In the introductory part of the article the author
characterizes institute of self-management in a society. In the basic part questions of self-management of citizens and their bodies are considered. In the conclusion the author comes opinion, that the institute of self-management in the country demands the further development.
The article discusses the participation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the influence of the organization as the main factor of regional cooperation in today's context. Today Pakistan considers membership in the SCO as a cornerstone of its regional policy. Participation in the Shanghai organization allows Islamabad to strengthen its international position, facilitate the realization of geostrategic and geo-economic potential, develop relations with the Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, Central Asian countries, strengthen its positions in the field of regional security, and also “restrain” its traditional opponent – India. The effectiveness of the Shanghai organization in a new format is studied. The expansion of the SCO through the accession of Pakistan and India has turned the organization into one of the main instruments of multilateral cooperation. It began to be perceived as the Asian counterpart of the G7 group, which could become a new center of power of global importance. Pakistan and India have changed the balance of power within the organization, and the contradictions between Islamabad and Delhi, as well as between Delhi and Beijing, may reduce the effectiveness of the Shanghai organization in a new format. Finally, the article discusses promising areas of cooperation between Pakistan and the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Islamabad is counting on strengthening cooperation with the countries of the Shanghai organization, enhancing the effectiveness of a regional approach to the problems of terrorism and extremism, making its contribution to regional development, security and stability, and informing about its point of view on regional issues. Islamabad is counting also on more active involvement of the Shanghai organization in resolving the problem in Afghanistan with the participation of Russia, China and the states of Central Asia. In economic terms, for Pakistan the Shanghai Organization is the main platform for promoting its interests in the energy and transport and communications sectors. Among its most important goals in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Islamabad considers gaining access to the energy resources of Central Asian countries for consumption and transit, as well as providing the Shanghai Organization with its territory for access to the World Ocean, the Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia.
The article substantiates the goals and objectives of the socio-economic development of territories at the present stage of economic growth in Uzbekistan. Evaluation criteria, management principles, as well as basic conditions for the development of rural territorial systems are proposed.
Социология ижтимоий ҳаётни, хусусан ижтимоий ўзгаришларни инсон хатти-ҳаракатларининг сабаблари ва социал оқибатлари контекстида ўрганади. Ушбу жараёнлар шунингдек умуман тарих ва хусусан аниқ бир даврга боғлаб ўрганилади. Шундан келиб чиққан ҳолда, ижтимоий констурукциялар, яъни ижтимоий гуруҳлар, институтлар ва ташкилотлар одамларнинг ушбу тузилмалардаги ҳолати ва роли нуқтаи назаридан қаралади. Инсоннинг барча хулқ-атвори ва хатти ҳаракати ўз моҳияти ва оқибатларига кўра ижтимоий мазмунга эга бўлганлиги сабабли, социологияпредмети инсон омили билан боғлиқ. Бу айниқса жамиятнинг сиёсий тарихи, аввало энг янги тарихи билан боғлиқлигини кўрсатади.
The active participation of Mongol women in various spheres of society, such as politics, economics or religion, can be observed in all regions of the empire from the end of the twelfth century to the fourteenth century. In most of these areas, the importance of women to society was manifested as a regent. Similarly, at the peak of Mongol rule and its expansion, the Chaghatai ulus was ruled by a woman named Orghina Khatun. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the rise of this woman to power and management in the thirteenth century, the importance of the khanate, and draw conclusions from the views based on manuscripts, publications and researchs that provide information about Orghina. The history of the ulus after Chaghatai’s death were characterized by riots and conflicts between different members of the royal family. The struggle for the throne began to affect the fate of the nation from the beginning. In such a tight situation, Orghina (1251-1260) emerged as the ruler of the ulus in political rule. According to sources, there was a very close relationship between the founder of the ulus and Orgina. Although she was born in Mongolia, she moved to Central Asia when a marriage was made between her and Kara-Khulagu (d. 1252), the grandson of Chaghatai through his son Mitugen. Chaghatai’s interest in this marriage becomes more apparent when we look at her family background. In addition to the obvious importance of the marriage of the granddaughter of Chenghis with his son Kara-Khulagu, the Chaghatai line was part of a broader marriage between the Oirat and Chenghisids. Although in the early years there was not enough information about the rule of Orgina, the political events that took place in the history of the ulus were mentioned in sources in the second half of the 50s of the thirteenth century. For example, the religious affiliation of Orgina also attracted the attention of scientists. Some scholars suggest that she converted to Islam, while others do not. But during her reign no religious tension or controversy was recorded. In the thirteenth century, the rule of Orgina Khatun in Transoxiana, of course, was reinforced by the high status with which she was endowed with the fact that she was the grandson of Chenghis Khan and her good relations with the imperial family of Chenghis Khan. However, if these circumstances at some point favor her accession to the throne, her role as head of state, her duties and legitimacy should be seen in the light of the ancient traditions of Central Asian women.
This article examines goals and objectives of consular offices of Uzbekistan, analyzes in detail the stages of formation of consular offices, and the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on consularissues, the im pact of the new foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on consular activities and its legal basis, identifies shortcomings in the activities of consular offices Of the Republic of Uzbekistan at the present stage, also devel oped proposals for improving the legislation of the Repub lic of Uzbekistan on consular issues.
It is known from history that the Persian language is derived from the ancient languages, which did not retain its linguistic peculiarities. Temporary and historical circumstances have shown the rise of the lexicon of other languages under the influence of Persian words, as well as the Arabic language. The lexicon of the Uzbek language does not apply to exclusion. The ancient Persian-Tajik language was used in parallel with the languages of the Maverannahr region, in parts, in Uzbek. As a result, many words from the Persian and Arabic languages are used in the lexical composition of the Uzbek language, that is, they are used as common words. On the other hand, not all commonly used words are used for meaning and meaning. In the Uzbek language there is such an ancient Arabic word, that their semantic border has another meaning in the Persian language, and in the Uzbek language - a complete other meaning. Interestingly, what this word-term, used in both languages, refers to the word actively spoken in both languages. In addition, the methods of education of one-word words in comparative languages must correspond to the international standard. In the result, such a conclusion becomes the exact etymological basis and the basic meaning of the productive common words Persian and Uzbek languages. For example, in the Uzbek language, such words exist, such as' muhtoriяtʼ, 'maimurяtʼ,' maimurʼ, 'muқobilʼ,' каakam ',' tasrifʼ, 'insonparvarlikʼ,' dorulfunusʼ, х дастурʼ, 'инқиботʼ и многие სხვაе, basically which is related to Arabic borrowing, but does not fully reflect their meaning from the Arabic language. To give common words являются общеупоребительными словами, которые на сегодняшний день были предложены всесто русско-международного слова-термина The semantic and functional study of such a word serves the development of lexicology of the Uzbek language. The reason why, in 1989, when the Uzbek language was given the status of "state language", a task was set to pursue its prestige. Accordingly, the whole article я яvlяet я conducted the structural-semantic analysis of the Persian common-use words-terms, used daily in the Uzbek language.
Indeed, the hadiths are one of the topics that have been causing extensive discussions in the West since the 19th century. Many western scholars believe that the hadiths were fabricated and they have no historical significance. At the same time, there are many researchers who totally reject these views. This article aims to provide a scientific, comparative-historical, characteristic analysis of about 50 researches which were published in foreign countries on the topic of hadith and hadith studies. The books and articles of Western scholars on the topic of hadith science were analyzed and divided into two groups. Most researchers, in particular, Ignaz Goldziher, Schacht completely denied the hadiths and they claimed that hadiths have no historical significance. According to them, rulers and jurists all fabricated ḥadiths to reinforce their legal views or to validate already-existing practices. Other groups of scholars, such as John Burton, Motzki, and N.Abbot, admit the hadiths as reliable sources after the Qur'an. The superficial conclusions of Western scholars have been denied by Muslim researchers by F.Sezgin, Abu Shuhba, al-Marsafi, al-A’zami, Maloush on the basis of historical facts. Some of the most interesting facts about the emergence of Western scholars’ interests in the hadith, evolutionary changes in the development of hadith science, the collection of six reliable sahih hadiths and foreign scholars’ attitudes towards them, the historical significance of the hadiths and their role in the Islamic world will be discussed in the following pages. At the end of the article, it seemed that the science of hadith like all other scientific spheres have been steadily developing. New sources and books have been discovered and published in this field. This led to a moderate tendency towards the hadiths in the West. This tendency can be clearly seen in the latest works of Juynboll, Berg, and Schoeler. We do not agree that all the hadiths are sahih or authentic too. Indeed, in the history of Islam there were many fake hadiths in different periods. However, we think that it is not true saying all hadiths were falsified because of some fake hadiths. Therefore, several new western researches should be reviewed on the basis of scientific, historical and objective principles today.
Таълим сифатиниоширишнинг яна бир қирраси бу таълим беришда муляж, фантом, автоматлаштирилган маникенлар, тренажѐрлар ва аппаратлардан кенг фойдаланишдир. Тошкент давлат стоматология институтида талабаларни билим савиясини ошириш, ўқув жараѐнини янги ахборот технологиялар билан бойитиш, интерактив ўқитиш усуллари, фан бўйича жаҳондаги энг янги маълумотларга эга бўлиш, кафедраларнинг моддий техника базасини яхшилаш ва ундан барча педагогик ва талабаларни унумли фойдаланиши учун тематик ўқув хоналарини яратиш мақсад қилиб қўйилган. Бундай ўқув тематик хоналарни яратиш педагоглар, магистрлар ва талабаларнинг мустақил тайѐрланишларичун кенг шароит яратиб бериб, қуйидаги вазифаларни амалга ошириш имкониятини беради.
In this article, according to the analysis of current trends and problems in the development of education, special attention is paid to the educational aspect of the educational content of domestic and foreign universities. High demands are placed not only on the professional training of any specialist, but also on his spiritual and moral character, attitude towards colleagues, society and the environment.
The peculiarities of each language are manifested in phraseologisms – stagnant phrases, in which it is considered an important layer. Expressions express different relations between individuals in a short and concise manner, at the same time understandable and meaningful. The article draws on a comparative analysis of combinations of somatic words related to the field of phraseology. They were given on the basis of theoretical materials on phraseology, scientific literature and translation collections. In this article, a comparative translation of phraseologisms from the speech of heroes in artistic works was also analyzed. When translating phraseological units from Hindi into Uzbek, first of all, one must be able to choose their equivalent or alternative and apply the equivalent or alternative variants of the phrase in the Indian language. The main purpose of writing this article is to provide a comparative analysis of phraseologisms in the Indian language made of somatic nouns. The article examined the meanings of 3 semantic groups in comparative analysis. That is: a) full compatibility; B) partial compatibility; C) completely dissimilar; Phraseological units mainly V.M. Beskrovny’s II roof was concentrated on the surface of the first roof of the dictionary "Hindi-Russian Dictionary", from which the most active and non-somatic words were involved in the composition. In the article, mainly from Uzbek scientists the book “Explanatory phraseological Dictionary of the Uzbek language” by Sh. Rakhmatullaev was used to give alternative variants of Uzbek language. Phraseological units are translated in three different ways: each words translation; literal translation; meaning; In place of the conclusion, the fact that phraseological units in the Indian language were given with Uzbek variants when subjected to comparative analysis was given as a final.