Том 21 № 1 (2025)

Oʻsmirlik davri inson hayotining eng muhim va murakkab bosqichlaridan biridir. Bu davrda shaxsiyat shakllanadi, ijtimoiy rollar aniqlanadi va o'zaro munosabatlar o'rganiladi. Oʻsmirlar o'zlarini, o'zlarining o'rnini va jamiyatdagi rollarini izlaydilar. Ushbu jarayonlar davomida o'smirlar turli xil ijtimoiy va psixologik qiyinchiliklarga duch keladilar, bu esa ularning xulq-atvoriga ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. Dviant xulq, ya'ni ijtimoiy normalardan chetga chiqadigan xulq-atvor, o'smirlar orasida keng tarqalgan muammolardan biridir. Ushbu maqolada dviant xulqning sabablari, oqibatlari va ijtimoiy pedagoglar tomonidan buni oldini olish va bartaraf etish usullari haqida ma'lumotlar berilgan.

Ma'lumki, kompyuter texnologiyalari asrida, afsuski, bolalar o‘rtasida ochiq maydonlarda jismoniy harakat talab etadigan o‘yinlarning ahamiyati pasayib ketdi. Natijada, bu ularning jismoniy va psixologik holatiga ma'lum ma'noda salbiy ta'sir ko‘rsatmoqda. Shuning uchun ham bolalarning tarbiyalashni takomillashtirish, sog‘lom va barkamol avlodni shakllantirish bo‘yicha aniq maqsadga yo‘naltirilgan qo‘shimcha chora-tadbirlar kompleksini amalga oshirishni davom ettirish, ushbu yo‘nalishda davlat, nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlar va mahalliy hokimiyat organlarining o`rni katta.

История любви, которая изменила мне мир, началась с простого знакомства. Я не ожидал, что этот человек станет такой важной частью моей жизни. Сначала я не верил в силу любви, думал, что это просто эмоции, которые со временем проходят. Но с каждым днем, который я проводил рядом с этим человеком, я понял, как сильно он влияет на меня. Мы поддерживали друг друга, делились радостью и трудностями, и я стал гораздо более открытым, уверенным и счастливым.

This article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of the historical development and modern punctuation rules in English and Uzbek languages. Various sources have been analyzed to reveal the significance of punctuation and its linguistic features.

This article examines the linguistic and cultural features of character names in Oybek's novel "Sacred blood". The semantic meaning, morphological features, and cultural as well as historical significance of proper nouns are analyzed. The research results indicate that each name reveals the character's personality and role in the novel. Names serve as a tool for understanding the characters' social roles, their life struggles, and their connection to the events in the novel.

В данной статье рассматриваются лингвистические и культурные особенности имен собственных персонажей в романе Ойбека "Священная кровь". Анализируется семантическое значение имен собственных, их морфологические особенности, а также их культурное и историческое значение. Результаты исследования показывают, что каждое имя раскрывает характер персонажа и его роль в романе. Имена помогают раскрыть социальную роль персонажей, их жизненные пути и связь с событиями романа.

Ushbu maqolada Oybekning "Qutlug' qon" romanidagi qahramonlar ismlarining lingvistik va madaniy tahlili ko'rib chiqiladi. Atoqli otlarning semantik ma'nosi, morfologik xususiyatlari va ularning madaniy hamda tarixiy ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, har bir ism o'z qahramonining xarakterini va romandagi o'rnini ochib beradi. Ismlar orqali qahramonlar jamiyatdagi o'rni, ularning hayotiy kurashlari va voqealar bilan bog'liqligi aniq ifodalanadi.

В статье рассматривается один из видов информационно-коммуникационных технологий, который сегодня невозможно представить в нашей жизни, методы эффективного использования мультимедийных технологий в дошкольных образовательных организациях.

В статье рассматриваются концепции информационной безопасности. В статье также рассматриваются причины защиты информации, политика информационной безопасности в Узбекистане, виды угроз и их причины. Основной акцент сделан на классификации видов методов защиты информации. В статье также анализируются и изучаются теоретические основы современных методов защиты, таких как парольная и биометрическая аутентификация.

В статье рассматривается подготовка учащихся и преподавателей к этичному и ответственному использованию искусственного интеллекта (ИИ). Освещаются ключевые этические вопросы, роль преподавателей, методология обучения и международный опыт. Анализируются вызовы и перспективы внедрения этических стандартов в образовательный процесс, направленных на формирование осознанного использования ИИ.

The article examines the preparation of students and teachers for the ethical and responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI). It highlights key ethical issues, the role of educators, training methodologies, and international experiences. The challenges and prospects of implementing ethical standards in the educational process to promote the conscious use of AI are analyzed.

English is today the foundation of global communication and plays an important role in many fields, including Business, Education, Science and culture. Learning English also helps to form the skills necessary for personal and professional development. Educational technologies, on the other hand, provide new approaches and opportunities for teaching English. This article will consider in detail the advantages of educational technologies in teaching English.

Nazar Eshonqul haqida adabiyotshunoslikda turlicha qarashlar mavjudligi sir emas. Bu adibning shaxsiyati va o‘ziga xos tabiati bilan bog‘liq bo‘lsa kerak. Ijodini kuzatsangiz, davr talablariga “moslashish”, unvon-u martabalar ta’masida laganbardorlik kabi illatlar ko‘zga tashlanmaydi. Va eng muhimi, uning qahramonlari ham aynan shu kayfiyatdagi kimsalardir. Muallif realizmda va modernizmda ham kuchini sinab ko‘rdi, ikkalasida ham o‘quvchi ishonchini oqladi

It is no secret that there are different opinions about Nazar Eshanqul in literary studies. This is probably related to the writer's personality and unique nature. If you observe his work, you won't notice vices such as "adaptation" to the requirements of the time, and greed for titles and ranks. And most importantly, his characters are also in this mood. The author tried his hand at both realism and modernism, and earned the reader's trust in both.

She’riyat inson tafakkuri, hissiy kechinmalari va hayotiy tajribalarini aks ettirishning eng kuchli vositalaridan biridir. "Eslash" she’ri inson hayotidagi xavf-xatarlar, sinovlar va ularni yengib o‘tish falsafasi haqida bo‘lib, u hayotning murakkab yo‘llarini tasvirlaydi. Ushbu maqolada she’rning poetik va falsafiy xususiyatlarini ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilamiz.Poetry is one of the most powerful means of reflecting human thinking, emotional experiences and life experiences. The poem "Remembering" is about the dangers and trials in human life and the philosophy of overcoming them, and it describes the complex ways of life. In this article, we will scientifically analyze the poetic and philosophical features of the poem.

Yesenin – fojiaviy shoir emas. Uning she’rlari – hayot madhiyalaridir. Madh etilgan hayot oldindan aytib bo‘lmaydigan, afsuslarga limmo-lim, mashaqqatli bo‘lishiga qaramay, go‘zalligini saqlab qolgan. Bu bezori va janjalkash, abadiy bolakay va buyuk donishmand madhidir. Ushbu maqolada shoir she’riyatida uchrovchi sharq motivlari xususida  so‘z yuritilgan.

Yesenin is not a tragic poet. His poems are hymns of life. The praised life has preserved its beauty despite being unpredictable, full of regrets, and difficult. It is the hymn of the bully and the brawler, the eternal child and the great sage. This article talks about the oriental motifs found in the poet's poetry.

Abdulla Oripovning “Onajon” she’ri insoniy tuyg‘ularning eng beg‘ubor shakllaridan biri bo‘lmish ona mehri, uning yo‘qligidan kelib chiqadigan chuqur iztirob va farzandlik mehri bilan yo‘g‘rilgan. Ushbu asar shoir ijodining eng ezgu va yurakka yaqin namunalardan biri bo‘lib, unda inson hayotining eng yuksak qadriyatlari haqida mulohaza yuritiladi.

Abdulla Oripov's poem "Mother" is composed of one of the most innocent forms of human feelings, mother's love, deep suffering and filial love caused by her absence. This work is one of the most beautiful and close to the heart examples of the poet's work, which reflects on the highest values ​​of human life.

Ushbu maqolada raqamli texnologiyalarning zamonaviy ta’lim tizimidagi o‘rni va ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Ta’lim jarayonida raqamli texnologiyalarni joriy etishning afzalliklari, muammolari va istiqbollari muhokama qilinadi. Innovatsion pedagogik yondashuvlar, masofaviy o‘qitish, virtual laboratoriyalar va interaktiv ta’lim muhitlari tahlil qilinadi.

This article analyzes the role and impact of digital technologies in the modern educational system. The advantages, problems and prospects for the introduction of digital technologies in the educational process are discussed. Innovative pedagogical approaches, distance learning, virtual laboratories and interactive educational environments are analyzed.

Atrof-muhitni asrash, inson salomatligiga salbiy ta’sir etuvchi omillarni bartaraf qilish va turli kasalliklarni oldini olish hozirgi zamonning dolzarb mavzusi hisoblanadi. Hozirgi kunda respublikamizda sanitar-gigienik, epidemiologik va radiatsion xavfsizlik barqaror bo‘lib boshqa davlatlardan o‘ta xavfli yuqumli kasalliklarning kirib kelishiga yo‘l qo‘yilmayapti.

Maqolada O`zbekiston respublikasida onalar va bolalar salomatligini saqlash va mustahkamlash, sog’lom, jismonan va aqlan barkamol bolalarni tarbiyalashga qaratilgan davlat va ijtimoiy-tibbiy tadbirlar tizimi bayon etilgan. Bu borada sog’liqni saqlash tizimida onalar va bolalar salomatligini yanada muhofaza qilish bo’yicha taklif va tavsiyalar tadqiq etilgan. The article describes the system of state and social-medical activities aimed at maintaining and strengthening the health of mothers and children, raising healthy, physically and mentally competent children in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In this regard, proposals and recommendations for further protection of the health of mothers and children in the health care system have been researched.

Бронхиальная астма (БА) у детей представляет собой хроническое воспалительное заболевание дыхательных путей, характеризующееся гиперреактивностью бронхов и эпизодами обратимой обструкции. В данной статье рассматриваются современные методы диагностики, включая функциональные и лабораторные исследования, а также новейшие подходы к терапии, охватывающие фармакологические и немедикаментозные методы лечения.

Maqolada Favqulodda vaziyat sharoitida odamlarning psixik holati, boshlang‘ich davrda odamlarning reaksiyalari o‘zini saqlash instinktiga asoslanganligi, bunday reaksiyalarning darajasi turlicha bo’lishi to’g’risidagi ma’lumotlar keltirilgan.

Ushbu maqolada bugungi globallashuv davrida yoshlar o‘rtasida Internet jahon axborot tarmog‘ida, keng tarqalayotgan internet tahdidlari, jumladan, kiberbullingning tarqalish sabablari, shakllari, asoratlari haqida gap boradi. Kiberbulling raqamli texnologiyalar va ijtimoiy tarmoqlar bilan makonda va zamonda tengma-teng rivojlanishi natijasida ancha keng tarqalmoqda va yoshlarning ruhiyatiga sezilarli salbiy ta’sir o‘tkazib kelmoqda. Kiberbullingda nishon qurbonning shaxsiy ma’lumotlariga qaratilib, ularni tarqatish yoki o‘zgacha talqin qilish orqali tahqirlash, qo‘rqitish, tahdid qilish orqali amalga oshiriladi. Ushbu maqola orqali hozirgi kunda ommaviy ravishda foydalanib kelinayotgan ijtimoiy tarmoqlar hamda o‘yin platformalarida keng tarqalgan kiberbulling shakllari va ularning oldini qanday olish mumkinligi haqida gap boradi.

Globalization has transformed language education, necessitating innovative teaching strategies that prepare learners for effective communication in a rapidly interconnected world. This study explores modern approaches such as technology-assisted learning, task-based instruction, intercultural competence training, and multilingual education. It evaluates how these strategies improve language proficiency, engagement, and adaptability in diverse linguistic environments. The research employs a mixed-method design, incorporating literature review, classroom observations, and surveys to assess the effectiveness of innovative techniques. Findings indicate that blended learning, gamification, and communicative approaches significantly enhance language acquisition and real-world applicability. The study concludes that adapting language education to globalization trends is essential for developing 21st-century communication skills.

Virtual va real dunyo kibersport falsafasi hamda uning jamiyatga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Kibersport zamonaviy texnologiyalar taraqqiyoti bilan shakllangan va bugungi kunda nafaqat o‘yin-kulgi, balki ijtimoiy hamda iqtisodiy fenomen sifatida ham namoyon bo‘lmoqda. Maqolada kibersport falsafiy jihatdan inson tafakkuri, intellektual mehnat va virtual muhitda shakllanadigan ijtimoiy aloqalar bilan bog‘liq ekani ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, uning an’anaviy sport bilan o‘xshash va farqli jihatlari, shaxsiy hamda jamoaviy rivojlanishdagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Kibersportning yosh avlod ongiga ta’siri, uning ijobiy va salbiy jihatlari, jismoniy va psixologik salomatlikka ta’siri ham tadqiq etiladi. Shu bilan birga, kibersportning jamiyatda kasb sifatida qabul qilinishi, iqtisodiyot va ta’lim sohalariga ta’siri ham muhokama qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari kibersportning falsafiy mohiyati va uning real dunyo bilan bog‘liqligini yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam beradi. Inson va sun’iy intellekt o‘rtasidagi raqobatning kibersportda qanday namoyon bo‘layotgani hamda bu jarayonning kelajak falsafasi tahlil qilinadi. Sun’iy intellektning rivojlanishi kibersportning yangi bosqichga ko‘tarilishiga olib kelmoqda va bu insonning intellektual hamda strategik qobiliyatlariga ta’sir qilmoqda. Maqolada kibersportda sun’iy intellektdan foydalanishning afzalliklari va xavflari, uning inson aqliy va jismoniy rivojlanishiga ta’siri muhokama qilinadi. Bundan tashqari, inson va sun’iy intellekt o‘rtasidagi raqobatning axloqiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy jihatlari ham tahlil qilinadi. Ushbu tadqiqot kibersportning kelajakdagi falsafiy yo‘nalishlarini aniqlashga, texnologiya va inson o‘rtasidagi muvozanatni tushunishga yordam beradi.

This article examines Teun A. van Dijk's analysis of the complex connection between political discourse and political cognition. It illuminates how political language influences political conduct and public opinion while illuminating the cognitive processes that underpin how political information is processed. Understanding the function of language in democratic processes and the ways in which cognitive biases can affect political communication are the two main goals of the study.

Mazkur maqolada kesuvchi asboblarning geometriyasini optimallashtirish va uning samaradorlikka ta'siri o‘rganilgan. Kesuvchi asboblarning geometriyasi va uni optimallashtirish orqali kesish jarayoni sifatini oshirish, asboblarning xizmat muddatini uzaytirish va energiya tejash imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari kesuvchi asboblarning geometriyasi ishlov berish jarayonida qanday rol o‘ynashini ko‘rsatadi va ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish uchun amaliy tavsiyalar beriladi.

Ushbu maqolada O'zbek musiqiy an'analari, musiqiy cholg'ular, va ularning bolalar tarbiyasidagi ahamiyati haqida juda keng qamrovli va batafsil ma'lumot beriladi. Maqolada O'zbek xalq musiqasining rivojlanishi, tarixiy allomalar tomonidan yozilgan risolalar, shuningdek, musiqiy cholg'ularga oid nazariy va amaliy qarashlar ta'kidlangan. Shuningdek, musiqiy tarbiya va bolalar musiqiy ijrochiligi bo'yicha pedagogik yondoshuvlar haqida ham ma'lumotlar berilgan. Bu matn musiqa ilmining tarixini va uning bolalar tarbiyasidagi o'rnini tushunishga yordam beradi. Musiqiy qobiliyatlarni rivojlantirish, musiqiy madaniyat asoslarini shakllantirishni maktabgacha yosh davrida boshlash maqsadga muvofiq.

В данной статье рассматриваются возможности искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) в образовательном процессе. Анализируются основные направления применения ИИ, его преимущества и потенциальные риски. Особое внимание уделяется персонализации обучения, автоматизации оценивания знаний и интеллектуальным образовательным системам.

Musiqiy cholg'ular insoniyat ma'naviyatini ohanglarda tarannum etuvchi vosita, ya'ni xalq ijodiyoti mahsuli bo'lib, azal-azaldan omma orasida shakllanib, mohir soz ustalari tomonidan yasalib, tobora mukammallashib kelayotgan mo'jizaviy va ifodaviy asboblardir. Cholg'ularda har bir xalqning milliy g'ururi, an'anasi, qadriyatlari o'z ifodasini topganki, ulardan taraladigan ovoz ham shunga moslashgan. Bular barchasi yaratilajak cholg'ularning shakliga va milliylik mezoniga asos bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Tarix davomida doimo musiqiy cholg'ularga bo'lgan e'tibor katta bo'lishi bilan birga tarbiyaviy tomonlari bilan ham alohida ahamiyatga ega bo'lib kelgan. Ma'lumki, musiqiy cholg'ular xalqlarning moddiy hamda ma'naviy boyligidir. Chunonchi, har bir xalq o'z milliy merosi, davrlar osha yuzaga kelgan an'analarini milliy ohanglar orqali tarannum etuvchi va xalqning milliy ma'naviyatiga xos yaratilgan amaliy san'at namunalari orqali ularga mos keluvchi cholg'u asboblariga egadirlar. O'zbek musiqiy cholg'ular olami bu xususda ma'nan va moddiy nuqtai nazardan boy hamda rang-barang ekanligini e'tirof etib o'tish lozimdir. Qolaversa, qaysiki xalqning ma'naviyati yuksak bo'lsa, uning tarixi va unga mos merosi ham ulkandir.

This article explores the phenomenon of first language (L1) interference in learning English, specifically focusing on Uzbek speakers. L1 interference occurs when a learner's native language's grammatical rules, phonology, lexicon, and cultural norms negatively impact the process of acquiring a new language. This article aims to identify the most common areas of L1 interference for Uzbek speakers learning English and to propose pedagogical strategies to mitigate these challenges. The article draws upon a review of existing literature on L1 interference and analyzes case studies of Uzbek-speaking learners of English to identify key areas of difficulty. It demonstrates that L1 interference is a common difficulty in learning English and requires attention from both teachers and learners. The article also provides practical recommendations to minimize L1 interference and improve the efficiency of language learning.

Insonparvarlik g‘oyalari har xil millat va xalqlarning tarixiy rivojida boshidan kechirgan muhim vaziyatlar, yangilanishlar va ijtimoiy yondashuvlar asosida mustahkam bo‘lib borgan. Ushbu maqolada ana shu insonparvarlik g‘oyalarining kishilik tarixidagi shakllanishi haqida so‘z yuritiladi

Humanistic ideas have been strengthened in the historical development of various nations and peoples based on important situations, innovations and social approaches. This article discusses the formation of these humanistic ideas in human history.

Ushbu maqolada duduqlanishning sabablari, turlari, va davolash usullari haqida kengaytirilgan ma'lumotlar berilgan. Duduqlanish – bu nutq jarayonining ritmik buzilishi bo‘lib, insonning so‘zlarni takrorlab aytishi, cho‘zib talaffuz qilishi yoki gapirishda to‘xtab qolishi bilan bog‘liq. Maqolada duduqlanishning turli sabablari, jumladan, stress, psixologik travmalar, genetik omillar va miya faoliyatining o‘ziga xosligi keltirilgan. Shuningdek, duduqlanishning turli turlari, masalan, nevrotik, organik, psixogen, va fiziologik duduqlanish kabi shakllari haqida ma'lumot beriladi.

Философия позитивизма занимает важное место в философии XX века (в том смысле, что позитивизм позитивен). Это течение появилось в середине XIX века, а его представителями являются Джон Стюарт, Милль Герберт Спенсер, Огюст Конт. По их мнению, для получения знаний необходимо развивать специальные науки без философии. Это движение широко распространилось в Европе в 30-х годах XIX века.

Glomerulonefrit ko'p omilli, genetik irsiy kasallik sifatida tasniflanadi [3]. Biroq, adabiyotlarda glomerulonefritli bolalarda endogen va ekzogen omillar o'rtasidagi munosabatlar etarli darajada aks ettirilmagan. Buyrak jarayonining rivojlanishidagi omillarning roliga etarlicha e'tibor berilmagan.Terapevt-nefrologlar bu masalalarga ko'proq e'tibor berishadi. Shunday qilib, nashr etilgan ishlardan birida M.Ya Ratner, V.I Shumakov [7] hozirgi vaqtda surunkali nefropatiyaning rivojlanishiga sabab bo'lgan omillar sifatida ko'rsatilgan: nazoratsiz arterial gipertenziya; faol nefronlar massasining 50% dan ortiq kamayishi, giperlipidemiya; glomerulyar kapillyarlarda fibrin hosil bo'lishi; nefrotik sindromning davom etishi. Bolalarda surunkali glomerulonefrit (SGN) chastotasining ortib borishi va surunkali buyrak etishmovchiligining (SBY) oldini olish zarurati bilan bog'liq holda, glomerulonefritning kursi va prognozini baholash ayniqsa dolzarb bo'lib qoldi.

Несмотря на значительный прогресс в снижении заболеваемости, острая ревматическая лихорадка (ОРЛ) на протяжении последних десятилетий наблюдается во всех странах мира. Определение особенностей течения заболевания имеет важное значение для своевременной диагностики, что требует тщательного анализа клинических, лабораторных и инструментальных данных.

Maqolada jamiyat tomonidan olingan pnevmoniya bilan kasallangan yosh bolalarda bronxoobstruktiv sindromning xususiyatlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar keltirilgan. Klinikada pnevmoniya bo‘yicha davolanayotgan 202 nafar bolaning 98 nafarida (48,5%) bronxial obstruktsiya og‘ir bo‘lgan.

Muammoning dolzarbligi. Butun dunyo bo'ylab odamlarning 50% dan ortig'i D vitamini tanqisligidan aziyat chekmoqda. Rivojlangan mamlakatlarda D vitamini tanqisligining tarqalishi ham ortib bormoqda. D vitamini etishmovchiligi bir qator keng tarqalgan surunkali kasalliklar, jumladan, nafas olish kasalliklari uchun muhim xavf omilidir. Klinik tadkikotlar D vitamini holati, o'pka funktsiyasi, yallig'lanishning og'irligi, alevlenme chastotasi va o'pkada yuqumli jarayonlarning ortishi xavfi o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni ko'rsatadi.

O’sib kelayotgan yosh avlodni har tomonlama еtuk, komil inson qilib tarbiyalashda musiqiy tarbiyaga alohida e’tibor berilishi juda katta ahamiyatga ega bo’lgan jarayondir. Ushbu masalani еchishda musiqa san’atining o’rni kattadir. Bu esa yosh avlodning musiqiy tarbiyasini asosiy omili hisoblanadi. Musiqiy tarbiya ancha keng bo’lib, shaxsni va jamiyatdagi go’zalliklarni ideal nuqtai nazardan idrok etishga o’rgatadi. SHuningdek, musiqiy faoliyatga, voqiyikni go’zallik qonun-qoidalari asosida o’zgartirishga yordam beradi hamda shu asosda qobiliyatli shaxsni tarbiyalaydi. Musiqiy rivojlanish bu shaxsning musiqiy ongi, munosabatlari va musiqiy faoliyatning vujudga kelishi hamda takomillashuvidan iborat uzoq davom etadigan jarayondir. Musiqiy tarbiya shaxsning jamiyatda musiqiy madaniyatuni egallab olishiga bog’liq bo’lib, turli yo’llar va shakllar yordamida amalga oshiriladi. Jamiyatning musiqiy madaniyati deganda insoniyat butun rivojlanishi tarixi jarayonida to’plagan moddiy va ma’naviy qadriyatlari majmui tushuniladi.

Qadimiy madaniyat o‘choqlaridan biri bo‘lgan O‘rta Osiyoda yashagan xalqlar jahon fani va madaniyati xazinasiga salmoqli hissa qo‘shganlar. Ular musiqa madaniyati sohasida ham juda boy qadimiy merosga ega. O‘rta Ociyo xalqlarining musiqa madaniyati tarixiga doir qadimiy yozma manbalar va arxeolog olimlar tomonidan topilgan yodgorliklar buning dalili bo‘lib xizmat etadi hamda bu xalqlarning qadimdan boshlab yuksak madaniyat egalari bo‘lganligini tasdiqlaydi. Lekin arab istilosi davrida (VII – IX asrlar) boshqa madaniy yodgorliklar qatorida musiqaga doir yozma manbalar ham kuydirilib, yo‘qotib yuborilgan. Shuning uchun O‘rta Osiyo xalqlarining so‘nggi ming yillik madaniyati tarixiga oid yozma manbalargina bizgacha yetib kelgan.

Mumtoz musiqa asarlari, xususan maqomlardagi asosiy kuy mavzui ko‘pincha ritmik va melodik variatsiyalar vositasi bilan turli shakllarga tushiriladi. (Cholg‘u yo‘llarda kuy mavzui o‘zgaruvchandir). Ularga yangi-yangi melodik tuzilmalar kiritish bilan kuy yo‘li takomillashtiriladi, ularning ta’sir kuchi ortib boradi. Tasnif, Tarje’, Gardun, Muxammas, Saqil yo‘llari birin-ketin ijro etilar ekan, ulardagi lad asosi va kuy mavzuining yaqin bo‘lgani, kuy jumlalarining rang-barang, ohangdorligi va yoqimliligi hamda doyra usullarining turli-tumanligi bilan butunlay sezilmay qoladi; bunda ijodkor bastakorlarning juda ham ustalik bilan yaratgan maqom yo‘llarining originalligi yaqqol ko‘zga tashlanadi.

Har bir maqomdagi cholg‘u yo‘llari kishida xushchaqchaqlik, g‘amginlik yoki jasoratbaxsh kayfiyatlar qo‘zg‘ata oladi. O‘n ikki maqom haqida musiqa risolalarida aytilgan fikrlar Shashmaqom yo‘llariga ham mos keladi. Shashmaqom – O‘n ikki maqom tizimidagi sho‘’balar birikmasi ekan, olti maqom yo‘llarining ruhiy ta’sir kuchi turli-tuman bo‘lishi tabiiydir. Chunki har bir maqomda kuy mavzui, lad qiyofasi, doyra usuli turlicha bo‘lgan kuy va ashulalar mujassamlangan.

At present more and more parents want their children to start learning a foreign language (mostly English) before they go to school. In Uzbekistan many kindergartens offer this possibility, some, particularly private ones, offer programmes only in English. But these are just rare cases. Most often kindergartens provide an English course for their children as an extra curriculum activity once a week or once in 14 days. But what in fact is this tuition about? What do the children do during an English lesson? How long should the lesson last? These and many other issues about the teaching of English to pre-school children are the purpose of this article.

Neyrolingvistika zamonaviy tilshunoslikning bir sohasi hisoblanib, uning tarixi, ahamiyati va vazifalari haqida olimlarning fikriga tayangan holda o’rganish olib borildi. Ushbu yangi soha o’z o’rnida tilshunoslikdagi qaysi sohalar bilan chambarchas bog’liq ekanligi ko’rib chiqildi va izoh berildi.Neurolinguistics is considered a field of modern linguistics and its history, peculiarities and tasks have been studied based on the opinions of scientists who worked on this matter. The fields in linguistics which are closely connected with this new field are learned.

This article investigates the lexicographic characteristics and the important role of neologisms in the English and Uzbek languages, highlighting their continuous evolution and adaptation to the sociocultural, technological, and global transformations of modern life. Neologisms, or newly coined terms and expressions, emerge as languages respond to new realities in science, technology, politics, and social movements. These terms reflect societal developments such as the rise of digital technologies, changes in communication patterns, and the blending of cultures in an increasingly globalized world. The study focuses on how these neologisms are formed, categorized, and represented in both English and Uzbek lexicons, especially within the context of dictionaries. A significant portion of this research examines how lexicographers document neologisms—assessing factors such as frequency of usage, media influence, and the gradual acceptance of these terms into common discourse. Both English and Uzbek have unique methods of integrating new words, shaped by distinct linguistic, cultural, and historical backgrounds.

This article provides general information about theoretical and practical issues of linguistics, detailed information about language teaching methodology and practical teaching methods.

Ushbu maqolada xalq pedagogikasining yoshlar tarbiyasidagi ahamiyati, uning dolzarbligi va hozirgi kunda xalq pedagogikasini fan sifatida o'qitish uchun yaratilgan shart-sharoitlar, aynan nima uchun o'qitilishi kerakligi sabablari bilan birgalikda, xalq pedagogikasini vazifa va maqsadlari to'liq yoritib berilgan.

In this article, the importance of folk pedagogy in youth education, its relevance, the conditions created for the teaching of folk pedagogy as a science, the reasons why it should be taught, and the tasks and goals of folk pedagogy are fully explained.

В данной статье всесторонне раскрываются значение народной педагогики в воспитании молодежи, ее актуальность, условия, созданные для преподавания народной педагогики как науки, причины, по которым ее необходимо преподавать, а также задачи и цели народной педагогики.

Maqolada integratsiyalashgan, yani maxsus tarbiyaga muhtoj bolalar uchun mo'ljallangan inklyuziv ta'lim standartlari, aynan mana shunday ta'lim tizimini G'arbiy Yevropa davlatlarida tashkil etilgani va uning ahamiyati bilan birgalikda, inklyuziv ta'lim tizimini Yevropaning bir nechta davlatlaridagi tajribaviy jarayoni haqida fikr yuritilgan. Ushbu maqola orqali, G'arbiy Yevropaning bir nechta davlari misolida inklyuziv ta'lim taraqqiyot haqida ma'lumotga ega bo'lishingiz mumkin.

Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt haqida ma’lumotlar, sun’iy intellektning yuridik sohadagi ahamiyati ko’rib chiqilgan holda huquqshunos faoliyatida samaradorlik omillari, soha rivojida sun’iy intellekt bilan bog’liq qilinishi lozim bo’lgan ishlar va uning ravnaqida olib borilayotgan chora-tadbirlar, huquqiy soha va yuridik tizimda amalga oshirilayotgan ishlarni har tomonlama hal qilishda va ularni rivoj topdirishda sun’iy intellektning o’rni va roli haqida so’z yuritilgan

Zamonaviy jamiyatning rivojlanishida sifatli ta’lim muhim omillardan biri hisoblanadi.O’zbekistonda ta’lim sohasida yuksalish jarayoni davom etayotgan bir paytda ,Profi University ilg’or ta’lim muassasalaridan biri sifatida ajralib turadi.Ush bu universitet ta’lim tizimining xalqaro standartlariga mos holda tashkil etilgan bo’lib,talabalarga zamonaviy bilim va ko’nikmalarni berish,ularni bozor iqtisodiyoti talablariga javob beradigan mutaxasislarga aylantirishni maqsad qilgan.

mazkur maqolada inson qalbida jo'sh uradigan eng oliy tuyg'ulardan biri vatan toyg’usi haqida yozilgan .Har bir inson o'z tug'ilib o'sgan yurti, uning tarixi, madaniyati va an'analari bilan faxrlanishi tog’risida  ma’lumotlar keltirilgan .

This article is about one of the highest feelings that stirs in the human heart - the feeling of homeland. Information is provided about the pride of every person in the country where he was born and raised, its history, culture and traditions.

Ushbu tadqiqot etil spirti bilan zaharlangan sichqonlarning o'n ikki barmoqli ichak devorining morfologik va morfometrik xususiyatlarini o'rganishga bag'ishlangan. Tadqiqot 30 va 90 kun davomida qora sedana yog'ining (Nigella sativa) potensial himoya ta'sirini baholashga qaratilgan. Natijalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, spirtli ichimliklar ta'sirida ichak devorida sezilarli o'zgarishlar yuz beradi, qora sedana yog'i esa regenerativ va himoya ta'sirlarini namoyon etadi.

This study presents a summary of our clinical experience in the surgical rehabilitation of patients with inferior orbital wall fractures. A comprehensive clinical and radiological examination was conducted both preoperatively and postoperatively in 14 patients diagnosed with orbital floor injuries. These fractures were observed both in isolated cases and in combination with zygomatic-orbital complex fractures. Analysis of the cases revealed that isolated inferior orbital wall fractures accounted for 57.14% of the total, with the predominant patient group being young males (78.57%).

During surgical treatment, a transantral approach was utilized in all cases, providing optimal access to the inferior orbital wall. In instances where the orbital floor fracture was associated with a zygomatic-orbital complex injury, not only was the orbital floor repositioned, but the zygomatic complex was also stabilized at three standard anatomical fixation points. In cases of isolated injury, characteristic of the so-called pure “blow-out” fracture, the technique of bone-plastic antrotomy was employed as a variation of the transantral approach, allowing for the prevention of a defect in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus.

For osteosynthesis, titanium materials were used in all clinical cases, including F-shaped miniplates or individually contoured titanium meshes, particularly in cases of significant bone defects. As a result of the surgical intervention, all patients achieved restoration of both functional and aesthetic parameters disrupted by the trauma. Long-term outcomes demonstrated complete recovery of binocular vision and the absence of enophthalmos, confirming the high efficacy of the proposed approach.