Subjects of the inquiry: “Asos-ul-baloga” by Makhmud Zamakhshari
Aim of the inquiry: to investigate “Asos-ul-baloga” by the side of soursc studies. To show the role of the work in Arabic lexicography, its influence on next Arabic dictionaries.
Methods of the inquiry: Dcscriptional, statistical and historical-comparative methods have been used in the work.
The results achieved and their novelty: It’s the first time that “Asos-ul-baloga” was studied from the point of view of source study. It was determined the manuscript and cditional copies that were kept in the world fonds. “Asos-ul-baloga” was carried on constitutive analyses. The sources which were based on “Asos-ul-baloga” were found and they analysed.
Practical value: This work will help to new scientific search studying the scientific legacy of Makhmud Zamakhshari and to analyse his lexicography. The dissertation will be the main source of educational programms for Literary Sourse Studies and Manuscript Studies, the history of Arabic lexicography in Higher Educational Institutions, preparing lectures on it special courses for students.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: 13 articles were published on the results.
Sphere of usage: sourse studies, Arabic sourse studies, manuscript studies, linguisty, the history of Arabic linguisty, Arabic lexicography.
Each nation has a scientific and spiritual heritage, including their exhortation, edification, verses and stories reflected in manuscripts. In recent years, there has been growing interest in scientific and spiritual heritage, ancient manuscripts and works that are important for study, research and promotion. Finding, studying and publishing manuscripts is one of the most actual problems today, especially manuscripts dating back to the IXth-XIIth centuries, written on the territory of today's Central Asia. Many of the popular works of various fields saturated with Islamic ideology were created at the same time. One of these works is the manuscripts “Rabi-ul-abrar and nusus-ul-ahbar” (“Spring of good people and expressed messages”) by the ancient Khorezm scholar Mahmoud Zamakhshari. The article provides information and determination of the structural differences between the existing chapters of two copies of this manuscript in Arabic stored in the funds of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Muslim Administration of Uzbekistan. The article also discusses the importance of the work of Rabi-ul-abrar and nusus-ul-ahbara at the present stage of ethics. This work is fundamentally different from other works of the scholar Mahmoud Zamahshari and is a collection of works covering all natural, social, political and spiritual events in society. Another aspect of the work is that the scholar classified this work by summing up the words of the prophets and his associates, caliphs, emirs, monks and contemporaries.
This article covers the relations between the brotherly peoples of Turkey and Central Asia, the diplomatic relations carried out, the embassy relations between the Kokand Khanate and the Ottomans
Anorectal malformations in children are still one of the most difficult problems in pediatric coloproctology. Most pediatric surgeons continue to adhere to the opinion about the advisability of preliminary colostomy and delayed proctoplasty, motivating this tactic with the possibility of creating the optimal conditions for performing a complex intervention, reducing anesthetic risk, avoiding technical errors. The work is based on the results of treatment of 154 children with anorectal malformation and preliminary colostomy. The use of colostomy in children with anorectal malformation made it possible to carry out the necessary surgical tactics in a timely and differentiated manner, to reduce the frequency, nature of complications and early disability, and to improve the quality of life and social adaptation of patients.
To evaluate and compare the long-term results of uranoplasty, we studied the state of soft palate function in 27 children with secondary and residual deformations of the palate after uranoplasty. A spectral analysis of sounds in children with secondary and residual deformations of the palate in the long term after uranoplasty shows that the degree of nasality practically does not change in dynamics and confirms the need for individual approaches to planning the stages of primary uranoplasty
The literature review describes the methods of treatment of odontogenic cysts of the jaw bones in children and the surgical rehabilitation of patients with this pathology [5,7]. The literature data on various methods of surgical treatment of odontogenic cysts of the jaw bones in children are summarized. The prospects for the recognition of odontogenic cysts with computed tomography are noted, the decisive preference for making a diagnosis is given to the obligatory pathological examination [2,3].
The article highlights the history of political relations between the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic and the Republic of Turkey in the 20s of the twentieth century. The government of the Young Bukharians headed by F. Khodjaev considered political relations with Turkey one of the important directions. The Turkish state was the first to recognize the independence of the BNSR and sent ambassadors to Bukhara. On the basis of archival documents, it is revealed that political relations between the two countries were not effective enough under the pressure of the Soviets.
More than 70 works of Mahmud Zamakhshari, which had a great influence on the spiritual heritage of Maverannahr, are devoted to linguistics, literature, religious studies, didactics, geography. Linguistics and word science occupy a special place in the scientific heritage of the scientist. Mahmud Zamakhshari covers all areas of science related to linguistics and lexicography. The famous work of the scientist “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” is one of the sources of this style. This work, recognized as the first multilingual dictionary, contains аrabic-рersian-turkic trilingual, arabic-persian-turkic-mongolian four-language manuscripts. The work consists of five parts, the first title of which belongs to the category of words, and the second is dedicated to the verb and its derivatives. The third part consists of grammatical rules concerning auxiliary words, the fourth part-declension of nouns, and the fifth part-declension of verbs. There are copies in world collections that contain five parts of the work, as well as manuscripts in which the grammatical parts are translated separately. The volume of the dictionary parts of the work is of great and important scientific significance. In particular, the turkic vocabulary in the manuscripts included in the turkish vocabulary of the work is among the topics that are not studied and are relevant in world linguistics. 10 rare manuscripts of the dictionary “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” are stored in the funds of Tashkent, 62 copies-in the funds of countries around the world. The main part of them was moved in the XIII-XIVcenturies, and this period serves as an important source for studying the richness and semantic features of the turkic language dictionary. So far, 6 manuscripts have been found in the funds of the world, which were rewritten in Khorezm. The oldest manuscript of the work is the arabic-persian dictionary, rewrittenin Khorezm in 1257 and now stored in the Suleiman Foundation of Turkey. Khorezm manuscripts of the work are stored in the funds of Turkey, Dagestan, and France.
This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs.Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language.
Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order.
In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs
similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from
verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented.
Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.
The article examines the historical role of the Khwarezm people in the sociopolitical life of the Middle East countries of the 1330-60th based on Medieval Arabic and Persian manuscripts. It is known, the brave Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, the last Shah of the Khwarezmshah dynasty, had already gathered a ten-thousand-strong army of the Khwarezmians outside of Khwarezm, and he was repeatedly engaged in the battle with the Mongols and won their invasion further to West into the Arab world. But he died in 1231, and his army roamed all over the Middle East, serving either the Seljuq empire sultans, or the Ayyubid princes in Syria (Sham), who entered into an internecine struggle for Central power in Syria and Egypt. The Khwarezmians helped the Ayyubids defeat the crusaders, liberate the Holy Muslim city of al-Quds and several fortress cities from them, and later inflict a crushing overthrow the Mongols who entered the Arab lands. These important events are reflected in detail in the historical Chronicles by al-Maqrizi, Ibn Iyas, al-Khanbali, as-Suyuti, Ibn Taghriberdi, al-Khamadani and many other historians of the Mamluk period of the 13-15th centuries, associated with the arrival of the Mamluk Turks in Egypt and Syria. These works repeatedly emphasize the crucial role of the Khwarezmians in the historical arena of the Middle East in the 1330-60th, when they were considered to be a formidable military force in the fateful battles for the peoples of this region. The authors of the Chronicles also pay great attention to certain historical figures, whom they concede to be of Khwarezm origin, such as the Egyptian Sultana Shajarat ad-Dur and the Mamluk Sultan Sayf ad-din Qutuz. Qutuz, along with his emirs, including the Khwarezmians, won a crushing victory over the Mongols in the town of Aynjalut in 1260, stopping their victorious march through the Arab world. The Chronicles unanimously state that Qutuz’s real name is Mahmud Ibn Mamdud and he comes from the Khwarezmshah dynasty, as he is the son of Jalal al-Din Mingburnu’s sister. In the works of the above-mentioned authors, the memory of the Khwarezmians remains as brave, courageous soldiers, who were abandoned by fate to a foreign land, forced to wander far from their homeland until they settled in different parts of the Middle East region. Their further fate is unknown, but the historical memory of the deeds of the glorious sons of Khwarezm in the vastness of the Middle East in the 13th century is forever preserved in handwritten works.
In this article, the eighth exhibition hall of the Termez Archaeological Museum is dedicated to the culture of Termez and Chaganiyan during the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids. In this exhibition hall, there are models of Kyrgyz, Kokildar ota, Sultan Saodat complex, glazed household items, map of Amir Temur's state, copper coins, chess pieces and military equipment are being demonstrated. The material resources displayed in exhibitions of this hall, covering the period from 1370 to the beginning of the 16th century, show that the applied art of Termez and Chaganiyan developed in harmony with the culture of other central cities of Amir Temur's state.
There exist numerous resources about the history and culture of Uzbekistan in the libraries and archives of Turkey. This work is about a letter from the Ottoman archives. Documents related to the history of Uzbekistan in the Ottoman archives began to be seen especially in the middle of 16 th century and continued to increase permanently. As a result of the relations, there are many documents in the Ottoman archives. In return, it is known that a great number of documents about Turkish history and culture are saved in the libraries and archives of Uzbekistan. Scientific works on these documents should be increased and brought to the scientific world. The letter that we work on, was dated 6 April 1706 and sent by Ubeydullah Khan II of Bukhara khanate to the Ottoman Padishah Ahmet III. The letter is saved in the Ottoman Archives operating under the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Department of State Archives. The letter gives essential information about wording, style of language, diplomatic features and historical events in that period. The reason for writing this letter was to declare the accession of Ubeydullah Khan II and to celebrate the accession of Sultan Ahmet. In addition, the work done by Ubeydullah Khan and the importance of the relations between the two countries were mentioned and good wishes were made for their development. The letter was written in old Uzbek (Turkic) language. It is an eloquent and advanced level text in which a number of Arabic and Persian words were used. One of the writing features of the period is the absence of punctuation marks. Another feature of the letter's wording and style is to include several quotations in the same sentence while expressing the idea in order to support and prove the idea. These issues make it difficult to determine the starting and ending places of the sentences as well as making it hard to understand. The quotations included to support and prove ideas and thoughts also reveal the cultural and religious features and levels of the period. The quotations in question are largely verses and hadiths from the Qur'an. This work relies on the first-hand resource and brings in some information to the scientific world about Turkish-Uzbek relations, Uzbek language, history and culture in the late 17 th and early 18 th centuries.
The article studies the value of the net asset value as an indicator influencing the attractiveness of investment funds. At the same time, the dynamics of the value of the net assets of investment funds per capita of countries, characteristic of the organizational models of the securities market, is analyzed, and recommendations and proposals are given to increase the attractiveness of investment funds in our country.
In the work “Devonu lugati-t-turk” the author Makhmud Kashgari gave scientific explanation to Turkic words and terms. Including to the word Saw. In the article has been made a research of the meaning of this word and its formation as a term in Turkic script.
Arabic is a container for an ancient civilization, deep impact, it is a fixed and well-established language, rooted in the depths of history, but the defect that seems evident in the field of learning for non-native speakers has become one of the most important challenges and problems facing specialists and those interested in its studies and studies, so I will raise in this article the most prominent teaching problems related to Arabic language teachers and students, and I will try hard to put forward possible solutions that can contribute to overcoming the difficulties of studying the Arabic language to keep this language disclosed for its genius and renewed ability On adaptation and creativity in various sciences.
This article deals with the system of the chronology of the torment – a twelve-year animal cycle – common among the peoples of Central and East Asia and its great popularity in all parts of the globe. On the basis of various sources and scientific hypotheses of scientists, considerations on the time and place of origin, the creators of twelve-year animal cycle are analyzed in it.
This article presents the characteristics of spill grunts, their types,methods of geological exploration, shurfs, their depth and hajmi, distance between shurfs, methods of mining shurfs and their impact on the physicochemical properties of spill grunts, the presence of large additives and gaps in spill grunts and their deposition, biracial static or Dynamic probing to determine these, exploratory drilling and work on obtaining samples to research the physicochemical properties of.
This article is devoted to the experiences of Mahmud Tarzi, the Afghan enlightener, journalist, poet and statesman, in the tragic event, related to the coup d'état of 1928–1929 in the country, and through his poems of this period, his attitude to these events and factors, which led to them.