Ilm fan taraqqiyotida raqamli iqtisodiyot va zamonaviy ta'limning o'rni hamda rivojlanish omillari

Аннотация: тезисда тадбиркорлик лойиҳаларини молиялаштиришнинг амалий механизмлари таҳлил қилинган. Унда  молиялаштириш манбалари, жумладан, банк кредитлари, давлат грантлари ва субсидиялари, хусусий сармоячилардан сармоя жалб қилиш, венчур капитал ва лизинг хизматлари каби усуллар кўриб чиқилган. Тадбиркорлик лойиҳаларини молиялаштиришдаги асосий босқичлар, шартлар белгилаш, маблағларни жалб қилиш ва лойиҳанинг мониторинги таҳлил қилинган.

Abstract: The business letter, as a form of official business speech, plays a crucial role in professional communication, maintaining a structured and standardized approach to correspondence. The stylistic features of business writing are shaped by its function within specific domains such as commerce, law, diplomacy, and administration. This paper explores the linguistic and structural characteristics of business letters, emphasizing their formal tone, thematic focus, and adherence to standardized formats. The study highlights the impact of official-business style on document accuracy, neutrality, and clarity, ensuring unambiguous communication between parties. Additionally, the role of business letters in international communication is discussed, underscoring their importance in maintaining legally binding agreements and professional relationships. The findings reveal that while business correspondence remains relatively conservative, it continues to evolve in response to changes in legal, economic, and technological environments.

Abstract: Pragmatic competence is a key component of effective communication in English as Foreign Language (EFL) contexts, enabling learners to use language appropriately in various social and cultural situations. A lack of this competence can lead to misunderstandings, especially in intercultural communication. This article explores the significance of pragmatic competence in EFL communication, highlighting its role in understanding speech acts, politeness strategies and

Annotation: This research examines the structural, functional, and stylistic differences between compound sentences in Uzbek and English. As members of distinct language families—Uzbek being Turkic and English belonging to the Indo-European group—their sentence construction strategies vary significantly. The study highlights the role of coordinating conjunctions, punctuation, and implicit coordination in both languages, analyzing their impact on language learning, translation, and discourse organization. Through a comparative-analytical approach, the research identifies challenges faced by learners and translators, offering insights into linguistic typology and bilingual education. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of syntactic diversity and practical applications in cross-linguistic communication.

Annotatsiya: Respublikamizda bugungi kunga kelib ta’lim jarayoni uchun mo‘ljallangan ko‘plab dasturiy ta’lim vositalari ishlab chiqilib, ularga elektron darslik, elektron o‘quv qo‘llanma, elektron kutubxonalar, elektron kataloglar, elektron o‘quv metodik majmua kabi turli dasturiy ta’lim vositalarini misol qilib keltirish mumkin. O‘quv jarayonida dasturiy vositalar quyidagilarni o‘z ichiga oladi: Ta’lim jarayonini tashkil qilish va boshqarishga doir bo‘lganlari dasturiy  vositalar va bundan faqat o‘quv jarayoniga doir bo‘lganlari dasturiy ta’lim vositalari deb qo‘llaniladi

    Annotatsiya:O’smirlada kechadigan jarayonlardan eng ko’p uchraydigan xolat xulqiy og’ishdir va aynan mana shu jarayon natijasida xozirgi kunda juda ko’p jinoyatlar va suitsidlar kelib chiqmoqda.Bularga barham topib bunday holatlarni bartaraf etish pedagok va psixologlar  uchun mas’uliyatli vazilardan bo’lishi va barcha xarakat qilish kerak

        ANNOTATSIYA: Ushbu maqolada buyraklarning inson salomatligidagi ahamiyati, ularning asosiy funksiyalari, sog‘lom turmush tarzining buyraklar faoliyatiga ijobiy ta’siri va buyrak kasalliklarining oldini olish yo‘llari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, maqolada buyrak faoliyatini qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi ovqatlanish qoidalari, suv ichish me’yori va muntazam tibbiy tekshiruvlarning ahamiyati haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Ushbu material sog‘lom hayot tarzini targ‘ib qilish va buyrak salomatligini asrashga qaratilgan.

ANNOTATSIYA: Boshlangʻich maktabda oʻqishni endi boshlayotgan oʻquvchilar bilan ishlash, ularga taʼlim berish va xulq-atvorining rivojlanishiga erishish juda katta masʼuliyat talab etadi. Bunda, pedagogika muhim ahamiyatga ega, chunki u oʻqituvchilarga sinfni tashkil qilish uchun eng yaxshi tajribalar haqida tushuncha beradi. Bu ularga turli xil oʻquvchilar qanday oʻrganishlarini tushunishga imkon beradi, shuning uchun ular oʻz darslarini ushbu ehtiyojlarga moslashtirishlari mumkin. Natijada, bu ularning oʻqitish sifatini oshiradi, chunki u talabalar tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilinadi.

Annotatsiya: “Zarning qadri” maqolasida Maqsud Shayxzodaning “She’riyat ummonidan qatralar” maqolasi ob’ekt qilib olingan. Unda muallifning shoir va tadqiqotchi pozitsiyasi tahliliy o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, boy klassik me’rosimizning oshig‘i bo‘lgan Shayxzodaning badiiy imkoniyati tahlil qilinadi.

Annotation: In the article “Zarning qadri”, the aticle “Sheriyat ummonidan qatralar” by Maqsud Shayhzoda is taken as an object.In which the author’s position as poet and researcher is studied analytically. It also analyzes the aristic potential of Maqsud Shayhzoda, the lover of our rich classical heritage. Thepoet’s article skills are analyzed in limit theory. 

Annotatsiya: Maqsud Shayxzoda “Inson umri cheklangan muhlatli daftar”, demak, bu daftarni foydali, ezgu ishlar – “yozuvlar” bilan to‘ldirish lozim deydi. Darhaqiqat, bu cheklangan, sargardonlikka to‘lgan umrni, ya’ni muhlatli daftarini ezgulik satrlari bilan to‘ldirgan adibning har satri qatlarida olamcha ma’no, hikmatlar mujassam. Maqolada shu xususda fikr yuritiladi.

Annotation: Maqsud says that Prince's "notebook with a limited period of human life" means that this notebook should be filled with useful, noble deeds - "records". Indeed, this limited, wandering life, that is, every line of the writer who filled his timeless notebook with lines of goodness, has universal meaning and wisdom. The article discusses this.

Annotatsiya: maqolada Maqsud Shayxzoda asarlari, O‘zbekistonga bo‘lgan muxabbati, vatanparvarlik, shuningdek, shoirning tarixiy asarlari haqidagi shaxsiy yondoshuvlar bayon etilgan.  

The article describes the works of Maqsud Shaykhzoda, his love for Uzbekistan, homeland, patriotism, as well as his personal views on the historical works of the poet. a

Annotatsiya: Bu maqolada shoir Maqsud Shayxzoda ijodida ilgari surilgan fikrlardan kelib chiqib,  yoshlarni Vatanga muhabbat ruhida tarbiyalash muammolari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Yoshlarni Vatanga muhabbat ruhida tarbiyalashdan asosiy maqsad ularni ta’lim jarayoni orqali tarbiyalash va ma’nan yetuk mutaxasislar qilib tayyorlashdan iborat. Maqsud Shayxzodaning lirik falasafiy va vatanparvarlik ruhida yozilgan asarlari yoshlarni Vatanga muhabbat ruhida tarbiyalashda, ularni ma’naviy barkamol insonlar qilib tarbiyalashda muhim o‘rin tutadi.

Annotation: This article examines the problems of educating young people in the spirit of love for the Motherland, based on the ideas put forward in the work of the poet Maqsud Shaikhzoda. The main goal of educating young people in the spirit of love for the Motherland is to educate them through the educational process and prepare them as spiritually mature specialists. Maqsud Shaikhzoda's lyrical, philosophical and patriotic works play an important role in educating young people in the spirit of love for the Motherland and in raising them as spiritually mature people.

Аннотация: Тезисда кичик бизнес лойиҳаларини қўллаб-қувватлашга оид асосий стратегийалар ва уларнинг иқтисодиётдаги аҳамияти таҳлил қилинади. Кичик бизнеслар мамлакат иқтисодиётининг муҳим компонентларидан бири бўлиб, иш ўринларини яратиш, инновацияларни жорий қилиш ва маҳаллий бозорларда рақобатни оширишда муҳим роль ўйнайди. Маълумотлар асосида, мақола давлат томонидан қўллаб-қувватлашнинг молиявий, ташкилотий ва ижтимоий жиҳатларини кўриб чиқади. Шунингдек, кичик бизнеснинг ривожланишига тўсқинлик қилаётган муаммолар, уларни ҳал қилишнинг йўллари ва халқаро тажрибалар борасида фикрлар келтирилган.

Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness of task-based approaches in language learning, focusing on the integration of real-world tasks and problem-solving activities. Task-based language teaching (TBLT) emphasizes authentic communication and practical use of language, fostering a more engaging and meaningful learning experience. Through a systematic review of existing literature and an analysis of various educational contexts, this research highlights how task-based approaches enhance language acquisition by promoting active participation, critical thinking, and collaboration among learners. The findings demonstrate that real-world tasks not only improve linguistic proficiency but also facilitate the development of cognitive and social skills essential for effective communication. Additionally, problem-solving activities are shown to encourage learners to navigate linguistic challenges in context, further reinforcing their language abilities. These abstract underscores the potential of task-based methodologies as valuable tools for educators aiming to create dynamic and effective language learning environments that mirror real-life interactions.

ANNOTATSIYA: Ushbu maqolada issiqxona sharoitida banan yetishtirish texnologiyasi va uning asosiy omillari haqida so‘z boradi. Dunyo bo‘yicha banan yetishtirish hajmi va ularning eng yirik ishlab chiqaruvchi davlatlari tahlil qilinadi. Banan yetishtirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan harorat, namlik, yorug‘lik, havo aylanishi, tuproq tarkibi va o‘g‘itlash kabi omillar tavsiflanadi. O‘zbekiston hududida banan etishtirishning hozirgi holati, ilmiy tadqiqotlar va innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etish zarurati haqida fikr yuritiladi. Shuningdek, banan navlari, ularning xususiyatlari va tijorat maqsadlarida qo‘llanilishi haqida ma'lumot beriladi. Banan navlaridan Grand Naine, Super Dwarf Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish, va Masak Xijayu kabi mashhur navlar, ularning hosildorligi va kasalliklarga chidamliligi bilan ajralib turadi. Ishning yakunida, O‘zbekistonda banan yetishtirishda innovatsion texnologiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlarni amalga oshirish zarurligi ta'kidlanadi. Bu ish issiqxona sharoitida banan yetishtirishni rivojlantirish uchun ilmiy asoslangan yondashuvlarni va zamonaviy texnologiyalarni joriy etishning muhimligini ko‘rsatadi.

ANNOTATSIYA: Ushbu maqolada chet tilini o’qitishda nutqiy faoliyat turlari,  o‘qish, tinglash, yozish va gapirishning muhum taraflari va ahamiyati, qolaversa,  o’rganuvchilarning chet tilini o‘rganishga bo’lgan qiziqishini uyg‘otadi va chet tilini o’qitish metodikasini shakllantirish  ko‘rib chiqildi.

АННОТАЦИЯ: В данной статье рассмотрены виды речевой деятельности при обучении иностранному языку, важные аспекты и значение чтения, аудирования, письма и говорения, кроме того, это вызывает интерес учащихся к изучению иностранного языка и формированию методики преподавания иностранного языка.

Annotation: This study explores the pragmatic aspects of phraseological units in English articles, focusing on their role in shaping meaning, influencing interpretation, and reflecting cultural and contextual nuances. Phraseological units, such as idioms, collocations, and fixed expressions, are integral to effective communication in written discourse, especially in journalistic writing. By examining how these expressions function in articles, the study highlights their importance in guiding reader interpretation, establishing tone, and enhancing the clarity and emotional appeal of the content. The pragmatic analysis also delves into how these units reflect broader cultural, historical, and social contexts, adding layers of meaning and intertextual references to the articles in which they appear. Additionally, the paper discusses the dynamic nature of phraseological units, which evolve over time and adapt to changing linguistic and social trends, particularly in the digital age. Ultimately, the study underscores the significance of phraseological units as a linguistic tool for conveying complex ideas succinctly, creating persuasive narratives, and shaping the relationship between the writer and the reader.

O‘rta asrlar tarix fanida jahon tarixining qadimgi dunyo tarixi bilan yangi tarix oralig‘idagi davrni ifodalash uchun qabul qilingan atama o‘rta asr tushunchasi XV-XVI asr italyan tarixchilari asarlarida vujudga kelgan, fanda XVIII asrda qaror topgan. Dastlab G‘arbiy Yevropa mamlakatlar tarixiga nisbatan ishlatilgan. O‘rta asrlar V asrdan – XV asrgacha bo‘lgan davrni o‘z ichiga oladi. Milodiy 476-yilda G‘arbiy Rim imperiyasi qulagandan so‘ng o‘rta asrlar boshlangan. O’rta asrlar ikkiga bo‘linadi: Ilk o‘rta asrlar davri V – XI asrlarni o‘z ichiga oladi, Rivojlangan o‘rta asrlar esa XI – XV asrlarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Tarix faniga o‘rta asrlar tushunchasi uyg‘onish davri mutaffakirlari tomonidan berilgan bo‘lib, madaniyat yuksak etgan antik davr bilan uyg‘onish davri o‘rtasidagi davrga nisbatan ishlatilgan. Ilk o‘rta asrlar davrida O‘rta Osiyo tarixida muhim voqealar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Bu yerda shahar hunarmanchiligi keng tarmoq otib rivojlanishda davom etdi. Samarqand, Buxoro, Poykent va boshqa shaharlar yirik savdo-sotiq markazlari sifatida o‘rnini saqlab qoldi. Hatto Shosh-Iloq vohasidagi shaharlar juda jadal rivojlanish yo‘liga tushib qoldi. Bu shaharlarda hunarmandchilikning kulolchilik, shishasozlik, metallurgiya, to‘qimachilik sohalari yuksak professional darjada rivojlanib ular ko‘p hollarda tashqi savdo uchun mahsulot chiqarar edi. Ilk o‘rta asrlarda O‘rta Osiyo haqida gapiradigan bo‘lsak, to‘qimachilik hunarmandchilikning ustuvor yo‘nalishiga aylandi. Ayniqsa, ipak mahsulolartini ishlab chiqarish keng yo‘lga qo‘yilgan. VII asrda O‘rta Osiyo ijtimoiy va siyosiy hayotida yer berilgan feodallashtirish jarayonining rivojlanishi xoqonlikda ichki qarama-qarshiliklarning chuqurlashishiga olib keldi. Jamiyatning ijtimoiy tarkibida o‘zgarishlar hatto yer egalari bo‘lgan dehqonlar, badavlat savdogar va hunarmandlar tabaqasi paydo bo‘ldi. Yerlar o‘z navbatida shaharlarni vujudga kelishiga ko‘p tarmoqli hunarmandchilik va savdo-sotiqning rivojlanishiga ta’sir o‘tkazdi. Malumki, G‘arb bilan Sharqni bog‘lovchi muhim savdo yo‘li bilan Buyuk Ipak yo‘l(G‘arbiy meridian yo‘l)ining qadimgi Farg‘onadan o‘tgan yo‘nalishi ilk o‘rta asrlarga kelib, O‘rta Osiyo Shimoliy hududlarining ichki rayonlariga kirib bordi. Savdo-sotiqni pul asosida rivojlanishiga keng imkoniyatlar yaratildi, tanga pul zarb qilishga bo‘lgan ehtiyoj kuchayib, pul zarbxonalarining yangi markazlari paydo bo‘ldi. O‘rta Osiyo borasida Toxariston, So‘g‘d, Usturshona va Shosh tangalari keng muomalada bo‘ldi. Ilk o‘rta asrlarda har bir shahar o‘zining markazlari bilan mashhur bo‘lgan. Masalan, VI – VII asrlarda shakllangan Buxoroning “Zandanichi” ipak mahsulotlariga bo‘lgan talab katta bo‘lgan hamda, Samarqand esa o‘zining “toq qizil baxmali” bilan mashhur bo‘lgan.

Abstract: In the rapidly evolving digital learning environment, WebQuest has emerged as a powerful educational tool to enhance student engagement and foster independent learning. This paper explores the effectiveness of using WebQuest in improving writing skills among secondary school students. Drawing on theoretical and empirical findings, the study investigates how WebQuest can be integrated into writing instruction to support learners in generating ideas, structuring texts, and refining grammatical accuracy. Through a month-long experimental study with control and experimental groups, the research found that students who engaged with WebQuest tasks demonstrated greater improvements in writing fluency, creativity, and task engagement compared to those taught using traditional methods. The findings suggest that WebQuest-based learning can be a meaningful alternative to conventional classroom instruction for enhancing writing proficiency at the secondary level.

Annotatsiya: O‘simliklar dunyosi obyektlari davlat kadastri mazmuni va yuritish tartibi, ulardan foydalanish hajmlari hisobini va davlat kadastrini yuritish to‘g‘risidagi muvofiq o‘simliklar dunyosi obyektlarining davlat muhofazasini hamda ulardan oqilona foydalanishni ta’minlash orqali yuritish tartibi to’g’risida.

Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada kiberjinoyatlar tushunchasi, ularning turlari, global va milliy miqyosda tarqalishi, shuningdek, huquqiy jihatdan tartibga solish masalalari tahlil qilinadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunchiligi, xalqaro tajriba hamda zamonaviy texnologik tahdidlar kontekstida kiberjinoyatlarning oldini olish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada statistik ma’lumotlar, huquqiy tahlillar va ekspertlar fikrlariga asoslangan ilmiy yondashuvdan foydalaniladi.

Annotation: This article explains the teaching of communicative technologies to intermediate level students in the process of teaching English as a foreign language. It aims to discuss the role of Information and Communication Technologies in teaching and how engaging students in the classroom through CLT can positively impact their English language proficiency and speaking ability, and the benefits of this, and attempts to find solutions to various problems, such as access to resources and the need for teacher training. The article explores the effectiveness of digital tools such as video conferencing, language learning apps, and collaborative platforms in creating interactive and student-centered environments. The article concludes with practical recommendations for the effective implementation of communicative technologies in language education.

ABSTRACT. Climate change and ecology are one of the most pressing problems in the world today, and they are closely interconnected. This article provides complete information about the causes of climate change, its impact on ecosystems, social consequences, the situation in Uzbekistan and its solutions. Also, a list of used literature is provided at the end of the article. This study studies the impact of climate change on the ecological environment. The damage caused to ecosystems as a result of increasing global temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme weather events is analyzed. Problems such as soil degradation, depletion of water resources, and loss of biodiversity due to the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are considered. The impact on soil and water resources is observed in the acceleration of desertification, land degradation, depletion of drinking water sources, and disruption of the water cycle. The decline in biodiversity is due to the ability of flora and fauna in different regions to adapt to climate change, the high number of species at risk of extinction. Human health and economic impacts, diseases caused by high temperatures, food security problems and impacts on agriculture. Adaptation strategies for prevention include ensuring carbon neutrality, using renewable energy sources, restoring ecosystems and developing sustainable development strategies.

Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada davlat ishtirokidagi korxonalar faoliyatining moliyaviy barqarorligini ta’minlashning dolzarb masalalari, mavjud muammolar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, korxonalarni boshqarish mexanizmlarini takomillashtirish, investitsion jozibadorlikni oshirish va raqobatbardoshlikni ta’minlashga qaratilgan strategiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.

Annotation: In today's educational landscape, the useful stages of reading, writing and motivating is increasingly recognized as a potent catalyst for enhanced student learning across all subject areas. This relationship fosters active engagement with the material, leading to improved academic performance and heightened motivation among students. However, the challenge lies in the thoughtful management of reading and writing tasks. Assigning readings without adequate scaffolding or support can limit their effectiveness, necessitating a structured instructional approach to bolster students' reading strategies and writing skills.

Annotation:This article explores the impact of innovative technologies on improving English speaking skills in foreign language education. In the digital age, incorporating tools such as mobile applications, online platforms, and multimedia resources has become essential in language teaching. The relevance of the topic lies in how these innovations foster learners’ fluency, motivation, and confidence. The article reviews current trends, practical applications, and the benefits of integrating technology into English instruction.

Ma’lumki, miqdoriy usul va modеllar nazariyasi hamda qo‘llanishiga doir masalalar chiziqli dasturlash masalasiga keltirilib hal qilinadi. Aniqlik sharoiti dеganda, sistеma boshqaruvining barcha paramеtr va shartlari aniq bo‘lgan, ya’ni hеch qanday tasodifiylik ta’siri bo‘lmagan hol tushuniladi. Bunday masalalarda chiziqli optimizatsiyalash usuli qo‘llanilib, bunda ishlab chiqarishning optimal rеjasini tuzish, savdo, xarid yoki tashish optimal hajmini aniqlash, optimal moliyaviy rеjalashtirish va shu kabi maqsadlar ko‘zlanadi. Rеjalashtirish boshqaruvning asosiy funksiyalaridan biridir.

Annotation: This article explores common writing challenges faced by students in academic courses and presents pedagogical approaches and strategies that educators can implement to mitigate these difficulties. By focusing on proactive instruction, targeted feedback, and the integration of writing across the curriculum, this paper aims to provide practical insights for fostering effective academic communication among students.

Abstract: This article explores the literary genre of fantasy, examining its conceptual foundations, historical development, and defining characteristics. Fantasy literature, characterized by magical and supernatural elements, offers a unique means of storytelling that transcends the limitations of realism. The study traces the genre's roots from ancient mythologies to contemporary narratives, highlighting significant works and authors who have shaped its evolution. It also categorizes various sub-genres of fantasy and discusses their thematic and structural distinctions. Emphasis is placed on the role of fantasy as both a form of escapism and a vehicle for social commentary, showcasing how modern writers use fantasy to address complex issues such as identity, power, and morality. By analyzing the enduring appeal and critical reception of fantasy literature, the article affirms the genre's cultural and literary significance in contemporary writing.

Аннотация: В данной статье рассматривается жанр фэнтези, его теоретические основы, историческое развитие и ключевые характеристики. Литература фэнтези, отличающаяся магическими и сверхъестественными элементами, предлагает уникальный способ повествования, выходящий за рамки реализма. Исследование прослеживает истоки жанра от древних мифов до современной литературы, выделяя значимые произведения и авторов, оказавших влияние на его становление. Также проводится классификация поджанров фэнтези с описанием их тематических и структурных отличий. Особое внимание уделяется роли фэнтези как средства бегства от реальности и одновременно как формы социального комментария. Через анализ произведений современных авторов, затрагивающих вопросы идентичности, власти и морали, статья подтверждает культурную и литературную значимость жанра в контексте современной литературы.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada fantastika janrining nazariy asoslari, tarixiy rivojlanishi va asosiy xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Moʻjizaviy va gʻayritabiiy elementlar bilan ajralib turadigan fantastik adabiyot realistik adabiyot cheklovlaridan tashqariga chiqib, oʻziga xos hikoya qilish uslubini taklif etadi. Tadqiqot fantastika janrining qadimiy mifologiyalardan to zamonaviy asarlargacha boʻlgan rivojlanishini kuzatadi hamda bu janr shakllanishida muhim rol oʻynagan mualliflar va asarlarni taqdim etadi. Shuningdek, fantastika ichidagi subjanrlar turlarga boʻlinib, ularning mavzuli va strukturaviy farqlari yoritiladi. Maqolada fantastikaning nafaqat qochish vositasi, balki ijtimoiy muammolarni yorituvchi vosita sifatida oʻrni koʻrsatiladi. Zamonaviy yozuvchilar tomonidan shaxsiylik, hokimiyat va axloqiylik kabi murakkab masalalarning yoritilishi orqali janrning hozirgi davr adabiyotidagi madaniy va estetik ahamiyati tasdiqlanadi.

Взаимоотношения родителей и детей дошкольного возраста играют ключевую роль в развитии ребенка и формировании его личности. Это один из важнейших аспектов психоэмоционального, социального и когнитивного развития ребенка, который влияет на его поведение, отношения с окружающими и успешность адаптации в обществе. В Узбекистане, как и в других странах, значительные изменения в социальной и образовательной сферах оказывают влияние на эти взаимоотношения, что добавляет новые вызовы и возможности для воспитания детей.

Annotatsiya: Sanoat mulki huquqlari buzilgan holatlarda fuqarolik-huquqiy javobgarlikning dolzarbligi zarar ko‘rgan tomonning huquqlarini tiklash va uni o‘zi tomonidan berilgan zarar uchun kompensatsiya olishini ta’minlashdir. Bundan tashqari, huquq buzilishi natijasida yetkazilgan zararni qoplash, ko‘riladigan jazo choralari, huquqni tiklash kabi munosabatlarni tartibga solish ham muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi

Аннотация: Актуальность гражданско-правовой ответственности по делам о нарушении прав промышленной собственности заключается в восстановлении прав потерпевшего и обеспечении ему возмещения причиненного им ущерба. Кроме того, важно урегулировать такие отношения, как возмещение вреда, причиненного нарушением закона, применение мер ответственности, восстановление прав.

Annotation: The relevance of civil liability in cases of infringement of industrial property rights is to restore the rights of the injured party and ensure that he receives compensation for the damage caused by him. In addition, it is important to regulate relations such as compensation for damage caused by infringement of rights, penalties, and restoration of rights.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida bank omonati shartnomasining fuqarolik huquqiy maqomi, ahamiyati, shartnoma tushunchasi, taraflar va ularning huquq va majburiyatlari, bank omonati shartnomasining fuqarolik jamiyatida tutgan o’ziga xos xususiyatlari haqida so‘z yuritilgan bo‘lib, qonunchilik normalari tahlil etilgan.

ANOTATSIYA Ushbu maqolada xalqaro korrupsiya va unga qarshi kurashning ustuvor vazifalari shuningdek yechimlari masalalarini taxlil qilingan.

АННОТАЦИЯ. В статье анализируются приоритетные задачи и пути решения международной коррупции и борьбы с ней.

ANNOTATION. This article analyzes international corruption and the priority tasks and solutions for combating it.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada davlat siyosiy tizimining sub’ekti sifatida siyosiy rejimlar tushunchasi, ularning tasnifi va o‘zaro farqlari tahlil qilinadi. Demokratik, avtoritar, totalitar va gibrid rejimlarning hokimiyat manbalari, fuqarolik huquqlari, axborot erkinligi va institutsional mustahkamligi jihatidan qiyosiy taqqoslanadi. Maqola natijalariga ko‘ra, har bir rejim turi davlat siyosiy tizimida o‘ziga xos rol o‘ynaydi va mamlakat siyosiy barqarorligi hamda fuqarolarning siyosiy ishtiroki darajasini belgilaydi.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada tadqiqotlar natijasida olingan buxor sur rangli qo‘zilarining sinflarga va gul tiplariga taqsimlanishi borasidagi natijalar va ularni tahlili keltirilgan.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada yong‘inlar, portlashlar, kimyoviy moddalar bilan  zaxarlanishlar, avariya oqibatlarini bartaraf etish tadbirlari, ob’ektdagi mavjud bo‘lgan himoya inshootlari va pana joylar, kuchli ta’sir etuvchi zaharli moddalarni neytrallashtirishni tashkil etish, radiatsion xavfsizlikni ta’minlash va oldini olish haqida so’z brogan.

Annotation. The development of pragmatic competence has become increasingly significant in foreign language education, as learners must acquire not only grammatical knowledge but also the ability to communicate appropriately across diverse sociocultural contexts. This article highlights the essential role of instructors in fostering learners’ awareness of the communicative norms of the target language and in guiding them through the process of understanding the “other” in intercultural communication. It explores key barriers to pragmatic competence, such as interlingual interference, interlingual gaps, and pragmatic transfer both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic. Using the speech act of advice as an example, the article compares strategies used by native speakers of English and Russian, demonstrating how differences in modality, tone, and formality can impact communication.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqola madaniyatning ingliz tili chet tili (EFL) sifatida o'qitish kabi muhim rolini o'rganadi. Tadqiqotda madaniy elementlarni til o'rganish va muloqot qobiliyatlariga qo'shishning ko'p qirrali afzalliklari muhokama qilinadi. Ushbu sohadagi olimlarning turli xil asarlarini ko'rib chiqish orqali maqolada madaniyat tildan foydalanishni qanday ta'sir qilishi va shakllantirishi va nima uchun o'quvchilarning madaniy ongini oshirish juda muhimligi haqida tushuntirish berilgan. O'qituvchilar duch keladigan umumiy muammolarni hal qilish bilan bir qatorda til darslarida madaniyatni birlashtirishning turli xil amaliy usullari keltirilgan. Oxir oqibat, madaniyatni o'qitish jarayoniga kiritish tilni bilish va madaniyatlararo tushunishni kuchaytiradi.   

Аннотация. В этой статье рассматривается важная роль культуры в преподавании английского языка как иностранного (EFL). В исследовании обсуждаются многогранные преимущества интеграции культурных элементов в изучение языка и развитие коммуникативных навыков. На основе обзора различных работ ученых в этой области в статье дается объяснение того, как культура влияет на использование языка и формирует его форму, и почему так важно повышать культурную осведомленность учащихся. Представлены различные практические способы интеграции культуры на уроках языка, а также решения общих проблем, с которыми сталкиваются учителя. В конечном счете, предполагается, что включение культуры в процесс обучения повышает уровень владения языком и межкультурное понимание.   

Annotation. This article explores the important role of culture in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching. The study discusses the multifaceted benefits of integrating cultural elements into language learning and communication skills. Through reviewing various works of scholars in this field, the paper provides with explanation about how culture effects and shapes language usage and why it is crucial to improve learners’ cultural awareness. Different practical ways to integrate culture in language classes are presented, alongside addressing common challenges that teachers face. Ultimately, it is suggested that including culture in teaching process enhances language proficiency and intercultural comprehension.   

ABSTRACT: This study examines the connection between advanced EFL students' speaking fluency and listening comprehension abilities. Thirty master's degree candidates, all between the ages of twenty and twenty-five, who were certified in advanced language proficiency by the IELTS 7 or CEFR C1 were among the participants. A multiple-choice listening test with ten questions worth one point each and a maximum potential score of ten was used to evaluate listening comprehension. Participants were asked to describe a particular prompt in English in order to gauge their speaking fluency. Two independent raters assessed the recorded oral responses using the Speaking Fluency rubric, which has a maximum score of 16. Speaking performance and listening comprehension have a substantial positive statistically significant link, according to data analysis. With implications for language education and assessment procedures, the findings expand our understanding of how advanced learners' receptive and productive language skills interact.

Annotation: This article explores the impact of peer review in enhancing speaking skills among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. It investigates how structured peer feedback contributes to improved fluency, accuracy, confidence, and engagement in speaking tasks. Drawing on both theoretical perspectives and practical implementations, the article discusses the benefits, challenges, and pedagogical implications of integrating peer review into speaking curricula. The findings suggest that peer review fosters learner autonomy, critical thinking, and collaborative learning, ultimately promoting long-term speaking proficiency.

 Abstract: Reading is a critical skill that provides access to knowledge and understanding; however, it poses significant challenges for language learners. Effective pre-reading activities can enhance reading comprehension by bridging prior knowledge with new content. This article examines the significance of pre-reading strategies, such as brainstorming, making predictions, utilizing graphic organizers, and vocabulary instruction, in improving reading skills. Research indicates that these activities not only activate prior knowledge and foster engagement but also cultivate critical thinking and encourage a positive attitude towards reading. The implications of incorporating such strategies into instructional practices highlight their importance in developing proficient readers among language learners.

   Hayotda ko'p odamlar boshqalarning his-tuyg'ulari haqida qayg'urmaydigan, tom ma'noda odamlarning boshi ustida yuradigan, lekin katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishgan odamlarni uchratgan. Har bir narsada ijobiy tomonlarini topadigan eng xushfe'l odam ham ba'zida hech qanday ijobiy fazilatlarga ega bo'lmagan odamni uchratadi. Bunday shaxslar takabburlik bilan ajralib turadi va o'z muvaffaqiyati uchun hamma narsaga tayyor. Va ha, bunday odamlar kam emas, biz ularni yo'lda uchratamiz. Ular sovuq his-tuyg'ularni uyg'otadi va ko'pchilik ular bilan munosabatlarni saqlab qolmasligi mantiqan to'g'ri. Ammo eng hayratlanarlisi shundaki, siz ular bilan bir muncha vaqt o'tgach uchrashishingiz mumkin va ular mavqega, maqomga erishgan va juda yaxshi ta'minlangan holda yanada muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishadi. Bunday shaxslar har bir jamoada bo'ladi. Yaxshi odamlar ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishishlari kerak, lekin ko'pincha bu sodir bo'lmaydi. Kibrli, o'tkir tirsagi va tishlari (majoziy ma'noda) bo'lgan odamlar ko'pchilikni oxirgi sabr-toqatidan va adolatga bo'lgan ishonchidan mahrum qiladi. Ehtimol, har birimiz hayotimizning qaysidir qismida hammaga past nazar bilan qaraydigan takabbur odamga duch kelganmiz. Bunday odam bilan muloqot qilish yoqimsiz, qiyin va sizga qaratilgan takabburlik sizni suhbatni darhol to'xtatishga undaydi. Ya’ni, o‘zini boshqalardan ustun qo‘yadigan, manmanlik, manmanlik ko‘rsatadigan, doim xo‘r ohangda gapirishga intiladigan, o‘zini mag‘rur tutadigan odam kibrli kishidir. Psixologik nuqtai nazardan, takabbur odamda befarqlik, namoyishkorona xatti-harakatlar, hurmatsizlik, hukmronlik kabi salbiy shaxsiy fazilatlar mavjud (bu fikr bildirish, istehzo va masxara qilish istagini o'z ichiga oladi).

Annotation: This article examines how authentic resources can play a pivotal role in teaching grammar to beginner language learners. Authentic resources—materials produced for real-world communication such as menus, simple newspaper articles, videos, and realia—offer learners exposure to language used naturally rather than in contrived textbook contexts. By integrating authentic examples into grammar instruction, teachers not only enrich students’ understanding of grammatical structures in context but also boost motivation, engagement, and cultural awareness. The article discusses the benefits and challenges of using authentic resources, provides practical classroom strategies for scaffolding and adapting these materials to learners’ levels, and explains how such contextualized input helps bridge the gap between controlled practice and everyday language use.

Annotation: This article explores the benefits and practical applications of incorporating poetry into English language lessons for young learners at the A1 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). It highlights how the inherent features of poetry, such as rhythm, rhyme, and repetition, can facilitate vocabulary acquisition, improve pronunciation, and foster a positive attitude towards language learning in young children. The article provides practical examples of age-appropriate poems and activities that can be effectively implemented in the classroom.

Annotatsiya: Imkoniyati cheklangan bolalarni tarbiyalash masalasi bugungi kunda eng dolzarb masalalardan biriga aylanib bormoqda. Hozirgi kunda Respublikamizda alohida yordamga muhtoj bolalarning rivojlanish darajasi, imkoniyatlari, xususiyatlari va qobiliyatlariga ko'ra maxsus yoki umumiy ta'lim tizimida ta'limni amalga oshirish maqsadida inklyuziv ta'lim tizimi amalga oshirilmoqda. Inklyuziv ta'lim madaniyati! Salamanka deklaratsiyasiga muvofiq xar bir o'quvchi xususiyatlarini isloh qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va ma'qullovchi dalil sifatida qaraladi. Uning maqsadlari jinsi, irqi, madaniyati, ijtimoiy millati, dini, individual imkoniyati va qobiliyati farqlar sabab ijtimoiy segregatsiya oldini olish uchun emas. Biroq, kontseptsiya universal foydalanish uchun yaroqsiz bo'lib chiqdi. Dunyo tajribasiga ko'ra, maktablarda kiritish ko'pincha tengdoshlari bilan birga o'rta maktablarda nogironlar ta'lim sifatida qaraladi (Judi Kugel'mas) biroq, inklyuziv ta'lim mohiyati bilim va bilim hali jamiyatda etarli emas."Inklyuziv "va" integrallashgan " terminlari ko'pincha bir xil ma'noda ishlatiladi. Lekin falsafada bu tushunchalar o'rtasida katta farq bo'lishiga qaramay.

Annotatsiya. Ushbu ilmiy maqolada chet tilini o‘rganishda task-based (vazifaga asoslangan) yondashuvni qo‘llash orqali kommunikativ kompetensiyani rivojlantirishning samaradorligi o‘rganiladi. Maqolada task-based yondashuvning asosiy tamoyillari, ularning til o‘rganuvchilarning nutq faoliyatiga ta’siri va amaliyotda qo‘llash usullari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari bu yondashuv o‘quvchilarning motivatsiyasini oshirishi, erkin fikr bildirishga imkon yaratishi va muloqotga tayyorlik darajasini oshirishini ko‘rsatadi.

Аннотация. В данной научной статье рассматривается эффективность использования задания-ориентированного подхода (Task-Based Approach) в обучении иностранному языку с целью развития коммуникативной компетенции. В статье анализируются основные принципы данного подхода, его влияние на речевую активность учащихся, а также способы применения в учебной практике. Результаты исследования показывают, что данный подход способствует повышению мотивации учащихся, формированию их уверенности в выражении мыслей и готовности к коммуникации.

Abstract. This academic paper explores the effectiveness of the task-based approach in enhancing communicative competence among EFL learners. It analyzes the core principles of task-based learning, its impact on students’ speech performance, and methods of implementation in classroom settings. The study reveals that the task-based approach significantly improves learners’ motivation, encourages spontaneous expression of thoughts, and increases readiness for real communication.

Annotatsiya:Tomchilatib sugʻorish texnologiyasi qishloq xoʻjaligida suvdan samarali foydalanish va hosildorlikni oshirishning eng ilgʻor usullaridan biridir. Ushbu tadqiqotda mosh oʻsimligi misolida tomchilatib sugʻorishning samaradorligi oʻrganilgan. Tajriba natijalariga koʻra, tomchilatib sugʻorish tizimi yordamida hosildorlik 4 baravar oshgan, shu bilan birga suv sarfi esa 10 baravar kamaygan. Bu usul qurgʻoqchil hududlarda qishloq xoʻjaligini rivojlantirish uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega.

ANNOTATIONS: This study focuses on the importance of using authentic materials in teaching speaking skills to learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Authentic materials, which are resources designed for native speakers rather than for educational use, expose learners to actual language use, cultural backgrounds, and natural speech patterns. The research explores different forms of authentic materials, their advantages for enhancing oral proficiency, strategies for implementation, and possible obstacles. By analyzing existing literature and real-world examples, the paper illustrates how authentic materials can improve fluency, pronunciation, and communicative competence more efficiently than traditional textbook methods. The results indicate that the careful incorporation of authentic resources into speaking instruction results in greater student engagement, cultural understanding, and readiness for real-life communication contexts.

Abstract: The paper discusses the results of a study which explored the use cognitive strategies to develop learners’ critical thinking in EFL. The data were collected from 25 students by means of problem-solving tasks and survey. The gathered data were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of the study demonstrated that, on the one hand, Some problem solving tasks were completed positively by the students and they participated very actively in such tasks. This shows how quickly critical thinking has developed in them, but there are still some students whose critical thinking is low. They could not be active in problem solving tasks and debates, and in addition, the survey conducted also revealed that critical thinking is very low in the students.

Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada emotsional zo’riqish hamda emotsional zo’riqishlarni korreksiyalashning ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyatlari haqida so’z boradi

Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqola maqollarning yangi so'zlarni (leksika)  o'rganishda qanday rol o'ynashini tahlil qiladi. Tadqiqot, maqollarning til o'rgatishda qo'llashning ko'p jihatli foydalari borligini ta'kidlaydi. Maqola, hozirgi ilmiy adabiyot va tadqiqotlarni ko'rib chiqadi—Nation (2001)ning leksikani kontekstual ravishda o'rganish ahamiyati haqida bo'lgan fikridan tortib, Boers (2000)ning metaforik til orqali kognitiv faoliyatni faollashtirishga oid mulohazalarigacha. Shuningdek, maqolada maqollarning tezda yodda saqlay olishligi haqida gapiriladi. Fikrlar turli misollar orqali taqdim etilgan. Maqola, an'anaviy leksika o'rgatish usullari va maqollarni qo'llaydigan innovatsion yondoshuvlarni tahlil qilish orqali, maqollarning so'z boyligini oshirishdan tashqari, madaniy savodxonlik va samarali muloqot ko'nikmalarini rivojlantirishga qanday hissa qo'shishini keng qamrovli tarzda ko'rib chiqadi.

Аннотация. В статье рассматривается роль пословиц в изучении лексики. Исследования подчеркивают, что интеграция пословиц в преподавание языка приносит многогранные преимущества. Статья рассматривает текущую литературу и исследования — от акцента Нэйшн (2001) на важности контекстуального изучения лексики до идей Бёрса (2000) о когнитивном вовлечении, стимулируемом метафорическим языком. Кроме того, в статье обсуждается, как пословицы способствуют лучшему запоминанию. Идеи иллюстрируются через различные примеры. Анализируя как традиционные методы преподавания лексики, так и инновационные подходы с использованием пословиц, статья дает всесторонний обзор того, как пословицы способствуют не только удержанию лексики, но и развитию культурной грамотности и эффективных коммуникативных навыков.

Annotation. This article examines the role of proverbs in vocabulary learning. Research emphasizes that the integration of proverbs in language teaching brings multifaceted benefits.  The study reviews current literature and research—from Nation’s (2001) emphasis on the importance of contextual vocabulary learning to Boers’ (2000) insights on the cognitive engagement stimulated by metaphorical language. Additionally, the article discusses how proverbs enhance memorability. Ideas are provided through various examples. By analyzing both traditional vocabulary instruction methods and innovative approaches that employ proverbs, the article provides a comprehensive overview of how proverbs contribute not only to vocabulary retention but also to the development of cultural literacy and effective communication skills.

Abstract : This article explores the benefits and challenges of teaching a foreign language through Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). The article discusses key advantages such as improved language proficiency, increased student motivation, development of cognitive skills, and intercultural awareness. At the same time, it discusses challenges including language barriers, insufficient teacher training, limited resources, and complex assessment processes.

Abstract: In the digital age, language learning has undergone a significant transformation due to the integration of digital tools, mobile applications, and online platforms. This article explores the role and impact of resources such as Duolingo, interactive video lessons, and other digital innovations in enhancing language acquisition and learner engagement. By offering personalized, flexible, and interactive learning experiences, these tools cater to diverse learning styles and increase motivation and consistency among learners. The study highlights how technology not only supports traditional methods but also introduces new pedagogical approaches that foster autonomous and immersive language learning. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the growing importance of digital solutions in modern language education and their potential to make language learning more accessible, efficient, and engaging for a global audience.

Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi ekologik jihatdan eng nozik mintaqalardan biri hisoblanadi. Ayniqsa, Amudaryo havzasi va Orolbo‘yi hududida suv resurslarining ifloslanishi aholi salomatligi, qishloq xo‘jaligi va biologik xilma-xillik uchun jiddiy xavf tug‘diradi. Suv resurslarini asrash va ularni ifloslanishdan himoya qilish bo‘yicha tizimli chora-tadbirlarni ishlab chiqish dolzarb masalalardan biridir.

KIRISH Yosh gandbolchilarning anatomik va fiziologik rivojlanishi ularning jismoniy va sportdagi muvaffaqiyatlarini belgilovchi muhim omillardir. Bu jarayon asosan quyidagi yo‘nalishlarni o‘z ichiga oladi:

Annotatsiya: O‘simliklar dunyosi obyektlari davlat kadastri mazmuni, ulardan foydalanish hajmlari hisobini va davlat kadastrini yuritish to‘g‘risidagi muvofiq o‘simliklar dunyosi obyektlarining davlat muhofazasini hamda ulardan oqilona foydalanishni ta’minlashni mazmun mohoyati to’g’risida.