Subjects of the inquiry: “Asos-ul-baloga” by Makhmud Zamakhshari
Aim of the inquiry: to investigate “Asos-ul-baloga” by the side of soursc studies. To show the role of the work in Arabic lexicography, its influence on next Arabic dictionaries.
Methods of the inquiry: Dcscriptional, statistical and historical-comparative methods have been used in the work.
The results achieved and their novelty: It’s the first time that “Asos-ul-baloga” was studied from the point of view of source study. It was determined the manuscript and cditional copies that were kept in the world fonds. “Asos-ul-baloga” was carried on constitutive analyses. The sources which were based on “Asos-ul-baloga” were found and they analysed.
Practical value: This work will help to new scientific search studying the scientific legacy of Makhmud Zamakhshari and to analyse his lexicography. The dissertation will be the main source of educational programms for Literary Sourse Studies and Manuscript Studies, the history of Arabic lexicography in Higher Educational Institutions, preparing lectures on it special courses for students.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: 13 articles were published on the results.
Sphere of usage: sourse studies, Arabic sourse studies, manuscript studies, linguisty, the history of Arabic linguisty, Arabic lexicography.
This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs.Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language.
Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order.
In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs
similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from
verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented.
Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.
More than 70 works of Mahmud Zamakhshari, which had a great influence on the spiritual heritage of Maverannahr, are devoted to linguistics, literature, religious studies, didactics, geography. Linguistics and word science occupy a special place in the scientific heritage of the scientist. Mahmud Zamakhshari covers all areas of science related to linguistics and lexicography. The famous work of the scientist “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” is one of the sources of this style. This work, recognized as the first multilingual dictionary, contains аrabic-рersian-turkic trilingual, arabic-persian-turkic-mongolian four-language manuscripts. The work consists of five parts, the first title of which belongs to the category of words, and the second is dedicated to the verb and its derivatives. The third part consists of grammatical rules concerning auxiliary words, the fourth part-declension of nouns, and the fifth part-declension of verbs. There are copies in world collections that contain five parts of the work, as well as manuscripts in which the grammatical parts are translated separately. The volume of the dictionary parts of the work is of great and important scientific significance. In particular, the turkic vocabulary in the manuscripts included in the turkish vocabulary of the work is among the topics that are not studied and are relevant in world linguistics. 10 rare manuscripts of the dictionary “Muqaddamatu-l-adab” are stored in the funds of Tashkent, 62 copies-in the funds of countries around the world. The main part of them was moved in the XIII-XIVcenturies, and this period serves as an important source for studying the richness and semantic features of the turkic language dictionary. So far, 6 manuscripts have been found in the funds of the world, which were rewritten in Khorezm. The oldest manuscript of the work is the arabic-persian dictionary, rewrittenin Khorezm in 1257 and now stored in the Suleiman Foundation of Turkey. Khorezm manuscripts of the work are stored in the funds of Turkey, Dagestan, and France.
Each nation has a scientific and spiritual heritage, including their exhortation, edification, verses and stories reflected in manuscripts. In recent years, there has been growing interest in scientific and spiritual heritage, ancient manuscripts and works that are important for study, research and promotion. Finding, studying and publishing manuscripts is one of the most actual problems today, especially manuscripts dating back to the IXth-XIIth centuries, written on the territory of today's Central Asia. Many of the popular works of various fields saturated with Islamic ideology were created at the same time. One of these works is the manuscripts “Rabi-ul-abrar and nusus-ul-ahbar” (“Spring of good people and expressed messages”) by the ancient Khorezm scholar Mahmoud Zamakhshari. The article provides information and determination of the structural differences between the existing chapters of two copies of this manuscript in Arabic stored in the funds of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Muslim Administration of Uzbekistan. The article also discusses the importance of the work of Rabi-ul-abrar and nusus-ul-ahbara at the present stage of ethics. This work is fundamentally different from other works of the scholar Mahmoud Zamahshari and is a collection of works covering all natural, social, political and spiritual events in society. Another aspect of the work is that the scholar classified this work by summing up the words of the prophets and his associates, caliphs, emirs, monks and contemporaries.
Despite the fact that there are many works on Arabic grammar, which are perfect and known for their content, the work of Zamakhshari “ لصفملا” is considered by his contemporaries "the best book on Arabic grammar"1 . Another scientist compares it with “fine-grained durga” 2. This work has great historical importance due to the laconic and clear interpretation. The issues raised in Zamakhshari's work testify to the development of Arabic linguistics at that time. In the play, we see the achievements of the 12th century through the coverage of grammatical issues. A “Mufassal” is an aggregated and refined review of research conducted prior to this work. When creating "Mufassal" Zamakhshari pursued not only a scientific goal, but also its convenience. This aspect allowed him to become one of the most famous works. Zamakhshari, as a linguist well versed in the theory of Arabic grammar, managed to compose the book in his own way.
Since аncient times, the greаt thinkers, scholаrs, philosophers аnd poets of Centrаl Аsiа hаve аlwаys been interested in the problems of mаn, in pаrticulаr the problems of humаn behаvior. For this reаson, it is difficult to find аny scholаr in the history of socio-philosophicаl аnd ethicаl considerаtions of Centrаl Аsiа who did not pаy аttention to ethics аnd educаtion. Every scholаr, be it а theologiаn, а nаturаlist, а philosopher, а writer, or а poet, eаch hаs his or her own views on morаl mаtters, but hаs done reseаrch in а pаrticulаr аreа of morаlity. The historicаl roots of these studies hаve а long history. In the sociаl views of philosophers, such cаtegories аs humаn educаtion аnd morаlity were аt the top. This аrticle аnаlyzes the ethicаl views of medievаl versаtile thinker Jorullаkh Mаhmoud Zаmаkhshаri. The аrticle contаins informаtion on Mаkhmud Zаmаkhshаri's sociаl аnd morаl views through his own works, his own sermons, аnd his works, which аre compiled аnd clаssified by prophets, hаdiths, Compаnions, Monuments, Аmirs, Poets, Imаges, Stories, аnd Reminders is done. Eаch of the ideаs presented in these works is relevаnt not only to their own time, but аlso to the аctuаl issues thаt hаve existed for more thаn а century. The morаl ideаs presented in these exhortаtions аre lаrgely contrаsted with the teаchings of Mаkhmud Zаmаkhshаri. It is аlso highlighted thаt the upbringing of а morаlly mаture person is one of the аctuаl issues of our time.
The present article discusses the formation of models and the practical significance of Arabic verse using 'ariid meters. This article analyzes the peculiar iray Mahmud al-ZamakhsharVs work (1075-1144) Al-Qistas al-MustaUm fi "Ilm al- ‘Ariid analyzes meter for the first time. Phrased as feet, the eight original feet are classified and divided into two groups in the work Al-Qistas. Zamakhshari made branches offeet from each of these origins without dividing the changes of the feet on zihaf and ‘ilia. This occurs as a result of losing one consonant, orjuzv, from the foot structure or the dropping and the adding of a consonant or juzv in the composition of the foot, as well as elision of the unvowelled consonants or dropping the sdkin from the composition of the foot. Each of these changes are classified, and the formation of the feet, the process of branching out of the S original feet formed into a total of 71 feet is clearly described in the period treatise.
In addition, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the commonality and differences in the composition of the formation of the feet in the works of scientists living in Ma wara’ al-nahr: Abu Abdullah al-Khwarizmi(d. 997), AbuNasr ibn Hammad Jawhari (940-1007), Abu Hafs Nasafi(1068-1142) and Yusuf al-Sakkaki (1160-1229). As a result, Abu Abdullah al-Khwarizmi and Abu Hafs Nasafi analyze 8 feet, Yiisuf al-Sakkakl 10 feet, and Abu Nasr Jawhari 7 feet. However, the changes in the feet are divided into ziha:f and ‘ilia in all of these works.
The conclusion states that the study in the established order of the origin feet by the classification given by Mahmud al-Zamakhshari and each of their branches offeet will make it possible to accurately and easily determine the meter of bytes in the 'ariid system.
This article analyzes ethical views of the great scientist, thinker Mahmud Zamakhshari through studying various stories, narratives, advices and symbols in his works. The article investigates his approach on the major ethical concept in the medieval era – theory of internal and the external beauty. His philosophical views, in particular his views of moral of human being are examined.
The present article dwells upon the chronological significance of the studies of Arab scholars of the Middle Ages on the science of `arūḍ. Including, there is a description ranging from the system created by the founder of the `Arūḍ science, Khalīl ibn Ahmad, to the principles of formation and development from his followers. The first sources about the `arūḍ theory, created after Khalīl ibn Ahmad, are the works of Abul Hassan al-Ahfash and Abu Ishāq al-Zujāzh. With their deep and complete explanations of the theoretical foundations of `arūḍ, the sections on `arūḍ in encyclopedic works written since the 10th century are written by Ibn Abdu Rabbihī, Abu Abdullаh al-Khwarizmī, Ibn Rashīk al-Kairovanī, Yūsuf al-Sakkākī. Among the authors who have enriched `arūḍ in a certain way with their approach and look, one can list philologists such as Ibn al-Sarrāj, Sāhib ibn ‘Abbād, Ibn Jinnī and Maḥmūd al-Zamakhsharī. A scientist from Mā warā’ al-nahr Abu Nasr ibn Hammād Jawharī, who is separately noted in all studies on `arūḍ as the reformer of `arūḍ science, has a special place in scholarship. Starting from the 13th century, the poetic style of aruda is encountered. In particular, the most famous poems (qasīdah) of the classical period, such as Ar-Risala al-Andalusia, Qasīdah al-Khazrajiya, Qasīdah al-Khusna, briefly and conveniently illuminate the theoretical foundations of science, and are designed to memorize and memorizing `arūḍ. Through sources that fully embrace the theory of Arabic `arūḍ of the Middle Ages, which is included in the analysis in the article, one can get the impression of classical Arabic `arūḍ.
At the beginning of the eleventh century, with the formation of the largest centralized state of Turkic peoples, tribes in Central Asia - the Karakhanid dynasty, the prestige of the ancient Turkic language grew, and a number of scholars and poets developed in the process of raising it to a high literary level. These are the works of Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Ahmad Yugnaki, Ahmad Yassawi and Suleiman Bogirgani, who created their works in the 11th and 12th centuries. The works of these authors came not only from the 11th and 12th centuries, but through manuscripts rewritten from the 13th century. Consequently, the history of modern Turkish manuscripts in Arabic dates back to the 13th century. Learning Arabic proverbs began in the 8th century. Like many scholars such as Sahar Ibn Dhabi, the Arab poet Ubaid Jurdzhumiy (8th century) and the Persian scholar Abu Fadl Maidani, Mahmoud Zamahshari wrote his book Al-Mustaksa Min-l-Amsali. In addition to verses from different eras, he quotes from the book of Kalil and Dimna. This article presents the works of great Turkic scholars about Arabic proverbs and parables and historians, Orientalists - Hermann Wamberi, A.Yu. Yakubovsky, S.P. Tolstov, E., who studied the culture, enlightenment and national heritage of the peoples of Central Asia. The hard work of E. Bertels, V.V. Bartold, E. Berezikov and others was recognized.
The literature review describes the methods of treatment of odontogenic cysts of the jaw bones in children and the surgical rehabilitation of patients with this pathology [5,7]. The literature data on various methods of surgical treatment of odontogenic cysts of the jaw bones in children are summarized. The prospects for the recognition of odontogenic cysts with computed tomography are noted, the decisive preference for making a diagnosis is given to the obligatory pathological examination [2,3].
The article highlights the history of political relations between the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic and the Republic of Turkey in the 20s of the twentieth century. The government of the Young Bukharians headed by F. Khodjaev considered political relations with Turkey one of the important directions. The Turkish state was the first to recognize the independence of the BNSR and sent ambassadors to Bukhara. On the basis of archival documents, it is revealed that political relations between the two countries were not effective enough under the pressure of the Soviets.
Anorectal malformations in children are still one of the most difficult problems in pediatric coloproctology. Most pediatric surgeons continue to adhere to the opinion about the advisability of preliminary colostomy and delayed proctoplasty, motivating this tactic with the possibility of creating the optimal conditions for performing a complex intervention, reducing anesthetic risk, avoiding technical errors. The work is based on the results of treatment of 154 children with anorectal malformation and preliminary colostomy. The use of colostomy in children with anorectal malformation made it possible to carry out the necessary surgical tactics in a timely and differentiated manner, to reduce the frequency, nature of complications and early disability, and to improve the quality of life and social adaptation of patients.
This article covers the relations between the brotherly peoples of Turkey and Central Asia, the diplomatic relations carried out, the embassy relations between the Kokand Khanate and the Ottomans
To evaluate and compare the long-term results of uranoplasty, we studied the state of soft palate function in 27 children with secondary and residual deformations of the palate after uranoplasty. A spectral analysis of sounds in children with secondary and residual deformations of the palate in the long term after uranoplasty shows that the degree of nasality practically does not change in dynamics and confirms the need for individual approaches to planning the stages of primary uranoplasty