Том 4 № 42 (2025)

Ushbu maqolada davlatning barqarorlashtirish siyosatining iqtisodiy mohiyati, asosiy maqsadlari, amalga oshirish mexanizmlari va amaliy ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, davlatning iqtisodiy tebranishlarga nisbatan javob choralari, fiskal va pul-kredit siyosati orqali barqarorlashtirish vositalari, iqtisodiy o‘sish va ishsizlik darajasini nazorat qilish kabi funksiyalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada, shuningdek, O‘zbekistonda olib borilayotgan barqarorlashtirish siyosatining zamonaviy yo‘nalishlari va ularning samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada to‘lov tizimlari uchun risklarni boshqarish vositalarining tasnifini tuzishning turli usullari tahlil qilindi. To‘lov tizimlariga xos bo‘lgan risklarni boshqarish usullarini tasniflashning asosiy yo‘nalishlarining yagona sxemasi tuzildi. Ushbu tadqiqotni olib borishdan asosiy maqsad bugungi kunda rivojlanib borayot to‘lov tizimlari bozoridagi risklarni to‘g‘ri baholash va boshqarishdir. Shuningdek, ushbu maqolada to‘lov tizimlaridagi risklarni boshqarishni takomillashtirish yo‘llari tizimli tahlil qilindi va kerakli tavsiya hamda xulosalar ishlab chiqildi.

In today’s global context, where sustainable development is a central goal, the role of physical culture extends far beyond the boundaries of sport and exercise. This article explores how physical culture contributes to the sustainable development of society by fostering health, education, social inclusion, economic productivity, and environmental awareness. Through systematic analysis and supported arguments, it demonstrates that promoting physical culture is a necessary element in achieving the long-term well-being of individuals and communities.

Ushbu maqolada bosh miya qon aylanishining buzilishi, xususan ishemik insultning yuzaga kelish sabablari, patofiziologik bosqichlari, klinik ko’rinishlari, zamonaviy diagnostika usullari hamda davolash va neyroprotektiv yondashuvlari chuqur yoritilgan. Ishemiya jarayonidagi asosiy zararli mexanizmlar — eksitotoksitsiya, oksidativ stress, neyroinflamatsiya, hujayra o’limining dasturlangan shakllari va gematoensefalitik to’siqning buzilishi alohida tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, maqolada MRT, KT va angiografik usullar asosida erta diagnostika imkoniyatlari, trombolizis va invaziv trombektomiya kabi samarali davolash strategiyalari haqida ilmiy ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Ishemik insult oqibatlarini kamaytirish va bemorning hayot sifatini yaxshilashda erta tashxis va zamonaviy yondashuvlarning ahamiyati ta’kidlangan.

Antibiotiklar bakterial infeksiyalarni davolashda keng qo‘llaniladigan va inson salomatligini saqlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan dorilardir. So‘nggi yillarda antibiotiklarga nisbatan mikroorganizmlarda rezistentlikning (qarshilikning) ortishi global sog‘liqni saqlash tizimiga jiddiy tahdid solmoqda. Ushbu maqolada antibiotiklarga rezistentlikning asosiy sabablari, global miqyosdagi oqibatlari hamda uning oldini olish va nazorat qilish yo‘llari muhokama qilinadi.

Mazkur maqolada XIX asr oxiri - XX asr boshlarida Turkistonda shakllangan maorif tizimi va uning tarixiy-evolyutsion rivojlanishi o‘quv vaziyatlar asosida o‘rganish texnologiyasi nuqtayi nazaridan tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda mazkur tarixiy davrda maktab, madrasa, jadidchilik harakati va yangi usul maktablarining joriy etilishi, shuningdek, rus-tuzem maktablarining paydo bo‘lishi kabi ijtimoiy-ma’rifiy jarayonlarni talabalarning faol ishtirokini ta’minlovchi interaktiv metodlar asosida o‘rgatishning nazariy va amaliy asoslari ko‘rsatib berilgan. O‘quv vaziyatlari asosida o‘rgatish texnologiyasi orqali talabalarda tanqidiy va tarixiy fikrlash, sabab-oqibat aloqalarini tahlil qilish, tarixiy manbalarni mustaqil o‘rganish va baholash kabi kompetensiyalarni shakllantirish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. Maqola mazmuni tarix fanini o‘qitishda zamonaviy pedagogik yondashuvlardan samarali foydalanish, ayniqsa “Turkistonda maorif” kabi dolzarb tarixiy mavzularni chuqur anglashda o‘quv vaziyatlarining didaktik ahamiyatini ochib beradi.

Ушбу мақолада жиноят ишини тергов қилишда қонун устуворлиги, шахс ҳуқуқларининг кафолатланиши ва холис текширув тамойиллари доирасида терговни тўла, ҳар томонлама ва холис олиб боришнинг ҳуқуқий ва амалий асослари ёритилади. Ўзбекистон Республикасининг амалдаги қонунчилиги ва илғор суд-тергов амалиёти таҳлил этилади.

This article explores the common imagery in the poetry of beloved Uzbek poets Erkin Vohidov and Abdulla Oripov, as well as Ibrayim Yusupov, a star of Karakalpak poetry. It analyzes the poems of these creators from two blood-related nations. The artistic similarities and unique features in the works of prominent Uzbek and Karakalpak artists are revealed through the example of the star image.

Ушбу мақолада блогосферада ўзбек блогларининг шаклланиш зарурати ва ривожланиш тарихи ҳақида сўз юритилган.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda zamonaviy qurilish tizimini yaratishning asosiy omillari, mavjud holati, islohotlar va ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalarni joriy etish zarurati yoritilgan. Qurilish sohasida innovatsiyalar, raqamli texnologiyalar, ekologik talablar, standartlashtirish va zamonaviy loyiha boshqaruvi tizimlarini joriy etish orqali barqaror rivojlanish ta’minlanishi asoslab berilgan.

Ushbu maqolada nomoddiy aktivlarning iqtisodiy mohiyati, ularning tasnifi, dastlabki va keyingi baholanishi, buxgalteriya hisobi va hisob siyosatida tutgan o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, amaliyotda uchraydigan muammolar va ularni hal qilish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola O‘zbekiston Respublikasida amaldagi buxgalteriya hisobi standartlariga tayanib yozilgan.

Grammar forms the structural foundation of the English language. Its mastery is essential for learners to communicate effectively and with clarity. This paper explores the crucial role grammar plays in teaching English, not merely as a set of rigid rules but as a dynamic system that enables accurate and confident communication. Emphasis is placed on the integration of grammar into communicative contexts, the challenges faced by both learners and teachers, and effective strategies for grammar instruction.

Mazkur ilmiy tezisda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tijorat banklarining filiallar tarmog‘i faoliyatini samaradorligini oshirish masalalari tahlil etiladi. Filiallar tarmog‘i aholiga moliyaviy xizmatlarni joyida va tezkor yetkazib berishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Biroq, hozirgi holatda filiallar sonining ortib borayotganiga qaramay, ularning hududiy taqsimoti, xizmat sifati va texnologik darajasi nuqtai nazaridan bir qator muammolar mavjud. Tadqiqot davomida ushbu muammolar chuqur tahlil qilinib, ularni bartaraf etish bo‘yicha ustuvor yo‘nalishlar, xususan, raqamlashtirish, xodimlar malakasini oshirish, filiallarni ixtisoslashtirish va samaradorlik monitoringini kuchaytirish kabi takliflar ishlab chiqilgan. Ushbu takliflar bank tizimining barqaror rivojlanishiga va moliyaviy xizmatlarning keng qamrovda taqdim etilishiga xizmat qiladi.

Паронимия, будучи стилистическим приёмом, основана на употреблении слов, схожих по звучанию, но различающихся по значению. В статье рассматриваются особенности паронимов в стилистике, подчёркивающие тонкие  различия в значениях и оттенках. Анализируется их структура, функции и роль в художественной речи, а также приводятся примеры, демонстрирующие многослойность, образность и эмоциональную насыщенность, которую придаёт речи использование паронимии.

Ushbu maqolada yurak-qon tomir tizimi kasalliklarining tasnifi, ularning asosiy shakllari, rivojlanish sabablari va epidemiologik ahamiyati, ularning davolanish xususiyatlari, ularni davolovchi dori preparatlari, hozirgi zamonda yurak-qon tomir kasalliklarini zamonaviy yo‘l bilan davolash yo‘llari yoritib berilgan. Ayniqsa, ishemiya kasalligi, arterial gipertoniya, yurak yetishmovchiligi, aritmiyalar va qon tomirlar aterosklerozining klinik va patofiziologik xususiyatlari batafsil ko‘rib chiqilgan.

Shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan ta’lim konsepsiyasi zamonaviy pedagogikaning yetakchi tamoyiliga aylangan. Har bir o‘quvchining psixofiziologik, emotsional va shaxsiy xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonini tashkil etish nafaqat ta’lim samaradorligini oshiradi, balki o‘quvchining ijtimoiy-psixologik moslashuvchanligi, shaxsiy kamolotini ta’minlashga ham xizmat qiladi. Bu jarayonda temperament alohida o‘rin egallaydi. Chunki temperament shaxsning asosiy biologik jihatlari bo‘lib, o‘quvchining o‘zlashtirish tezligi, psixik reaktivligi, emotsional barqarorligi va ijtimoiy munosabatlariga bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.

Ushbu maqolada raqamli iqtisodiyot tushunchasi, uning ahamiyati hamda zamonaviy iqtisodiy rivojlanishda tutgan o‘rni yoritilgan. Maqolada raqamli infratuzilma, elektron xizmatlar, sun’iy intellekt, raqamli to‘lov tizimlari, elektron tijorat va raqamli ko‘nikmalarni rivojlantirish yo‘nalishlari batafsil tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, O‘zbekistonda raqamli transformatsiya jarayonlari, hukumat siyosati va istiqbolli strategik chora-tadbirlar haqida ham so‘z yuritiladi. Maqolada ilg‘or xorijiy tajribalarga ham murojaat qilinib, ularni milliy sharoitga moslashtirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan.

На сегодняшний день популярными группами являются «мукоадгезивные агенты» (хитозан, амилопектин) и «концентраторы факторов свертывания» (цеолиты, каолин). Также выделяют группу «стимуляторы агрегации и адгезии» (коллаген, целлюлоза). При этом,представители вышеуказанных групп имеют общие характеристики – очень высокую пористость и гидратационную способность. Еще одна группа объединяет вещества, «способствующие денатурации белков» (неорганические соли металлов, а также соли акриловой кислоты и ее производных).

Ushbu eksperimental tadqiqotda umumiy anesteziya (azot oksidi – N₂O) sharoitida mexanik shikastlangan kalamush yuragi to‘qimasidagi morfologik o‘zgarishlar o‘rganildi. Morfologik tahlil natijalariga ko‘ra, kardiomiotsitlarda distrofik o‘zgarishlar, kariolizis, sitolizis, o‘choqli nekrozlar, interstitsial shish, venoz dimlanish va leykotsitar infiltratsiyalar aniqlangan. Ushbu o‘zgarishlar yurak faoliyatining buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin bo‘lib, ular anesteziya ta’sirini baholashda muhim ko‘rsatkichlardir. Tadqiqot natijalari klinik amaliyotda yurak asoratlarini erta aniqlash va oldini olishda ahamiyatlidir.

Endometriosis is a chronic hormone—dependent disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction [1,2]. The chronic, progressive, and recurrent nature of endometriosis makes it extremely urgent to search for new areas of targeted therapy for genital endometriosis that have high therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects. Currently, the standard for specific therapy of endometriosis is the use of dienogest 2 mg, which is a hybrid progestogen that combines the best properties of the norsteroid and progesterone groups [5,7]. Currently, the main goal of modern therapy for genital endometriosis is not only the suppression of the level of estrogens synthesized by the ovaries, but also the pathogenetic effect on the site of endometriosis itself (suppression of local estrogen production, overcoming progesterone resistance, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects, increased apoptosis).

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition that significantly impacts women of reproductive age, often leading to pelvic pain, menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Traditional conservative treatments provide symptomatic relief but are often associated with side effects or limited long-term efficacy. This research explores the conservative management of endometriosis through the application of a novel vaginal suppository composed of six herbal components: Ashwagandha, Nigella sativa (black seed), Propolis, Artemisia absinthium (wormwood), Cuminum cyminum (zira), and Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). These components are selected for their well-documented anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. The study aims to assess the efficacy of this phytocomplex in reducing inflammation and alleviating clinical symptoms. Preliminary methodology includes a 14-day course of treatment in ambulatory patients with evaluation through clinical (VAS scale) and laboratory (CRP, ESR, NLR) parameters. This phytotherapeutic approach represents an innovative, integrative, and potentially safer method in the conservative management of endometriosis.

Хронические воспалительные заболевания глотки и небных миндалин представляют собой одну из наиболее распространенных и социально значимых проблем современной оториноларингологии. По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, хронический фарингит диагностируется у 10-15% взрослого населения развитых стран, при этом в 60-70% случаев он сочетается с хроническим тонзиллитом, что существенно осложняет диагностику, лечение и прогноз заболевания.

O‘zbekistonda oliy taʼlim tizimi ilm-fan rivojining asosiy negizi hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqolada 2024- va 2025-yilning birinchi yarmi bo‘yicha mavjud ko‘rsatkichlarga tayanilgan holda oliy taʼlim muassasalarida ilmiy faoliyatni moliyalashtirish holati tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, “miya oqimi”, yosh olimlarning faol ishtiroki, gender tengligi, laboratoriya infratuzilmasi va ilmiy ishlanmalarni tijoratlashtirish darajasi tahlil qilinadi. Muallif tomonidan OTMlarda ilmiy salohiyatni oshirish, grantlar hajmini kengaytirish va ilmiy-texnologik transformatsiyani jadallashtirish bo‘yicha aniq takliflar ilgari suriladi.

Nutqni yaxshi bilish san'ati doimo odamning tarbiyasi va madaniyatining ko‘rsatkichi sifatida baholangan. Shubhasiz, tarbiya zamonaviy jamiyatda va har bir xalq madaniyatida muhim fazilatdir. Muloqot har qanday holatda nutqiy etiket va xushmuomalalikni saqlashni talab qiladi va nutq harakati muloqot mazmunini ochib beruvchi kalitdir.

Ushbu tezis emotsional holatlarni ifodalash bilan bog’liq nazariyalar va tadqiqotlarni tilshunos olimlarning fikrlari asosida tahlil qiladi, tilda emotsiyalarni ifodalashning turli xil ko’rinishlarini tadqiq etadi. Shuningdek, emotsiya va hissiyot tushunchalarining farqlari va maxsus yo’nalish – emotiologiya haqida ham fikrlar yoritib beriladi. Tezisda emotsional holatlarni ifodalashda qo’llaniladigan til birliklari va ularning tasnifi tegishli misollar yordamida tushuntiriladi. Ushbu tezisning asosiy maqsadi – turli xil emotiv birliklar va ularning o’ziga xosligini  misollar yordamida o’rganishdan iborat.

(English)This article examines the effectiveness of Differentiated Instruction (DI) in developing Student Talking Time (STT) among EFL learners in Uzbek secondary schools. The study compares control and experimental groups using pre- and post-tests, questionnaires, and observational methods. Results show significant improvement in STT, fluency, and student confidence in the experimental group, validating the effectiveness of DI in mixed-ability classrooms.

This article provides information about what an interactive method is, its types, and also provides opinions on the use of interactive methods in education lessons, and relevant conclusions are drawn. The use of interactive methods in education lessons, especially in primary education, further increases the quality and effectiveness of education.

Ushbu maqolada inson organizmiga tashqi muhit ta'siri ovqat hazm qilish sistemasi misolida ko‘rsatib berilgan.

This study analyzes the learning performance of students studying in the Physics education field at higher education institutions regarding the subject “Theoretical Mechanics.” It presents a comparative mathematical-statistical analysis of learning outcomes when using software-based educational tools during the teaching process versus outcomes from traditional teaching methods.

Industrial growth has led to a sharp rise in waste generation, posing serious environmental and health risks. Conventional disposal methods—such as landfilling and incineration—are often inefficient and harmful. In contrast, inorganic catalysts offer a sustainable and effective approach for treating and converting industrial waste into less harmful or valuable products. This article examines the types, mechanisms, and applications of inorganic catalysts, along with their benefits, challenges, and future prospects. Their use supports pollution reduction and promotes green chemistry and circular economy goals.

This article explores the conceptual and cultural significance of the image of the bird in English phraseology. Phraseological units involving "bird" often reflect metaphorical thinking and cultural values embedded in the English-speaking world. Drawing on phraseological data, this study classifies "bird" idioms, analyzes their semantic and symbolic meanings, and demonstrates their role in shaping the phraseological picture of the world. The research reveals that the bird image often conveys ideas of freedom, foolishness, alertness, and desirability. Additionally, it highlights cross-cultural parallels and distinctions in idiomatic meaning.

Ushbu maqola O‘zbekiston Respublikasida adliya organlari tomonidan kiritiladigan taqdimnomalarni bajarish majburiyligi va ularni bajarilmasligi uchun ma’muriy javobgarlikni ta’minlash masalalariga bag‘ishlangan. Maqolada taqdimnomalarning huquqiy tabiati, ularning majburiyligi, bajarilmasligining oqibatlari va ma’muriy javobgarlikni ta’minlash mexanizmlari akademik uslubda yoritilgan. Raqamlashtirish sohasidagi islohotlar va xalqaro tajriba O‘zbekiston amaliyoti bilan qiyoslangan. Taqdimnomalarni bajarishdagi muammolarni bartaraf etish va tizimni takomillashtirish bo‘yicha takliflar berilgan. Maqola qonun ustuvorligini mustahkamlash va fuqarolar huquqlarini himoya qilishda adliya organlarining rolini ta’kidlaydi.

This thesis investigates the translation of metaphor and simile as essential components of figurative language in cross-cultural communication. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of Cognitive Linguistics and Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the research examines how metaphors and similes function not merely as stylistic ornaments but as fundamental cognitive and cultural tools that shape perception and discourse. The study establishes a detailed classification of translation strategies including equivalence, adaptation, and explicitation and develops evaluative criteria for assessing their effectiveness in rendering conceptual mappings across languages. Through a comparative analysis of literary, journalistic, and technical texts, the thesis demonstrates that metaphorical expressions often require creative and culturally sensitive solutions to preserve cognitive resonance and rhetorical impact. The findings underscore the necessity for translators to balance fidelity to the source text with cultural appropriateness in the target language. This work contributes valuable insights to the fields of translation studies, applied linguistics, and intercultural communication by highlighting the pivotal role of figurative language in transmitting not only meaning but also worldview.

Mazkur maqolada o‘ng o‘pkaning o‘rta qismida aniqlangan metastatik o‘sma jarayonlari va ularning rivojlanishining 3-bosqichida yurak-qon tomir tizimi bilan bo‘lgan murakkab aloqadorliklari tahlil qilinadi. Klinik va patofiziologik yondashuvlar asosida metastazlarning yurak faoliyatiga ta’siri, qon aylanishi, gemodinamik o‘zgarishlar, shuningdek, sog‘liq uchun xavflar yoritiladi.

В данной научной диссертации рассматривается состояние практики кредитования малого бизнеса банковской системой Республики Узбекистан. Анализ показывает, что кредитование малого бизнеса по-прежнему имеет проблемы, связанные с ограниченным доступом к финансовым ресурсам, высокими кредитными ставками, проблемами с предложением, недостаточной прозрачностью и качеством банковских услуг. Для устранения этих недостатков в диссертации обосновывается необходимость смягчения условий получения кредитов для малого бизнеса, совершенствования системы оценки рисков, внедрения услуг быстрого кредитования на основе цифровых технологий, а также расширения дополнительных гарантий и субсидий со стороны государства. Целью диссертации является обеспечение финансовой устойчивости малого бизнеса и повышение его экономической активности посредством научно обоснованных предложений и рекомендаций.

Maqolada narxni shakllantirishning asosiy tamoyillari, ya’ni erkin bozor tamoyillari asosidagi narxlar, ularning shakllanishiga ta’sir qiluvchi omillar va narxlar ustidan davlat nazoratining roli tahlil qilinadi. Raqobatli va tartibga solinadigan bozorlarda narx shakllanishining farqli jihatlari, shuningdek, ijtimoiy ahamiyatga ega tovar va xizmatlar narxini tartibga solishdagi davlat siyosati muhokama qilinadi.

Malumki, keying yillarda dunyo miqiyosida axolining ovqatlanish sifati va strukturasida keskin o’zgarishlar yuz berib, bu xol, o’z navbatida, kishilarning zarur nutrientlar bilan taminlanish darajasiga salbiy tasir ko’rsatmoqda. Ayniqsa, homilador ayollar orasida notog’ri ovqatlanish xolatlarining ko’payishi tug’ruqgacha va undan keyin og’ir kasallanish xatto bevaqt vafot etishining asosiy sabablaridan biri bo’lib qolmoqda. Homilador ayollarning to’g’ri ovqatlanishi nafaqat ayol uchun , tug’ilajak chaqolaq salomatligi uchun ham juda ahamiyatli. To’g’ri ovqatlanish haqida buyuk alloma Abu Ali Ibn Sinoning  “Tib qonunlari” dagi satrlarida “To’g’ri ovqatlanish borasidagi tarbiya, sa’y – harakatlar inson  bolasi  tug’ilmasdanoq boshlanib, keksalik davrigacha davom etishi kerak” degan edi.

This article examines the growing role and impact of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) technologies in primary education systems. It analyzes the conceptual evolution of STEM pedagogies, technological integration across early learning stages, as well as the socio-psychological and cognitive shifts in learners. Drawing upon international research and field data, the study evaluates methodologies for effective STEM-based instruction in early childhood, identifies key infrastructural and professional development challenges, and proposes a future-oriented framework for widespread implementation. The findings suggest that purposeful integration of STEM elements in primary education significantly enhances learner engagement, problem-solving abilities, and digital literacy when guided by robust policy and teacher preparedness. The paper concludes with policy implications and strategic recommendations for advancing STEM education in developing and developed contexts alike.

This article explores the linguoculturological problems encountered in literary translation, emphasizing the complex interplay between language and culture. Literary works often carry deep cultural meanings, idiomatic expressions, and symbolic elements that are unique to the source culture. Translators face significant challenges in preserving these elements while making the text accessible and meaningful to target-language readers. The article examines the differences in cultural references, metaphors, proverbs, and humor across languages, offering insight into strategies used to maintain the authenticity and emotional impact of the original work. The study highlights the importance of cultural competence and creativity in overcoming translation difficulties and achieving effective intercultural communication through literature.

This article covers the content of fine arts terminology, its significance and place in art studies. Visual art terms serve to correctly interpret the form, content, style, technique, and composition of works. The development of terminology and its role in art education, as well as the need to enrich the system of local terms in Uzbek art studies, are particularly emphasized. This article serves as a useful guide for art critics, students, and those interested in art.