Vol. 28 No. 2 (2025)

Ushbu maqola xorijiy tashuvchilar bilan yuk tashish jarayonida axborot almashishning ahamiyatini va uning samarali tashkil etilishining muhim jihatlarini ko'rib chiqadi. Global logistika tizimida, to'g'ri va o'z vaqtida axborot almashish tashuvchi, eksportchi va importchi o'rtasida samarali aloqalarni ta'minlaydi, bu esa jarayonning tez va xavfsiz yakunlanishiga olib keladi. Maqolada axborot texnologiyalari, elektron hujjatlar almashinuvi, GPS tizimlari va blockchain texnologiyalarining yuk tashishdagi roliga alohida e'tibor qaratilgan. Shuningdek, transchegaraviy axborot almashishning yuksalishi va kelajakda bu sohadagi innovatsiyalarni joriy etish imkoniyatlari ham muhokama qilinadi. Maqola xorijiy tashuvchilar bilan aloqalarni yaxshilash, samarali tizimlarni yaratish va bu orqali logistika jarayonlarini optimallashtirishga qaratilgan.

The paper information of the synthesis vinyl ester of cyanuric acid, by catalytic vinylation involving acetylene under the influence of various catalysts at atmospheric pressures, the use of highly basic systems, alternative conditions for the process and reaction mechanisms of formation of vinyl compounds of cyanuric acid is presented.

Hozirgi kunda bolalarda allergik diatezlar soni ortib borayotganligi tibbiyot amaliyotida dolzarb muammolardan biri sifatida qaralmoqda. Allergik diatez — bu chaqaloq organizmining turli tashqi omillarga, xususan, oziq-ovqat allergenlariga nisbatan yuqori sezuvchanligi bilan namoyon bo‘luvchi holatdir. Yangi tug‘ilgan chaqaloq immun tizimi yetarli darajada shakllanmagan bo‘lishi sababli, u allergenlarga tezda javob qaytaradi.

This article highlights the step-by-step methodology for completing current control tasks in the subject of descriptive geometry. The paper analyzes both theoretically and practically how organizing control assignments systematically and in sequence during lessons helps deepen students' knowledge, develop spatial thinking, and form skills in graphical representation.

This article conducts a lexical-semantic exploration of animal-based metaphors in English and Uzbek idiomatic expressions. The research examines how animals are used metaphorically to depict human characteristics, actions, and societal norms. Idioms containing animal-related terms in both languages are grouped by semantic categories to identify similarities and contrasts. The study demonstrates that although some metaphors are present in both linguistic systems, their interpretation and cultural resonance differ due to divergent cultural perspectives and traditions. Ultimately, the article emphasizes the way animal idioms act as cultural indicators, offering insights into national cognition and value systems.

Ushbu tezis kurash bo'yicha imkoniyati cheklangan yoshlar bilan ishlash uchun murabbiylarni tayyorlash jarayonining o'ziga xos jihatlarini o'rganadi. Imkoniyati cheklangan sportchilarning turli xil ehtiyojlari va xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda murabbiylarga zarur bo'lgan bilim, ko'nikma va yondashuvlar tahlil qilinadi. Murabbiylarni tayyorlash dasturlariga kiritilishi zarur bo'lgan asosiy kompetensiyalar, jumladan, moslashtirilgan mashg'ulot metodikalari, xavfsizlikni ta'minlash, inklyuziv kommunikatsiya va psixologik qo'llab-quvvatlash masalalari ko'rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan murabbiylarni o'qitish va ularning kasbiy rivojlanishini qo'llab-quvvatlashda foydalanish imkoniyatlari muhokama qilinadi.

Статья посвящена анализу современных идей и инновационных подходов в преподавании русского языка в условиях цифровой трансформации образования. Рассматриваются возможности цифровых платформ, онлайн-инструментов, искусственного интеллекта и гибридных форматов обучения, способствующих персонализации, интерактивности и эффективности учебного процесса.

Ushbu maqola milliy iqtisodiyot tarmoqlariga investitsiyalar jalb etish holatini tahlil qiladi va investitsiyalar oqimini samarali boshqarish masalalarini koʻrib chiqadi. Unda investitsiyalarning iqtisodiy oʻsish, yangi ish oʻrinlari yaratish va texnologik modernizatsiyadagi roli yoritilgan. Shuningdek, investitsiya muhitini yaxshilash, xorijiy va mahalliy investitsiyalarni ragʻbatlantirish mexanizmlari, investitsiya loyihalarini samarali boshqarishning ahamiyati hamda mavjud muammolar va ularning yechimlari muhokama qilingan. Maqola iqtisodchilar, moliyachilar, davlat boshqaruvi organlari xodimlari va investitsiya siyosati bilan shugʻullanuvchi mutaxassislar uchun foydali boʻlishi mumkin.

Ushbu maqola qishloq xoʻjaligining mamlakat iqtisodiy rivojlanishidagi oʻrnini va agroklyasterlarning bu jarayondagi ahamiyatini tahlil qiladi. Maqolada qishloq xoʻjaligi mahsulotlarini yetishtirishdan tortib, ularni qayta ishlash va eksport qilishgacha boʻlgan butun qiymat zanjirini samarali boshqarishda agroklyasterlarning roli yoritilgan. Shuningdek, agroklyasterlarning iqtisodiy samaradorlikni oshirish, innovatsiyalarni joriy etish, yangi ish oʻrinlari yaratish va hududiy rivojlanishga taʼsiri koʻrib chiqiladi. Maqola agrar sektor strategiyalari, qishloq xoʻjaligi siyosatchilari, tadqiqotchilar va investorlar uchun foydali boʻlishi mumkin.

Ushbu maqola bank kreditlarining mamlakat iqtisodiyotida korxonalarni moliyalashtirishdagi muhim ahamiyatini va oʻrnini kompleks yoritadi. Maqolada banklarning iqtisodiyotdagi vositachilik vazifasi, kreditlarning korxonalarning investitsion va aylanma mablagʻlar ehtiyojini qondirishdagi ahamiyati chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, kredit siyosatining iqtisodiy oʻsishga taʼsiri, korxonalarning moliyaviy barqarorligini oshirishdagi bank kreditlarining roli, mavjud toʻsiqlar va ularni bartaraf etish yoʻllari atroflicha koʻrib chiqiladi. Maqola iqtisodchilar, moliya sohasi mutaxassislari, tadbirkorlar va iqtisodiy rivojlanish masalalari bilan qiziquvchi keng kitobxonlar ommasi uchun moʻljallangan.

This article analyzes the factors contributing to the formation of a healthy lifestyle in preschool-aged children through physical exercises. Morning gymnastics, breathing techniques, outdoor active games, and physical activity integrated with a healthy diet play an essential role in children’s healthy development. The article outlines methodological approaches for the effective organization of these factors.

Ushbu maqolada tadbirkorlik faoliyatining barqaror iqtisodiy o‘sishni ta’minlashdagi markaziy o‘rni atroflicha ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola tadbirkorlikning yangi mahsulot va xizmatlarni yaratish, bozorda raqobatni kuchaytirish, aholi bandligini ta’minlash va innovatsiyalarni rag‘batlantirish orqali mamlakat iqtisodiyotiga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatishini tahlil qiladi. Shuningdek, tadbirkorlik muhitini yaxshilash, investorlarni jalb qilish va moliyaviy resurslarga kirish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishga qaratilgan davlat siyosatining ahamiyati yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda tadbirkorlik ekotizimini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqiladi.

Mazkur maqolada yurak ishemik kasalliklarining etiologiyasi, patogenezi, klinik belgilari, diagnostika usullari va davolash yo‘llari haqida ilmiy-nazariy tahlil berilgan. Ishemik yurak xastaligi jahon bo‘yicha o‘limga olib keluvchi yetakchi sabablardan biri bo‘lib, uni erta aniqlash va oldini olish chora-tadbirlari sog‘liqni saqlash sohasining dolzarb vazifasidir. Maqolada mavjud ilmiy adabiyotlar, statistik ma'lumotlar va klinik tajribalar asosida kasallikning tarqalishi, xavf omillari va profilaktika choralari tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqola XVI–XIX asrlar oralig‘ida Markaziy Osiyo, xususan O‘zbekiston hududidagi xonliklar davrida islom dini va diniy arboblarning jamiyatdagi o‘rni hamda rolini o‘rganadi. Maqolada diniy rahbarlarning siyosiy, ijtimoiy, madaniy va ma’rifiy faoliyati tahlil qilinib, ularning jamiyat hayotidagi ta’siri keng qamrovda ko‘rsatildi. Tadqiqot natijalari xonliklar davridagi diniy boshqaruv tizimining jamiyat barqarorligidagi ahamiyatini va bugungi ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotda islom merosining o‘rni haqida chuqur tushuncha beradi.

This article examines the role of the internal audit system in ensuring financial discipline and control within enterprises, and analyzes the necessity of its development based on modern approaches. The research focuses on the efficiency of internal audit processes, their integration with information technologies, and the attitudes of staff and management toward internal auditing. The practical state of internal audit in Uzbek enterprises is studied, with recommendations offered for alignment with international standards.

Диабетик  ретинопатия бу қандли диабетга чалинган беморлар орасида кўз олмасида  кўп учрайдиган асоратлардан бири бўлиб, нопрлифератив диабетик ретинопатия диабетик ретинопатиянинг кенг тарқалган босқичидир. Айниқса ривожланган давлатларда қандли диабет касаллиги беморларда ижтимоий ва тиббий муаммоларни келтириб чиқармоқда. Касалликка эътибор қаратмаслик натижасида беморлар хаётининг эрта даврида ногиронлик келиб чиқади[4]. Қандли диабет беморларда ногиронлик келиб чиқиш сабабларидан бири кўриш ўткирлигининг пасайиши ёки кўрликнинг келиб чиқишидир. Нопролифератив диабетик ретинопатия эрта аниқланмаслиги ва аниқланганда керакли даволаш чораларини амалга оширмаслик касалликнинг оғир босқичлари келиб чиқишига сабаб бўлади. Хозирги кунгача олиб борилган тадқиқотлар қандли диабет касаллиги хусусан диабетик ретинопатия патогенезини ва даволаш механизмини аниқ тушунтириб бермайди, шунинг учун нопролифератив диабетик ретинопатияни даволашда айрим муаммолар кузатилмоқда. Тўр пардада нопролифератив диабетик ретинопатиянинг келиб чиқиши ва ривожланишини чуқур ўрганиш касалликни эрта даволаш ва кейинги босқичларига ўтишини олидини олишда мухим ахамиятни касб этади. Шунинг учун хам нопролифератив диабетик ретинопатияни янги, эффектив ва замонавий усуллар билан даволаш амалиётлари устида изланишлар олиб борилмоқда. Шу мақсада биз беморларда нопролифератив диабетик ретинопатияни даволашда лимфотерапия, хусусан регионал лимфатерапия усулини қўлладик. Бунинг учун биз Республика ихтисослаштирилган эндокринология илмий амалий тиббиёт маркази Андижон филиалида нопролифератив диабетик ретинопатия аниқланган 50 та беморларда регионал лимфатерапия усули билан даволаш амалиётини қўлладик. Мақсадимиз регионал лифотерапиянинг диабетик ретинопатиянинг дастлабки боқичида кўриш ўткирлигига қайдай таъср этишини бахолаш. Қилинган даволаш муолажаларидан сўнг беморларни кўз туби холати, хусусан кўриш ўткирлиги текширилганда ижобий натижаларни аниқладик.

This article analyzes the processes of land resource degradation, their causes and consequences, as well as effective strategies for their protection. The research is based on real situations in the territory of Uzbekistan, and scientifically grounded solutions are proposed.

В статье рассматривается формирование языковой личности школьника в условиях билингвальной среды. Анализируются уровни языковой личности, специфика речевой деятельности детей, владеющих двумя языками, а также влияние билингвизма на развитие когнитивных и коммуникативных способностей. Выявлены основные проблемы и педагогические подходы к поддержанию гармоничного развития обеих языковых систем у школьников

Maqolada davlatchilikning eskirgan va yangi asoslarini “Barpo etish”ning ijtimoiy-siyosiy va iqtisodiy yo‘nalishiga alohida e’tibor qaratgan buyuk qudratli ijodkor va faol hukmdor Amir Temurning o‘rni va merosi haqida so‘z boradi. Maqolada Sohibqiron Amir Temur nafaqat buyuk davlat arbobi va sarkarda, balki san’at, madaniyat, adabiyot va me’morchilik homiysi sifatida ham jahon tarixida ulkan iz qoldirgani ta’kidlanadi

Tug‘ma nuqsonlar — bu homiladorlik davrida yoki tug‘ilish vaqtida rivojlanadigan, bola organizmining anatomik, fiziologik yoki biokimyoviy tuzilmasidagi anomaliyalardir. Bunday nuqsonlar bolaning hayot sifati va uzoq umr ko‘rishiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.

Bolalarda turli kasalliklarni aniqlash va ularning kechishini baholashda laborator va instrumental tekshiruvlar muhim diagnostik ahamiyat kasb etadi. Tekshiruvlarning aniqligi, ishonchliligi ko‘p jihatdan bolaning va ota-onaning tayyorgarlik darajasiga bog‘liq bo‘ladi.

Ushbu maqolada moliyaviy texnologiylarni rivojlantirish ularning tijorat banklari tomonidan faol amalga oshirilishi. Tijorat banklari onlayn muhitda foydalanuvchi ehtiyojlariga funktsional imkoniyatlarni faol raqamli moslashtirishi, barcha mahsulotlarni raqamli kanallarga o‘tkazilishi, iloji boricha raqamli sohadagi shiddatli raqobatda ishtirok etishi kabi masalalar muhokama qilingan. Shuningdek zamonaviy fintechlardan foydalangan holda masofaviy texnologiyalarni mijozga bank xizmatlaridan foydalanishda maksimal qulaylik va bank bilan ishlash jarayonida vaqt hamda moliyaviy xarajatlarni minimallashtirish imkonini berishi va fintech industriyasining rivojlanishi mahalliy bank biznes modelining raqamli transformatsiyasi uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar va infratuzilmani shakllantirish, zamonaviy moliyaviy texnologiyalardan foydalanish istiqbollari tahlil qilingan.

В статье рассматривается развитие финансовых технологий и их активное внедрение коммерческими банками. Обсуждались такие вопросы, как активная адаптация коммерческими банками своего функционала под потребности пользователей в онлайн-среде, перевод всех продуктов в цифровые каналы, а также максимальное участие в жесткой конкуренции в цифровой сфере. Также было проанализировано, что дистанционные технологии с использованием современных финтехов обеспечивают максимальное удобство для клиента в использовании банковских услуг и минимизируют временные и финансовые затраты в процессе работы с банком, а также что развитие финтех-индустрии создает необходимые условия и инфраструктуру для цифровой трансформации локальной банковской бизнес-модели, перспективы использования современных финансовых технологий.

This article discusses the development of financial technologies and their active implementation by commercial banks. The issues of commercial banks actively adapting their functionality to user needs in the online environment, transferring all products to digital channels, and participating in fierce competition in the digital sphere as much as possible are discussed. It is also noted that remote technologies using modern fintechs allow the client to use banking services with maximum convenience and minimize time and financial costs in the process of working with the bank, and the development of the fintech industry is an analysis of the necessary conditions and infrastructure for the digital transformation of the local banking business model, the prospects for using modern financial technologies.

Ushbu maqola xorijiy tashuvchilar bilan yuk tashish jarayonida axborot almashishni samarali tashkil etishning ahamiyatini va innovatsion texnologiyalarning rolini ko'rib chiqadi. Maqolada zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarining, jumladan, elektron hujjatlar almashinuvi (EDI), GPS tizimlari, IoT qurilmalari va blockchain texnologiyalarining yuk tashish jarayonlarini optimallashtirishdagi o'rni taqdim etiladi. Shuningdek, axborot almashinishning samaradorligini oshirish uchun tizimlarni integratsiyalash, sun'iy intellekt va big data tahlilidan foydalanish kabi yo'llar tavsiya etiladi. Innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etish orqali tashuvchilar, eksportchilar va importchilar o'rtasida yaxshilangan aloqalar, tezroq va xavfsiz yuk tashish jarayonlari, shuningdek, xarajatlarni kamaytirish mumkin. Maqola, global logistika tizimini yanada samarali va raqobatbardosh qilish uchun axborot almashish tizimlarini rivojlantirish zarurligini ta'kidlaydi.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillarining fonetik tizimlari qiyosiy tahlil qilinadi.Fonetika og‘zaki muloqot uchun zarur bo‘lgan asosiy aloqa vositasi hisoblanadi .Ko‘plab o‘quvchilar  fonetik tovush tizimlarini o‘rganishda muayyan qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishadi. Ushbu maqolada fonetik tovush tizimlarining muommolari to‘liq yoritib beriladi. Shuningdek, maqolada Ingliz va O‘zbek tillarini tushunishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan fonologik birliklarning farqlari va                 o‘xshash jihatlari tahlil qilinadi,.Ayniqsa,ikki tilning fonetik tizimlarining tuzilishi unli va undosh fonemalar,urg‘u,intonatsiya kabi asosiy mavzulari qiyosiy jihatdan chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, tilshunos olimlarning izlanishi yordamida mavzu yanada to‘liq yoritiladi.

Ushbu maqolada O’tkir Hoshimovning “Dunyoning ishlari” asari badiiy tahlil qilinadi.Asarda aks etgan ijtimoiy muhit,insoniy qadriyatlaar va hayotga bo’lgan falsafiy yondashuvlar muhokama qilinadi.Muallif o’ziga xos uslub orqali oddiy insonlar taqdirini,ularning ichki dunyosini va ijtimoiy hayotdagi o’rni haqida chuqur fikr yuritadi.Maqolada asarning zamonaviy o’quvchi uchun dolzarbligi va uning tarbiyaviy ahamiyati yoritilgan.

Депрессивные расстройства представляют собой одну из ведущих причин глобального бремени болезней. Согласно данным ВОЗ, более 280 миллионов человек в мире страдают депрессией. В статье рассматриваются эпидемиология, этиология, клинические проявления и современные методы терапии депрессивных расстройств. Приведены статистические данные, касающиеся распространённости, инвалидизации и смертности, связанной с данным психическим расстройством.

Олигофрения (устаревший термин для умственной отсталости) — стойкое нарушение интеллектуального развития, возникающее вследствие органического поражения головного мозга в раннем возрасте. Несмотря на выраженные ограничения в обучении и социальной адаптации, современные методы психолого-педагогической помощи позволяют значительно повысить качество жизни таких людей. В статье рассматриваются формы, причины, диагностика и подходы к сопровождению лиц с умственной отсталостью.

Maqolada ichki organlar o‘rtasidagi morfologik bog‘liqliklar, ularning anatomik tuzilishi va fiziologik funksiyalarning o‘zaro uyg‘unligi tahlil qilingan. Ichki organlarning strukturaviy integratsiyasi orqali organizmning homeostazini ta’minlash mexanizmlari yoritilgan.

This article analyzes the morphological interrelationships among internal organs, their anatomical structures, and the coordination of physiological functions. The mechanisms by which structural integration of internal organs ensures homeostasis in the human body are highlighted.

В статье проанализированы морфологические взаимосвязи между внутренними органами, их анатомические особенности и координация физиологических функций. Освещены механизмы обеспечения гомеостаза за счет структурной интеграции внутренних органов.

Mazkur maqolada inson yurak-qon tomir tizimining mikromorfologiyasi, uning tuzilish xususiyatlari va gipertoniya hamda ateroskleroz kabi kasalliklarda yuzaga keladigan patofiziologik o‘zgarishlar yoritilgan. Qon tomirlari va yurak to‘qimalarining mikroskopik darajadagi strukturaviy o‘zgarishlari, ularning klinik ahamiyati va diagnostik ahamiyatini aniqlash imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan.

This article discusses the microstructure of the human cardiovascular system, its structural features, and the pathological changes that occur in diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Microscopic alterations in blood vessels and cardiac tissues, their clinical importance and diagnostic applications are analyzed.

В данной статье рассматриваются микроморфология сердечно-сосудистой системы человека, ее структурные особенности, а также патологические изменения, происходящие при гипертонии и атеросклерозе. Анализируются микроскопические изменения сосудов и сердечной ткани, их клиническое значение и диагностические возможности.

Ushbu maqolada ishsizlikning turlari, uning sabab va oqibatlari hamda uni kamaytirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan bo‘lib, davlat siyosati va bozor mexanizmlarining ish o‘rinlarini yaratish va iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashdagi roli tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari iqtisodiy siyosatni shakllantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, mehnat bozorining samaradorligini oshirishga xizmat qiladi.

This article examines the types of unemployment, its causes and consequences, and ways to reduce it, and analyzes the role of public policy and market mechanisms in creating jobs and ensuring economic stability. The results of the study are important for shaping economic policy and serve to increase the efficiency of the labor market.

В статье рассматриваются виды безработицы, ее причины и последствия, пути ее сокращения, анализируется роль государственной политики и рыночных механизмов в создании рабочих мест и обеспечении экономической стабильности. Результаты исследований важны для формирования экономической политики и служат повышению эффективности рынка труда.

В статье анализируется структура доходов и расходов Государственного бюджета Республики Узбекистан на 2023 и 2024 годы, их состав и экономическое значение. Данная информация получена из надежных источников. В статье также анализируется финансовая устойчивость страны, социальные и экономические направления бюджетной политики на основе параметров государственного бюджета.

This article analyzes the structure of revenues and expenditures of the state budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2023 and 2024, their composition and economic significance, based on reliable sources. The article also analyzes the country's financial stability, social and economic directions of budget policy based on the parameters of the state budget.

Cyanuric acid and its derivatives are widely used in various industrial sectors. They serve as monomers in polymer synthesis, agents for microbiological treatment of natural water bodies and industrial wastewater, and chlorine stabilizers. Additionally, they are used in the production of industrial dyes, surfactants, pesticides, and herbicides for agricultural applications.

Online English learning has transformed language education, making it more accessible, flexible, and cost-effective than ever before. The integration of technology into language learning has introduced multiple advantages, such as personalized study plans, interactive lessons, and AI-assisted tutoring. However, digital education also presents challenges, including the lack of direct human interaction, technological dependence, and self-discipline issues. This article provides a deep analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of learning English online, exploring how technological advancements shape language acquisition and assessing the long-term impact on learners.

Ushbu maqolada aholining turmush darajasini yaxshilash uchun kichik tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish eng muhim tadbirlardan biri ekanligi ustida o‘tkazilgan adabiy tadqiqotlar natijasi bayon qilingan.

В статье представлены результаты исследования литературы, показывающие, что развитие малого бизнеса является одной из важнейших мер повышения уровня жизни населения.

This article presents the results of a literature study that demonstrates that the development of small businesses is one of the most important measures to improve the living standards of the population.

Mazkur maqolada Zahiriddin Muhammad Boburning “Boburnoma” asari asosida XV–XVI asrlardagi Markaziy Osiyo va Hindiston xalqlarining kundalik turmush tarzi, kiyinish madaniyati va ovqatlanish odatlari antropologik nuqtai nazardan tahlil etiladi. Boburning bevosita kuzatuvlari asosida turli ijtimoiy tabaqalar va etnik guruhlarning kiyim-kechaklari, ovqat tayyorlash uslublari, yashash joylari, mehnat va dam olish madaniyati yoritiladi. Ushbu tadqiqot Boburnomani ijtimoiy-madaniy hayot tarixi va antropologiyasi bo‘yicha ishonchli manba sifatida baholashga xizmat qiladi.

This article analyzes the daily lifestyle, clothing culture and eating habits of the peoples of Central Asia and India in the 15th-16th centuries from an anthropological perspective based on the work of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur “Baburnama”. Based on Babur’s direct observations, the clothing, cooking methods, places of residence, work and leisure culture of different social classes and ethnic groups are covered. This study serves to evaluate the Baburnama as a reliable source for the history and anthropology of socio-cultural life.

В данной статье анализируется повседневный образ жизни, культура одежды и привычки питания народов Средней Азии и Индии в XV-XVI веках с антропологической точки зрения на основе труда Захириддина Мухаммада Бабура «Бабурнаме». На основе непосредственных наблюдений Бабура рассматриваются одежда, способы приготовления пищи, места проживания, культура труда и досуга различных социальных классов и этнических групп. Данное исследование призвано оценить Бабурнаме как надежный источник по истории и антропологии социально-культурной жизни.

В статье рассматриваются особенности применения лингвокраеведческих и мультимедийных технологий в процессе преподавания русского языка. Освещаются теоретические аспекты интеграции культуроведческого компонента с цифровыми средствами обучения. Показано, как сочетание лингвострановедческого подхода и мультимедийного контента способствует повышению мотивации, улучшению коммуникативных навыков и расширению межкультурной компетенции студентов.

This article thoroughly examines the epidemiological classification of infectious diseases. It analyzes the mechanisms of transmission, sources, causative agents, and methods of control from an epidemiological perspective. The characteristics, significance, and role of each classification in protecting public health are highlighted. Furthermore, the article delves into the fundamental principles of the epidemic process, factors influencing disease spread, and the critical importance of preventive measures in controlling them. Intended for medical professionals, students, and the general public, this article provides essential information on the prevention and control of infectious diseases.

This extended article provides a comprehensive analysis of diseases transmitted through the fecal-oral mechanism. It meticulously covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment methods, and prevention strategies of these infections. The article is intended for medical professionals, students, public health workers, and the general public, aiming to provide in-depth knowledge and practical approaches in the fight against fecal-oral infections.

В данной работе рассматривается эффективность применения интерактивных методов обучения при изучении наречий на уроках русского языка. Особое внимание уделяется таким формам работы, как языковые игры, групповые задания, проектная деятельность и цифровые ресурсы. Применение интерактивных технологий способствует активизации познавательной деятельности учащихся, развитию их коммуникативных навыков и лучшему усвоению материала. В результате обучения с использованием интерактивных методов повышается интерес к предмету и улучшается качество знаний по теме «Наречие».

Ushbu maqolada maʼlumotlarni saqlash joylari tushunchasi, ularning turlari, vazifalari va axborotni saqlashdagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Maqolada tezkor xotira (RAM), doimiy xotira (ROM), tashqi xotira qurilmalari (HDD, SSD, USB, optik disklar) va bulutli saqlash tizimlari haqida batafsil maʼlumotlar keltiriladi. Shuningdek, saqlash joylarining tezligi, hajmi, ishonchliligi va qo‘llanilish sohalariga ko‘ra tahlil qilinadi.

Surunkali brutsellyoz — bu inson organizmida uzoq vaqt davomida yashirincha kechadigan va ko‘plab organlarni zararlash xususiyatiga ega bo‘lgan infeksion kasallikdir. Kasallikning asosiy sababchisi bo‘lgan brutsella bakteriyalari hayvonlardan odamga yuqadi va inson organizmida uzoq muddat yashab, turli klinik ko‘rinishlar bilan namoyon bo‘ladi. Surunkali brutsellyozning klinik va epidemiologik xususiyatlarini chuqur o‘rganish uning tashxisini osonlashtirish, davolash samaradorligini oshirish va kasallikning oldini olishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Ushbu maqola homila rivojlanish bosqichlarida markaziy asab tizimining morfologik shakllanishini batafsil tahlil qiladi. Neyroektodermaning shakllanishi, neyral truba va miyaning bo‘limlari rivojlanishi, neyron va gliya hujayralarining differensiyalanishi, miyelinizatsiya va sinaptogenez jarayonlari ilmiy manbalar asosida bayon etilgan. Embriologik misollar orqali bu jarayonlarning bosqichma-bosqich ketma-ketligi izohlangan.

Mazkur maqolada nerv tizimining ontogenez davomida yuzaga keladigan morfologik o‘zgarishlari chuqur o‘rganilgan. Yoshga qarab markaziy va periferik nerv tizimi tuzilishida sodir bo‘ladigan anatomik, fiziologik va neyrobiologik o‘zgarishlar keng tahlil qilingan. Bolalikdan to qarilik davrigacha bo‘lgan bosqichlarda nerv tizimining rivojlanish va degeneratsiyalanish xususiyatlari yoritilgan.

Mazkur maqola o‘zbek xalqining boy marosim va urf-odatlar tizimi qanday qilib oqinlik ijodida badiiy ifoda topganini o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan. Tadqiqotda xalqning diniy, ijtimoiy va maishiy marosimlariga oid an’analar, ularning oqinlar ijodidagi aks sadosi, timsollar va badiiy vositalar orqali qanday ifodalanishi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada XIX-XX asr oqinlarining asarlaridan namunalar asosida marosim va urflarning badiiy talqini, ijtimoiy-falsafiy mazmuni ochib beriladi.

Ushbu maqola matematikada piramida tushunchasini, uning turlarini, asosiy xususiyatlarini va hajmini hisoblash usullarini atroflicha yoritadi. Unda piramidaning geometrik shakl sifatidagi oʻrni, uning turli sohalardagi tatbiqlari hamda amaliy ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, maqolada piramidaga doir masalalarni yechishda qoʻllaniladigan formulalar va ularning kelib chiqishi sodda va tushunarli tarzda bayon etiladi.

Water loss in irrigation systems is a critical issue affecting water resource sustainability, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem health. This study investigates the magnitude of water losses in irrigation networks, identifies key factors contributing to these losses, and evaluates their ecological and economic impacts. Using field measurements and data analysis from selected irrigation schemes, the study provides recommendations for improving water use efficiency and minimizing negative environmental effects.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the modern educational system, their impact on the learning process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with their use. The study highlights the importance of ICT tools in enhancing the interactivity of lessons and in fostering students’ independent research and creative potential. At the same time, particular attention is given to key challenges in the implementation of ICT, such as insufficient technical infrastructure, limited digital literacy among teachers, and the lack of effective methodological approaches. The article offers practical suggestions and recommendations for the effective use of ICT, which are aimed at improving educational quality and oriented toward practical application. The results of the study justify the need for a comprehensive approach to integrating ICT into the education system and serve as a scientific basis for future research in this field.

At the moment, serious changes are being made in the national policy in the field of education in our country. This is related to the transition to a person-centered pedagogy position. One of the tasks of a modern school is to open the possibilities of all participants of the pedagogical process, to give them the opportunity to show their creative abilities. Solving these problems is not possible without implementing the variability of educational processes, in connection with which there are various innovative types and types of educational institutions that require deep scientific and practical understanding. This article analyzes the stages of innovative processes in education.

Virusli gepatit A — bu jigarni zararlovchi va asosan virusning A turiga tegishli bo‘lgan yuqumli kasallik bo‘lib, u ko‘pincha o‘tkir surunkali shaklda kechadi. Ushbu kasallikning klinik-nevrologik xususiyatlari uning jigar bilan bog‘liq patologiyasi va markaziy asab tizimining javob reaksiyalari bilan chambarchas bog‘liqdir. Virusli gepatit A asosan fekal-og‘iz yo‘li orqali yuqadi, ya’ni ifloslangan oziq-ovqat yoki suv orqali odamdan odamga tarqaladi. Kasallik ko‘pincha bolalik va o‘smirlik davrida aniqlanadi, lekin kattalar ham undan aziyat chekishi mumkin.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the modern educational system, their impact on the learning process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with their use. The study highlights the importance of ICT tools in enhancing the interactivity of lessons and in fostering students’ independent research and creative potential. At the same time, particular attention is given to key challenges in the implementation of ICT, such as insufficient technical infrastructure, limited digital literacy among teachers, and the lack of effective methodological approaches. The article offers practical suggestions and recommendations for the effective use of ICT, which are aimed at improving educational quality and oriented toward practical application. The results of the study justify the need for a comprehensive approach to integrating ICT into the education system and serve as a scientific basis for future research in this field.

At the moment, serious changes are being made in the national policy in the field of education in our country. This is related to the transition to a person-centered pedagogy position. One of the tasks of a modern school is to open the possibilities of all participants of the pedagogical process, to give them the opportunity to show their creative abilities. Solving these problems is not possible without implementing the variability of educational processes, in connection with which there are various innovative types and types of educational institutions that require deep scientific and practical understanding. This article analyzes the stages of innovative processes in education.

Virusli gepatit A — bu jigarni zararlovchi va asosan virusning A turiga tegishli bo‘lgan yuqumli kasallik bo‘lib, u ko‘pincha o‘tkir surunkali shaklda kechadi. Ushbu kasallikning klinik-nevrologik xususiyatlari uning jigar bilan bog‘liq patologiyasi va markaziy asab tizimining javob reaksiyalari bilan chambarchas bog‘liqdir. Virusli gepatit A asosan fekal-og‘iz yo‘li orqali yuqadi, ya’ni ifloslangan oziq-ovqat yoki suv orqali odamdan odamga tarqaladi. Kasallik ko‘pincha bolalik va o‘smirlik davrida aniqlanadi, lekin kattalar ham undan aziyat chekishi mumkin.

Surunkali brutsellyoz — bu inson organizmida uzoq vaqt davomida yashirincha kechadigan va ko‘plab organlarni zararlash xususiyatiga ega bo‘lgan infeksion kasallikdir. Kasallikning asosiy sababchisi bo‘lgan brutsella bakteriyalari hayvonlardan odamga yuqadi va inson organizmida uzoq muddat yashab, turli klinik ko‘rinishlar bilan namoyon bo‘ladi. Surunkali brutsellyozning klinik va epidemiologik xususiyatlarini chuqur o‘rganish uning tashxisini osonlashtirish, davolash samaradorligini oshirish va kasallikning oldini olishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Ushbu maqolada ishsizlikning turlari, uning sabab va oqibatlari hamda uni kamaytirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan bo‘lib, davlat siyosati va bozor mexanizmlarining ish o‘rinlarini yaratish va iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashdagi roli tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari iqtisodiy siyosatni shakllantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, mehnat bozorining samaradorligini oshirishga xizmat qiladi.

This article examines the types of unemployment, its causes and consequences, and ways to reduce it, and analyzes the role of public policy and market mechanisms in creating jobs and ensuring economic stability. The results of the study are important for shaping economic policy and serve to increase the efficiency of the labor market.

В статье рассматриваются виды безработицы, ее причины и последствия, пути ее сокращения, анализируется роль государственной политики и рыночных механизмов в создании рабочих мест и обеспечении экономической стабильности. Результаты исследований важны для формирования экономической политики и служат повышению эффективности рынка труда.

Ushbu maqolada moliyaviy texnologiylarni rivojlantirish ularning tijorat banklari tomonidan faol amalga oshirilishi. Tijorat banklari onlayn muhitda foydalanuvchi ehtiyojlariga funktsional imkoniyatlarni faol raqamli moslashtirishi, barcha mahsulotlarni raqamli kanallarga o‘tkazilishi, iloji boricha raqamli sohadagi shiddatli raqobatda ishtirok etishi kabi masalalar muhokama qilingan. Shuningdek zamonaviy fintechlardan foydalangan holda masofaviy texnologiyalarni mijozga bank xizmatlaridan foydalanishda maksimal qulaylik va bank bilan ishlash jarayonida vaqt hamda moliyaviy xarajatlarni minimallashtirish imkonini berishi va fintech industriyasining rivojlanishi mahalliy bank biznes modelining raqamli transformatsiyasi uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar va infratuzilmani shakllantirish, zamonaviy moliyaviy texnologiyalardan foydalanish istiqbollari tahlil qilingan.

В статье рассматривается развитие финансовых технологий и их активное внедрение коммерческими банками. Обсуждались такие вопросы, как активная адаптация коммерческими банками своего функционала под потребности пользователей в онлайн-среде, перевод всех продуктов в цифровые каналы, а также максимальное участие в жесткой конкуренции в цифровой сфере. Также было проанализировано, что дистанционные технологии с использованием современных финтехов обеспечивают максимальное удобство для клиента в использовании банковских услуг и минимизируют временные и финансовые затраты в процессе работы с банком, а также что развитие финтех-индустрии создает необходимые условия и инфраструктуру для цифровой трансформации локальной банковской бизнес-модели, перспективы использования современных финансовых технологий.

This article discusses the development of financial technologies and their active implementation by commercial banks. The issues of commercial banks actively adapting their functionality to user needs in the online environment, transferring all products to digital channels, and participating in fierce competition in the digital sphere as much as possible are discussed. It is also noted that remote technologies using modern fintechs allow the client to use banking services with maximum convenience and minimize time and financial costs in the process of working with the bank, and the development of the fintech industry is an analysis of the necessary conditions and infrastructure for the digital transformation of the local banking business model, the prospects for using modern financial technologies.

Ushbu maqolada aholining turmush darajasini yaxshilash uchun kichik tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish eng muhim tadbirlardan biri ekanligi ustida o‘tkazilgan adabiy tadqiqotlar natijasi bayon qilingan.

В статье представлены результаты исследования литературы, показывающие, что развитие малого бизнеса является одной из важнейших мер повышения уровня жизни населения.

This article presents the results of a literature study that demonstrates that the development of small businesses is one of the most important measures to improve the living standards of the population.

Mazkur ilmiy maqolada Python dasturlash tilida keng qo‘llaniladigan NumPy kutubxonasining asosiy imkoniyatlari, ayniqsa ko‘p o‘lchovli massivlar (ndarray) bilan ishlash texnologiyalari chuqur ilmiy tahlil qilinadi. NumPy yordamida sonli hisoblashlarning samaradorligi oshiriladi, massivlar tuzilmasi, ularga murojaat qilish, kesish, shakl o‘zgartirish va ularning ustida matematik amallarni bajarish mexanizmlari asoslantirilgan holda ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada nazariy izohlar bilan bir qatorda amaliy misollar ham keltirilib, real dasturlarda qo‘llanish tajribalari yoritilgan.

В данной научной статье детально проанализированы основные возможности библиотеки NumPy, широко используемой в языке программирования Python, в частности, технологии работы с многомерными массивами (ndarray). Использование NumPy позволяет повысить эффективность численных расчетов; рассмотрена структура массива, способы обращения к нему, срезы, преобразования формы массива, а также механизмы выполнения математических операций с ними. В статье представлены как теоретические аспекты, так и практические примеры, освещающие опыт применения в реальных приложениями.

This scientific article profoundly analyzes the main capabilities of the NumPy library, widely used in the Python programming language, with a particular emphasis on technologies for working with multidimensional arrays (ndarray). The use of NumPy helps improve the efficiency of numerical computations; the structure of arrays, methods for accessing their elements, slicing, reshaping, and mechanisms for performing mathematical operations are considered in depth. The article includes both theoretical explanations and practical examples illustrating their application in real-world programs.

Xirurgik bemorlarni parvarishlash — bu jarrohlik amaliyotiga tayyorlanayotgan yoki operatsiyadan so‘ng tiklanayotgan bemorlarga tibbiy va hamshiralik yordamini ko‘rsatish jarayonidir.

This article examines the phonological characteristics of stress and intonation in English and Uzbek. It focuses on their structural, functional, and typological differences and similarities through the lens of phonological theories such as Autosegmental-Metrical Theory and the Theory of Prosodic Hierarchy. By comparing real-world speech samples and phonetic transcriptions, the article demonstrates how each language utilizes prosody for meaning-making, emotional expression, and syntactic structuring.

This article aims to explore the linguistic and cognitive mechanisms behind homonym-acronyms, analyze their roles in professional and everyday communication, and evaluate their implications for language clarity and ambiguity.

This article delves into a comprehensive structural-semantic analysis of lexical units within the rapidly evolving domain of Information Technology (IT). The continuous and swift advancement of IT necessitates a rigorous linguistic examination of the ever-emerging new concepts and terms. This study investigates the internal structure, semantic layers, stylistic characteristics, and the processes of lexical borrowing of IT-related vocabulary. Specifically, the analysis encompasses compound terms, acronyms, and instances of metaphorical and metonymic transfers that are prevalent in the field. Furthermore, the article explores the mechanisms of formation and adaptation of these terms, particularly focusing on their integration into the Uzbek language system. The findings of this research aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of the lexical richness of the IT sphere, to address contemporary terminological challenges, and to provide a foundation for the refinement and development of specialized IT dictionaries.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. This article explores the historical background of diabetes, its symptoms, traditional treatments, and modern medical approaches. The discussion includes insights from historical medical texts, such as those by Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna), and examines contemporary research on diabetes management.

At present, the technique is a special subject, an independent science. Based on this, Soviet and advanced scientists of foreign countries formulate specific concepts of the methodology of teaching a foreign language, its categories, laws, terms, tasks. The methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language took shape an independent educational discipline. There is a fairly extensive literature on the teaching of Russian as a foreign language.

This article examines the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language in non-philological educational institutions. A comprehensive analysis of scientific and methodological literature has been conducted. In order to generalize accumulated theoretical and practical experience and apply it to optimize the educational process, questions related to the application of general teaching methods, text analysis and its typology, reading instruction, the teaching of academic oral speech, and new computer technologies have been considered and substantiated.

Huquqiy demokratiyaga asoslangan jamiyatda qonun ustuvorligi prinsipini ta’minlovchi asosiy shartlar

Mazkur maqolada dasturlash tillarida hodisalarni qayd etish va ularga ishlov berish masalasi yoritilgan. Hodisalar — foydalanuvchi harakati yoki tizim tomonidan yuzaga keladigan signal bo‘lib, dastur ishiga bevosita ta’sir qiladi. Java, C#, va JavaScript tillarida hodisalarning qanday e’lon qilinishi, kuzatilishi va ular bilan ishlash usullari misollar bilan yoritiladi.

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы регистрации и обработки событий в языках программирования. События — это сигналы, возникающие в результате действий пользователя или системы, оказывающие непосредственное влияние на выполнение программы. Примеры приведены на языках Java, C# и JavaScript, демонстрирующие способы объявления, отслеживания и обработки событий.

This article discusses the registration and handling of events in programming languages. Events are signals triggered by user actions or system behavior that directly affect program execution. The paper provides examples in Java, C#, and JavaScript, illustrating how events are declared, monitored, and processed.

Ushbu maqolada aholining turmush darajasini yaxshilash uchun kichik tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish eng muhim tadbirlardan biri ekanligi ustida o‘tkazilgan adabiy tadqiqotlar natijasi bayon qilingan.

В статье представлены результаты исследования литературы, показывающие, что развитие малого бизнеса является одной из важнейших мер повышения уровня жизни населения.

This article presents the results of a literature study that demonstrates that the development of small businesses is one of the most important measures to improve the living standards of the population.

В статье рассматриваются морфологические особенности названий архитектурных памятников Хорезма в узбекском, русском и английском языках. Проводится сопоставительный анализ структуры наименований, словообразовательных моделей и грамматических форм. Особое внимание уделяется механизмам морфологической адаптации при переводе с узбекского языка на русский и английский. Подчёркивается важность сохранения семантической и культурной значимости при передаче таких названий в межъязыковой коммуникации.

Maqolada Xorazm me'moriy yodgorliklari nomlarining o'zbek, rus va ingliz tillaridagi morfologik xususiyatlari muhokama qilinadi. Ismlar, so'z yasovchi modellar va grammatik shakllarning tuzilishini qiyosiy tahlil qilish amalga oshiriladi. O'zbek tilidan rus va ingliz tillariga tarjima qilishda morfologik moslashuv mexanizmlariga alohida e'tibor qaratilmoqda. Bunday nomlarni tillararo muloqotga o'tkazishda semantik va madaniy ahamiyatga ega bo'lish muhimligi ta'kidlangan.

The article explores the morphological features of the names of architectural monuments in Khorezm in Uzbek, Russian, and English. A comparative analysis of the structural patterns, word-formation models, and grammatical forms is carried out. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of morphological adaptation in translation from Uzbek into Russian and English. The importance of preserving semantic and cultural significance in cross-linguistic communication is emphasized.

В статье рассматриваются теоретические подходы к изучению онимов, представленных в названиях архитектурных памятников. Анализируются их структура, семантика, функции и классификация в контексте лингвокультурологического и ономастического подходов. Особое внимание уделяется роли антропонимов, топонимов и культурно маркированных элементов в формировании названий архитектурных объектов.

The article discusses theoretical approaches to the study of onyms represented in the names of architectural monuments. Their structure, semantics, functions and classification are analyzed in the context of linguocultural and onomastic approaches. Special attention is paid to the role of anthroponyms, toponyms and culturally marked elements in the formation of names of architectural objects.

maqolada me'moriy yodgorliklar nomlarida keltirilgan onimlarni o'rganishga nazariy yondashuvlar ko'rib chiqiladi. Ularning tuzilishi, semantikasi, funktsiyalari va tasnifi lingvokulturologik va onomastik yondashuvlar kontekstida tahlil qilinadi. Arxitektura ob'ektlari nomlarini shakllantirishda antroponimlar, toponimlar va madaniy jihatdan belgilangan elementlarning roliga alohida e'tibor beriladi.

В статье рассматривается функционирование названий архитектурных памятников Хорезма в письменных источниках различного типа. Особое внимание уделяется историко-культурной значимости топонимов и антропонимических элементов в названиях, их устойчивости и трансформации в хрониках, путевых заметках, энциклопедиях и литературных произведениях. Анализ позволяет выявить особенности лингвистической репрезентации культурного наследия региона и проследить эволюцию наименований в зависимости от социокультурного контекста.

Maqolada Xorazm me'moriy yodgorliklari nomlarining har xil turdagi yozma manbalarda ishlashi ko'rib chiqiladi. Toponimlar va antroponimik elementlarning nomlardagi tarixiy-madaniy ahamiyati, ularning xronikalar, sayohat yozuvlari, ensiklopediyalar va adabiy asarlardagi barqarorligi va o'zgarishiga alohida e'tibor qaratilmoqda. Tahlil mintaqaning madaniy merosini lingvistik vakillik xususiyatlarini aniqlashga va ijtimoiy-madaniy kontekstga qarab nomlarning evolyutsiyasini kuzatishga imkon beradi.

The article examines the functioning of the names of architectural monuments of Khorezm in written sources of various types. Special attention is paid to the historical and cultural significance of toponyms and anthroponymic elements in names, their stability and transformation in chronicles, travelogues, encyclopedias and literary works. The analysis makes it possible to identify the features of the linguistic representation of the cultural heritage of the region and to trace the evolution of names depending on the socio-cultural context.

Данная статья посвящена вопросу  происхождения  узбекских загадок. Загадка встречается практически во всех культурных традициях. Она занимает важное место в культуре узбекского народа, которому принадлежит, являясь отражением картины мира данного народа, а также способствуя реализации интегративной и информационной функции культуры. Возникновение загадки связано с древними ритуалами, обрядами, табу и мифологическими верованиями. Загадку также можно встретить в священных текстах, предсказаниях, сказках, песнях и былинах.  

This article is devoted to the question of the origin of Uzbek riddles. Riddles are found in almost all cultural traditions. They occupy an important place in the culture of the Uzbek people, to whom they belong, being a reflection of the worldview of this people, and also contributing to the implementation of the integrative and informational function of culture. The emergence of the riddle is associated with ancient rituals, ceremonies, taboos and mythological beliefs. The riddle can also be found in sacred texts, predictions, fairy tales, songs and epics.  

Ushbu maqola o'zbek topishmoqlarining kelib chiqishi masalasiga bag'ishlangan. Topishmoq deyarli barcha madaniy an'analarda uchraydi. U o‘zi mansub bo‘lgan o‘zbek xalqi madaniyatida muhim o‘rin tutadi, shu xalq dunyoqarashining in’ikosi bo‘lishi bilan birga, madaniyatning integrallashtiruvchi va informatsion funksiyasini amalga oshirishga hissa qo‘shadi. Topishmoqning kelib chiqishi qadimgi marosimlar, marosimlar, tabular va mifologik e'tiqodlar bilan bog'liq. Topishmoqni muqaddas matnlarda, bashoratlarda, ertaklarda, qo‘shiq va dostonlarda ham uchratish mumkin. 

 Nutrition- is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food and water to support its life. The intake of these substances provides organisms with nutrients (divided into macro- and micro-) which can be metabolized to create energy and chemical structures; too much or too little of an essential nutrient can cause malnutrition. Nutritional science, the study of nutrition as a hard science, typically emphasizes human nutrition.

The evolving landscape of healthcare necessitates a dynamic approach to nursing education. As the demand for skilled nursing professionals intensifies, it becomes imperative to align educational frameworks with the advancements in modern medicine. This integration ensures that nursing curricula not only impart foundational knowledge but also equip students with the competencies required to navigate contemporary healthcare challenges.