushbu maqolada klassik va zamonaviy ommabop musiqaning 16 yoshgacha bo‘lgan bolalar va o‘smirlarning hissiy, intellektual hamda ijtimoiy rivojlanishiga ta’siri ilmiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Musiqa ta’limining foydali jihatlari, shuningdek, ayrim musiqiy janrlarning salbiy oqibatlari yoritilib, ularning psixologik va pedagogik ahamiyati baholanadi..

Improving public administration, ensuring citizens’ rights and freedoms, and creating an effective and transparent governance system at the local level are among the priority directions of modern reforms in the Republic of Uzbekistan. From this perspective, an in-depth study of the content and significance of the principle of separation of powers at the local level is becoming a crucial scientific and practical issue today. Moreover, in recent years, Uzbekistan has been implementing extensive reforms to put the principle of separation of powers into practice at the local level. However, there are still legal gaps and institutional challenges in this area, which require scientifically and theoretically grounded approaches for their effective resolution.

Mazkur maqolada boshlang‘ich sinflarda ta’lim jarayonida fanlararo integratsiyani amalga oshirishda mantiqiy masalalarning o‘rni va didaktik ahamiyati yoritilgan. Mantiqiy masalalar o‘quvchilarning tafakkurini faollashtirish, fanlararo aloqalarni mustahkamlash va darslarni qiziqarli tashkil etishda muhim vosita bo‘lib xizmat qilishi ta’kidlangan. Shuningdek, fanlararo integratsiyani ta’minlashda mantiqiy masalalardan foydalanishning samarali metodlari, amaliy misollar asosida tahlil qilingan.

В статье анализируются возможности использования современных наглядных пособий на уроках изобразительного искусства для учащихся 5-7 классов. Освещены возможности развития художественного мышления, эстетического вкуса и творческого потенциала учащихся за счет использования в образовательном процессе мультимедиа, интерактивных технологий, элементов виртуальной реальности и анимации. Также даны предложения по методическим подходам и практическим эффектам использования современных наглядных пособий.

This article analyzes the features of the expression of linguocultural codes in Uzbek folk riddles. Riddles are a unique reflection of the historical and cultural worldview, traditions, values, and way of thinking of the people. The article reveals ideas related to the national mentality, folk worldview, and social life through linguistic units. Also, linguocultural codes in the consciousness of the people are analyzed through symbols, metaphors, and symbols hidden in riddles.

Микроорганизмы, населяющие преимущественно влагалище женщины, защищают женщин от инфицирования многими патогенными микробами. Кроме того, вагинальная микрофлора способствует нормальному протеканию беременности и обеспечивает первичную колонизацию новорожденного в случае естественных родов (Dominguez-Bello, M.G. 2010). Микроэкология влагалища представляет собой сложные взаимоотношения между средой и микрофлорой влагалища. Находясь под влиянием яичниковых гормонов, каждый из этих участников вносит свой вклад в поддержание колонизационной резистентности – совокупности механизмов, поддерживающих стабильность популяционного и количественного состава компонентов нормального микробиоценоза.

This thesis analyzes the possibilities and effectiveness of applying generative design in urban planning projects. Generative design, based on algorithmic modeling and artificial intelligence, enables the automatic development of hundreds of planning options and their optimization according to environmental, economic, and social criteria. The study highlights the advantages of this approach in terms of efficient resource utilization, sustainable development, the creation of aesthetic and functional forms, the expansion of public participation, and the acceleration of decision-making processes. Generative design is recognized as an important direction in the digitalization and innovative advancement of urban planning.

В статье анализируются языковые особенности восклицаний в русском языке, их речевые функции, семантическая классификация и методика обучения учителей. Восклицания занимают особое место в русской лингвистике как средство эмоционального выражения и непосредственного общения. В статье также показаны пути освоения восклицаний в процессе обучения с использованием интерактивных методов.

Mazkur maqolada oila sharoitida ekologik tarbiya berishning ahamiyati, maqsad va vazifalari hamda bolalarda ekologik madaniyatni shakllantirishga xizmat qiluvchi samarali pedagogik-uslubiy yondashuvlar yoritilgan. Shaxsiy namuna, amaliy mashg‘ulotlar, interaktiv o‘yinlar, kuzatuv, tajriba va mas’uliyatli topshiriqlar orqali ekologik ong va xulq-atvorni shakllantirish imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan.

Ushbu tezisda boshlang‘ich ta’lim jarayonida tasviriy san’at mashg‘ulotlarining o‘quvchilarda fin motorika ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Fin motorikaning rivojlanishi bolaning idrok jarayonlari, tafakkur faoliyati va yozuvga tayyorgarligi bilan bevosita bog‘liqligi asoslab ko‘rsatilgan. Shuningdek, bolalar ijodiy faoliyatida qo‘llaniladigan zamonaviy metodik yondashuvlar va ularning psixologik-pedagogik afzalliklari tahlil etiladi.