Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Innovations

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 This article tells the story of how people like "maraz" live like a mouse looking for a hole in society, devouring someone's name, work, reputation, trying to achieve the goal not the hard way, but the easy way - that is, through slander, deceit, deceit, deceit. In the story, a major social problem is revealed through the personal actions of the deceased: the rise to power in society with contempt and slander, the destruction of righteous people, and the use of death as a tool for the sake of prestige. This refers to a situation that often occurs in the Uzbek social life.

The article discusses such tasks of physical education as the intensification of professional training, the achievement of high working capacity and productivity in the chosen profession, the use of physical culture for active recreation and recovery of working capacity.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of increasing the competitiveness of the education system and creating an effective management system. In the context of globalization, the need to improve the quality of education, introduce innovative approaches, train qualified personnel and improve the management methods of educational institutions are highlighted. In addition, on the example of foreign best practices, the factors of ensuring competitiveness in education and effective management mechanisms were studied and recommendations for the national education system were given.

Tooth development is a multifaceted process influenced by genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors [8]. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of specific signaling pathways, such as Wnt, BMP, FGF, and Shh, in regulating tooth morphogenesis and mineralization [9]. Environmental stressors, including nutritional deficiencies and exposure to toxins, can disrupt these pathways, leading to developmental anomalies like molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) [10]. Socioeconomic determinants, such as parental education and income levels, further impact oral health outcomes. This review synthesizes current literature to elucidate the complex interplay of these factors in tooth development.

 The spine and spinal cord are central structures in human anatomy, providing both mechanical support and neural function. This article explores the clinical anatomy of the vertebral column and spinal cord, highlighting their structural organization, functional significance, and implications in clinical practice.

 The development of professional competence is crucial for students' success in the modern workforce. In today's rapidly changing educational landscape, integrating social-emotional learning (SEL) and digital methodologies into academic programs has become essential. Social-emotional learning equips students with the necessary skills to manage emotions, build healthy relationships, and demonstrate resilience in professional environments. Meanwhile, digital methodologies provide students with innovative tools for learning and collaboration, fostering skills that are critical in the digital age. This article explores the importance of both social-emotional learning and digital methodologies in enhancing professional competence. It discusses how SEL can improve communication, decision-making, and stress management, while digital tools foster adaptability, creativity, and problem-solving skills. The integration of these approaches within educational curricula has the potential to produce well-rounded professionals who are capable of thriving in an ever-evolving work environment.

 The methodological manual provides information on teaching mathematics to primary school students using interactive methods

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder commonly diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Adolescents with ADHD often experience significant challenges in both social and academic settings, which can impact their overall development. This article explores the various ways in which ADHD influences adolescents' social interactions and academic performance. Through an examination of relevant literature and analysis of research findings, the paper highlights the unique difficulties faced by these individuals and proposes potential interventions to mitigate the negative effects on their lives.

The human body is composed of various tissues that serve different functions, ensuring the body operates efficiently and maintains homeostasis. Four main types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue, form the foundation for understanding how the body functions at a microscopic level. This article provides an in-depth look at these four primary tissue types, discussing their structures, functions, and roles in maintaining health. Understanding these tissues' classification allows for a more detailed view of human anatomy and can inform medical and scientific studies related to health, disease, and injury.

This article deals with the issues based on the principles and practical approaches to designing student-centered lessons, emphasizing the need to shift from teacher-dominated instruction toward learner autonomy and active engagement. Through an extensive literature review and analysis of global practices, it identifies the theoretical foundations, benefits, and challenges of student-centered instruction. The discussion evaluates various strategies for planning and implementing student-centered lessons that promote critical thinking, creativity, and independent learning.

Classroom management plays a pivotal role in facilitating effective learning by creating an environment where instruction and positive student behaviors can flourish. This article discusses classroom management strategies across traditional and digital settings and at various educational levels. It provides an introduction to the importance of effective classroom management from primary schools to higher education. A comprehensive literature review summarizes key theories and research, encompassing both long-standing approaches and emerging digital strategies.

This article describes the theory and practice of differentiated instruction in mixed-ability classes. With students’ learning styles, readiness levels, and interests becoming increasingly diverse, differentiated instruction provides a pedagogical approach that fosters inclusivity, maximizes individual potential, and improves overall educational outcomes. The article explores the theoretical background, practical strategies, challenges, and empirical evidence surrounding differentiated instruction, offering guidelines for educators to successfully implement it in their classrooms.

 This article deals with the issues based on analyzing the mechanisms for developing professionally oriented communicative competence in future economists. The research highlights the importance of integrating linguistic, socio-cultural, and professional components in teaching foreign languages for specific purposes (ESP). Particular attention is paid to task-based learning, simulation methods, and interdisciplinary integration. A comparative analysis of global best practices demonstrates that communicative competence is essential for economic specialists to function effectively in international environments. The study proposes a flexible, multi-level model for the systematic development of professional communication skills through authentic materials and digital technologies.

This article deals with the issues based on analyzing inner psychological world and emotional depth of characters in the novels of Abdulrazak Gurnah. Through the lens of postcolonial theory and psychological literary analysis, the study examines how personal trauma, identity crises, displacement, and memory shape the protagonists’ internal experiences. The analysis also includes a comparative review of recent international studies to understand global scholarly perspectives on Gurnah's portrayal of emotional and existential struggles. The findings highlight the author’s unique narrative style that encapsulates silence, introspection, and resilience as vital elements of the human condition in postcolonial literature.

This article analyzes the stylistic features of metaphors in publicistic texts, highlighting their significant role in shaping readers' perception and influencing public opinion. The study focuses on how metaphors contribute to emotional expressiveness, ideological coloring, and textual coherence. Through examples from publicistic discourse, the research explores different types of metaphors and their pragmatic functions in modern journalism. Findings show that metaphors in publicistic writing serve not only aesthetic purposes but also persuasive and cognitive functions.

This investigation gives an information about the formation of future foreign language teachers’ through professional communicative competence in the environment of English classroom. The research reveals different explanations  about this phenomenon of various authors, the results of the students’ testing are described, the main principles for choosing of professionally-oriented English texts are presented, the plot, theme and developing problem situations application for the formation of professional lexical competence of students are investigated.    In modern conditions, an active process continues improvement of the main directions in the field of language education, such as the focus on global development trends, changes in the social context of learning foreign languages, striving for progress, revision of content and objectives of foreign language education, which determine the further development of the university system education and are aimed at improving education to the level compliance with international standards.   

In today's digital world, studying a second language has become important, and learning the German language has various benefits.  The advantages of studying German are analyzed in this article, with a focus on its role in social interaction, academic, cultural, and financial contexts.  It pays attention to Germany’s situation as a vital economic power in the world, as well as the significance of language in foreign trade and policy.  The essay also investigates the cultural diversity of the German-speaking world, how it has impacted literature, science, and the arts, and how learning a new language can encourage personal growth.  This essay highlights why learning German is the best choice and a determined decision for people searching for international possibilities by going over productive methods for learning a language and discussing the long-term benefits of speaking.

This article covers the social, economic and political reforms implemented during the reign of Faisal bin Abdulaziz, one of the kings of Saudi Arabia (1964–1975). King Faisal's activities in education, oil policy, industrial development, media and international relations are extensively analyzed. In particular, the process of modernization of Saudi Arabia is shown based on such important aspects as opening the way to women's education, nationalization of the oil industry through the PETROMIN organization, activity in OPEC and OAPEC, and the role of the 1973 oil embargo in international politics. The article presents the Faisal era as a turning point in the formation of modern Saudi Arabia.

This article explores how the concept of "Homeland" is metaphorically expressed in Uzbek folk proverbs through the lens of cognitive linguistics. It identifies metaphorical models and schemas-such as "Homeland as Mother," "Homeland as Home," and "Homeland as Soul"- and examines their role in shaping the mental image of the homeland within the collective consciousness of the people. By analyzing how these metaphors convey cultural values, emotions, and patriotic sentiments, the study underscores the deep interconnection between language and thought. The findings contribute to the broader fields of linguistics, ethnolinguistics, and the study of national identity.

This article discusses the importance of improving students' preparedness for inclusive education. Inclusive education provides equal opportunities for all students, including those with disabilities or other special needs. The article emphasizes key factors crucial for student preparation, including teacher qualifications, the use of assistive technologies, and the development of individualized learning plans. Additionally, the importance of psychological support in preparing students for inclusive education is examined. The role of society in developing inclusive education and the necessity of collaboration in creating equal opportunities for students are also discussed. In conclusion, it is highlighted that the successful implementation of inclusive education requires the joint efforts of educational institutions, teachers, students, and society.

This article analyzes the role of pedagogical technologies and media education in modern teaching. The study examines ongoing educational reforms in Uzbekistan, current issues in utilizing information technologies, and highlights the significance of media tools in developing students' independent thinking skills. The paper explores how modern pedagogical approaches combined with media education can enhance the learning experience and improve educational outcomes.

This article provides an overview analysis of the specifics of phased implementation of democratization elements in Uzbek society during the post-Soviet period, based on a comparison with generally accepted global practices, since the beginning of Sh.M. Mirziyoyev's first presidential term. The strengthening of society's influence on key processes in the country is examined in stages, starting from the formation stage under strict administrative and managerial control, continuing with measures to liberalize all aspects of social arrangements, and concluding with planned tasks to strengthen public oversight of state apparatus activities. The article separately addresses the features of reforming official information policy in the context of its importance as a tool for interaction and dialogue between the government and the electorate. It also touches upon the characteristics of state reform policy. The text outlines conditions for aligning citizens' legal competence with key democratic requirements of a constructive nature - positioning themselves as full-fledged citizens and utilizing mechanisms to protect their own rights and freedoms, as well as creating conditions for the free expression of their civic position and independent opinion.

This article reflects on educational goals for upperclassmen through the subject of English, such as not only knowledge, language skills, free communication , but also goals based on the development of upbringing and various abilities of upperclassmen by teaching English.

Blended learning, a combination of face-to-face instruction and online resources, has gained significant attention in English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms. This approach merges traditional teaching methods with the flexibility and accessibility of digital tools, optimizing language acquisition. This article examines the effectiveness of blended learning in ESL classrooms, exploring how it enhances student engagement, facilitates personalized learning, and improves overall language proficiency. By integrating both in-person and online learning components, this model offers the potential to create a more dynamic and adaptable learning environment.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of English language learning, offering personalized and interactive learning experiences that were once unimaginable. AI-powered tools such as chatbots, language apps, and personalized learning platforms are revolutionizing how students engage with language, enabling learners to study at their own pace, receive real-time feedback, and practice language skills in dynamic environments. This article explores current trends in AI-driven English language learning, its impact on pedagogy, and its potential to shape the future of education. It also examines the challenges and opportunities posed by the integration of AI in language instruction, offering insights into its role in fostering both cognitive and social aspects of language acquisition.

This article discusses the importance and methods of improving the competence of school leaders in working with information. School leaders must possess the ability to correctly receive, analyze, store, and use information to make strategic decisions to ensure effective management in the educational system. The article highlights the necessary competencies for school leaders and suggests practical methods for developing these skills.

Reseаrch fighter girls generаl chidаmkоrlik оf the quаlity оf generаl аnd speciаl exercises using develоp.Issued reseаrch get tо gо in the prоcess while its оwn distinctive style аnd principles аnd tооls tо use.

The president оf the republic оf uzbekistаn “оn the оrgаnizаtiоn оf the ministry оf spоrts develоpment” 2022-the yeаr 18-Februаry, pp-136 resоlutiоn wаs аdоpted.

Оf uzbekistаn in the Republic fоr the develоpment оf the five priоrity directiоn оn Аctiоn аt strаtegic recоgnized аs it wаs, “the cоuntry's independence in the yeаrs оf оut cаrried wide - rаnging refоrms оf nаtiоnаl stаtehооd аnd sоvereignty, strengthening, security аnd lаw enfоrcement, оur stаte оf the bоrders оf the sаfety, sоciety оf lаw, rule, humаn rights аnd freedоms, inter-ethnic hаrmоny аnd religiоus tоlerаnce envirоnment prоviding fоr аn impоrtаnt fоundаtiоn is, оur peоple hаve а decent life tо live, оur citizens оf the creаtive pоtentiаl оf the reаlizаtiоn оf the prоductiоn fоr the necessаry cоnditiоns tо creаte”.

 This аrticle in the wоrld Surdоlimpiyа the gаme's develоpment histоry, the cоmpetitiоn аnаlysis, Uzbekistаn intо cоming cаuse, оrgаnized be аnd Surdоlimpiyа оf the gаme is legаl аnd scientific bаsis lit.

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the 4C model, a framework focused on essential competencies for success in 21st century educational and professional environments. The research systematically analyzes the four core components—critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity—detailing their specific characteristics and importance in navigating today's complex, information-rich world. The author explores practical applications of the model across educational settings, workplace environments, and quality assurance frameworks, highlighting how these competencies drive innovation and adaptability. Despite widespread recognition of the model's value, the article identifies significant implementation challenges, including assessment difficulties, institutional resistance, resource constraints, cultural variations, and technological barriers. The research reviews evidence supporting the efficacy of the 4C model while acknowledging future directions for its evolution, such as integration with cultural intelligence and digital literacy. As educational systems worldwide shift from traditional knowledge-focused curricula to more competency-based approaches, this overview offers valuable guidance for educators, organizational leaders, and policy makers working to prepare learners and professionals for a rapidly changing global landscape.

This article examines the common vocabulary of educational scientific texts on logistics, which includes words with high frequency of usage, and which are necessary for speech construction. The study focuses on the analysis of educational and scientific texts on logistics in English, identifying key prepositions and words that play an important role in the formation of scientific presentation. As a result of the analysis, the most frequently used verbs, prepositions and their combinations with significant words in logistics were identified.

 This article analyzes the importance of developing balance and coordination skills, methodological approaches, and practical exercises in the initial training stage of academic rowers. In academic rowing, balance is an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of movements and maintaining a stable boat position. Furthermore, coordination abilities ensure the athlete's coordination of movements and contribute to improving their technical skills. The article presents key exercises and methodological recommendations aimed at developing these abilities.

This article studies the role of metaphor as a key stylistic device in Ernest Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms and examines how metaphors are used in the Uzbek translation. By using stylistic and comparative analysis, the study investigates the key metaphorical expressions that contribute to the novel’s emotional tone, thematic depth, and narrative structure. The results show that while most metaphors are preserved during translation, some experience a modification, reflecting cultural adaptation and linguistic difficulties. The results highlight the importance of metaphor in Hemingway’s style and the difficulties translators face in maintaining stylistic authenticity across languages.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the associative experiment as one of the leading methods of psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics. The methodological principles of the experiment, its historical development and current areas of application in modern linguistics are described. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of using associative data for the analysis of linguistic consciousness, reconstruction of lexical-semantic fields and identification of cultural-specific features of the linguistic picture of the world. The significance of the associative experiment for interdisciplinary research and the creation of associative dictionaries is shown.

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The article deeply studies the physical essence of the phenomenon of light absorption, the main parameters associated with it, mathematical models, experimental methods, as well as the practical significance of this phenomenon in science and technology. The approach covered by the author is original and, along with the physical foundations, is enriched with applications in modern technologies.

This article discusses the role of economic terms in foreign language lessons and the problems and opportunities of using them in a field-specific context. The integration of economic terms in the process of teaching a foreign language is considered an important tool for expanding students' professional vocabulary, connecting language knowledge with practice, and developing field-specific communicative competence. The article analyzes the methods of working with economic terms, interactive methods used in their teaching, and the advantages of language teaching based on an interdisciplinary approach. It also provides recommendations on the difficulties encountered in teaching economic terms and ways to overcome them. The results of the study serve to develop field-oriented teaching methods in foreign language lessons.

 This article analyzes the importance of the integrative approach in the process of teaching the Turkish language and the possibilities of its application. The ways of improving the methodology of language teaching based on the integrative approach are discussed, namely, interdisciplinary connections, the development of communicative competence, the use of multimodal teaching materials. The study provides practical recommendations for organizing an effective lesson process based on modern pedagogical technologies and interactive methods. The impact of the integrative approach in teaching the Turkish language on the development of students' language skills is also scientifically, theoretically and practically substantiated.

This аrticle exаmines the issue оf develоping the prоject design cоmpetence оf teаchers оf the subject "Upbringing" thrоugh the use оf digitаl technоlоgies. In pаrticulаr, the аrticle highlights the pоtentiаl оf digitаl leаrning envirоnments in enhаncing teаchers’ prоfessiоnаl skills relаted tо educаtiоnаl plаnning аnd prоject develоpment.

The article is devoted to current issues, the auditor's responsibility when considering fraud and errors related to the organization and the industry. The auditor should get an idea of the subject's compliance with these regulations. Particular attention should be paid to laws and regulations that may affect the organization's activities. 

This study investigates the cognitive dimensions of social status, emphasizing how social hierarchies are mentally conceptualized and linguistically encoded.

This article analyzes the role of the social protection system in the development process in Uzbekistan. The social protection system is of great importance as a means of supporting the most vulnerable segments of the population and ensuring economic stability. The article examines the social protection measures implemented in the country, including the pension and benefit system, unemployment reduction programs, and the expansion of medical services and educational opportunities.  

The Russian language has great cultural, political and economic importance on a global scale. Therefore, it is very important to use effective teaching methods that help in successful language acquisition. This article explores the methodologies and approaches to teaching Russian language lessons in specialized schools. Given the significance of the Russian language as a cultural and educational medium, it plays a crucial role in developing students' linguistic competencies. The article analyzes contemporary methods and techniques used in teaching, providing recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of instruction. The research aims to improve the quality of Russian language education in specialized institutions.

This article analyzes the importance of an integrated approach to teaching the Russian language and how it can be implemented in an interdisciplinary context. An integrated approach, that is, a method of teaching the language in several subjects at the same time, allows students to learn the Russian language not only as a separate subject, but also in connection with other areas (mathematics, history, geography, etc.). The article describes in detail the advantages of such an approach, its ability to encourage students to think more broadly, its effectiveness in the practical application of the language, and how to implement interdisciplinary connections in the lesson. It also examines the methodological and didactic foundations of an integrated approach, its impact on the cognitive development of students.

This paper examines the development of Islamic financing in Uzbekistan, a country undergoing significant financial reforms. It explores the institutional, legal, and market developments that have shaped the Islamic financing landscape, analyzes current challenges, and discusses future opportunities. The study aims to contribute to the academic and policy-oriented discourse on integrating Shariah-compliant financial instruments into Uzbekistan's conventional financial system.

The article is devoted to suicidology as a field of psychology that investigates factors contributing to suicidal behavior and develops methods for its prevention. Within suicidology, various areas are considered, including clinical, social, educational, and forensic psychology. Key aspects are the study of mental disorders, the influence of the social environment, and pedagogical factors that contribute to the prevention of suicidal behavior among young people. The article reviews authoritative studies in Russian that highlight psychological, social and cultural aspects of suicidal behavior. The necessity of a comprehensive approach to studying the problem, including medical, psychological and social measures, as well as the development of effective preventive strategies for working with suicidal people is emphasized. Important attention is paid to psychotherapeutic methods, social programs and neurobiological research, which help to better understand the mechanisms of formation of suicidal thoughts and prevent suicidal actions.

The system of preventive and anti-epidemic measures is a component of targeted management of the epidemic process. Environmental factors are an integral part of the epidemiological ecosystem and are capable of playing the role of regulators of the interaction process of its components, activating or inhibiting them. Such regulatory functions are carried out by influencing, first of all, its extraorganismal part, living on various objects of the environment. Changes in the state of environmental factors, capable of activating the interaction of the members of the parasitic system, should be considered as prerequisites for the complication of the epidemic situation. [1]. For example, the redistribution of helminthiasis pathogens in the soil during floods and natural disasters create prerequisites for the complication of epidemiological situations.

Reading aloud is an influential practice that supports cognitive, emotional, and social growth in children while simultaneously strengthening the relationship between parents and children. This article examines the diverse advantages of reading aloud for both young learners and their caregivers, emphasizing areas such as language acquisition, literacy enhancement, and relational dynamics. Additionally, it discusses effective methods for integrating reading aloud into everyday routines and its implications for educational strategies.

This article analyzes the issue of administrative liability for minors from historical, legal, and practical perspectives. The developmental process from the early legal norms of the 19th century to modern international standards of the 21st century is chronologically illuminated. The article demonstrates the significance of juvenile accountability using examples of the current situation in Uzbekistan, judicial statistics, and dynamics of youth offenses. It is also emphasized that the main objective should not be the punishment of minors, but rather their re-education and adaptation to social life.

A complex study of surface-active substance SCA-515 containing Neonol AF 9-12 - oxyethylated monoalkylphenol as a nonionic surfactant has been performed. It is shown that the SCA-515 does not interact with the deposit water, shows demulsifying properties, reduces the interfacial tension to ultralow values, adsorbs slightly on the core. The effects of ionic strength and nature of electrolyte on the surface properties of surfactant have been studied. The composition of the punching liquid for secondary access technologies based on the surface-active substance SCA-515 and an aqueous solution of potassium chloride has been found. Researches of the designed punching fluid have shown its high inhibitory ability, compatibility with formation fluid and mud filtrate. Industrial (Peschanoozerskoe field) tests have shown high efficiency of surfactants: flow rates increasing, the term reduction of well development and decrease of skin effect.

This article covers the model of using digital educational technologies in the development of professional competence of future primary school teachers.

Issues such as conGEStion, aging, and maintenance of public transport in urban areas are addressed. Advanced technologies used in the deployment of public transport, including transponderless technologies

This article analyzes expressions of gratitude in languages of different systems from a linguocultural perspective. Expressing gratitude is closely tied to a society’s culture, traditions, and moral values. The study emphasizes the form, usage context, and communicative functions of gratitude expressions across various languages.

Language is considered a tool that provides information about society, and it also reflects the values ​​of society. In this study, curse words used by Uzbek men and women in society are mentioned and discussed. The article shows that despite the fact that swear words are mostly used by women, they are more polite and soft than men's curse words. Looking at other situations, it was found that men are more likely to use curse words and negative words often as dominance. Curse words are divided into 3 main types in the article. According to a survey conducted among Uzbek speakers, they mainly use it culturally and socially. The study helps to reveal gendered linguistics based on culture and society.

This article discusses the study of finite methods for managing files and their efficient operation in the Matlab environment. The development of information technologies has created a need for educators to properly store and manage various digital resources in the educational process. This article discusses methods for systematically organizing files, using cloud technologies, taking security measures, and increasing efficiency in the pedagogical process. The article provides practical recommendations for educators and students on organizing digital information.

This article explores the development and study of the concept of allomorph in Eastern linguistics. It analyzes how Eastern linguists have defined, classified, and interpreted allomorphs, focusing on phonetic, morphological, and semantic factors influencing their appearance in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, and other Eastern languages. The research also compares the Eastern perspectives on allomorphy with those of Western linguistics, identifying both commonalities and differences. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of morphological structures in Eastern languages and clarifies the theoretical foundations of allomorphy from a diachronic and typological viewpoint.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education, but its integration into teacher preparation remains underdeveloped. This article reviews current approaches to AI in teacher training and proposes a structured framework for embedding AI technologies into pre-service and in-service teacher education. We outline a staged methodology – from foundational AI literacy to immersive practice and reflective assessment – aligned with emerging competency frameworks. The model leverages adaptive learning systems, AI tutors, chatbots, and simulations to personalize and enrich methodological training. Benefits include individualized instruction and increased efficiency, while challenges involve equity, privacy, and ethical use of AI. We discuss implications for pedagogy (e.g. data-driven teaching), curriculum design (incorporating AI literacy and AI-enabled tools), and teacher competencies (drawing on UNESCO’s five AI dimensions). Finally, we highlight the need for ongoing research and policy support to realize an AI-augmented future for teacher preparation.

This scientific research analyzes the sentence, which is the fundamental unit of syntax, and its predicative nature. The sentence serves as the primary means of expressing and conveying human thought, holding a significant place in the language system due to its communicative function. Predicativity, an inseparable grammatical feature of the sentence, manifests through categories such as person, number, tense, mood, and affirmation-negation. The article examines two approaches to predicativity: logical and grammatical perspectives. Predicativity is considered to be formed solely through the subject-predicate relationship and is viewed as the grammatical content of the entire sentence. Additionally, the article distinguishes between the concepts of sentence models and utterances, analyzing the sentence as a general grammatical unit and the utterance as a communicative unit realized in speech. While sentence models are limited, the forms of utterances can appear in infinite variations in speech, as proven by linguistic theories.  

Today, diabetes mellitus, which has become a problem among the population, especially among people aged 35-50, and despite the implementation of treatment measures, is becoming increasingly common.
Diabetes mellitus is also known as "sugar" disease among the people.

Diabetus is administered to the maintenance of the metabolic diseases and can be hereditary and acquired. Diabetes are based on the disorders of carbohydrate and water metabolism in the body.Indan is a violation of the explanatory function due to the disruption of this exchange.

  The vokine hormone in the Langergans Langergans is developed by cells, which is involved in the processing of glucose and normalizes the water and carbohydrate norm. It is calculated due to the violation of insulin production on the pancraft, ie that the candidate in which is not increased, ie, and as a result that the candidate is not considered to be shown orphans.

 This article analyzes the pedagogical problems of single-parent families, their causes, and consequences. Single-parent families, which arise as a result of divorce, the death of one parent, or when children are raised by only one parent, have a negative impact on children's development. In such families, children often face psychological, social, and financial difficulties. Teachers and psychologists play an important role in supporting the emotional and psychological well-being of children and must pay special attention to their needs. The article thoroughly examines the role of educators, the system of social support, and the role of society in child upbringing. Various forms of social assistance — including financial, psychological, and educational support — contribute to creating the necessary conditions for the development of children in single-parent families.

 The article analyzes the linguocultural features of the lexeme "foot" in German and Uzbek proverbs. The semantics, pragmatics, and cultural connotations of the lexeme "foot" are examined.

The definition of Francophone literature as a field of study continues to evolve and is not uniform everywhere. In the United States, it includes literature from sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, the Maghreb, Quebec, Switzerland, and Belgium. In Europe, the last two are, surprisingly, part of French literature. Quebec, for its part, distinguishes three bodies of work: French literature, Quebec literature, and Francophone literature. Finally, in France, French literature and Francophone literature are studied separately. In this article, we will mainly reflect on the emergence and development of Maghreb literature in French.

Water circulates nutrients in nature and is a habitat for numerous species of plants and animals.  Understanding the role of water in nature and in human life is becoming especially relevant in the context of modern environmental problems associated with a shortage of clean fresh water. The article highlights the important role of water in nature and in human life.

 Text emotiveness refers to the expressive qualities of language that evoke or convey emotional states. This paper explores the key components that contribute to emotiveness in written texts from a linguistic perspective. These components include lexical choices, evaluative language, expressive syntax and punctuation, figurative language, emotive particles and modality, contextual and pragmatic cues, and prosodic features in written form. Understanding these elements enhances our comprehension of how texts influence readers emotionally, which has applications in linguistics, literary analysis, psychology, and computational language processing (Jakobson, 1960; Wierzbicka, 1999).

This paper explores the functional and expressive significance of active and passive hand movements in orchestral conducting. Conducting is a multidimensional art form that integrates physical gesture, musical interpretation, and nonverbal communication. Active hand movements, typically executed by the dominant hand, are responsible for maintaining tempo, signaling rhythmic precision, and directing ensemble cohesion. In contrast, passive hand movements, often performed by the non-dominant hand, convey expressive nuances such as phrasing, dynamics, and emotional intent. Drawing on principles from gesture theory, music pedagogy, and performance psychology, this study analyzes how conductors employ both movement types to enhance musical expression and performance clarity. Through observational analysis of professional conductors and pedagogical sources, the research demonstrates that a balanced and purposeful integration of both active and passive gestures is essential for effective communication between the conductor and the ensemble.

At this age, children are practically taking in everything, so their learning experience is more integrated, and requires a combination of visual, physical and aural activities. Much of their language learning experience at this stage is through repetition, and one-sided communication between teacher and student.

This article highlights the strategic opportunities and goals of Uzbekistan in relation to the Gulf countries, joint cooperation projects, regionally implemented initiatives, recent meetings and the decisions made within their framework, as well as the objectives and content of the planned projects.

This article analyzes the modern foreign policy concept of the Republic of Turkey. It highlights Turkey’s geopolitical perspectives, particularly its multi-vector strategy, soft power approach, geo-economic interests, and international mediation activities. The paper also examines tools of cultural and educational diplomacy implemented through organizations such as TIKA, the Diyanet, the Yunus Emre Institute, and the Maarif Foundation. Additionally, attention is given to Turkey's relations with NATO and the West, as well as its cooperation with Eastern countries. Based on the analysis, the article presents Turkey’s independent foreign policy aimed at regional leadership. The study may be useful for researchers interested in an in-depth understanding of Turkish foreign policy.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of labor migration cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and Japan. It examines the migration policies pursued by the Uzbek government in sending workers abroad, as well as the strategies implemented by the Japanese government regarding the admission and regulation of foreign workers — particularly through mechanisms such as the “Specified Skilled Worker” (SSW) visa program. Furthermore, the study explores bilateral agreements, institutional partnerships, and the current challenges observed within this system. The article draws on official statistics, legal documents, and both international and national academic literature to reflect the reality of labor migration dynamics. I adopt an analytical approach to the subject by presenting independent observations and evaluations, and offer personal insights into the opportunities, risks, and ways to mitigate potential drawbacks. The economic, social, and cultural aspects of labor migration are also addressed with particular attention.

This article is concerned with linking words and their using of in writing. These words and phrases also known as transition words and connectives. Linking words are used to connect different parts of a sentence or paragraphs. The author gives some informations and examples about importance of transitions and how often use them or not.

 This article discusses the specific features of teaching Russian to students studying in the humanities and other specialties. It analyzes the professional needs of students, an interdisciplinary approach, methods for forming communicative competence, and ways to use modern educational technologies. The authors substantiate the effectiveness of using a differentiated approach, increasing motivation, professionally oriented tasks, and integrative methodology in language teaching. The article is aimed at developing effective approaches to teaching the Russian language in a professionally oriented manner and contains useful recommendations for language teachers.

 The theory of traditional Chinese medicine is totally different from that of modern medicine and has a unique system of its own. Some of the terms are rather difficult to express in other languages, nor is it easy to find an exact translation of the original. Some words that convey the concept of the Chinese terms convey it only in part.

This article provides information about the Band (Metabo) saw machine for processing wood. Information is provided about the layout of the band saw machine, safety rules, advantages and disadvantages.

The formation of the Kyrgyz people has been shaped through complex ethno-historical processes since ancient times. This article explores issues related to the ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz, their place within the Turkic language family, ethnonyms and toponyms found in ancient written sources, as well as migratory and political factors during various historical periods. The stages of development of the Kyrgyz language, its connections to the Altaic language unity, and the settlement areas of ancient nomadic tribes are analyzed based on historical sources. The article highlights the significant role played by Eastern Turkestan, the Tien Shan, and the Pamir-Alay regions in the formation of the Kyrgyz people.

This study examines the main problems in the use of the phenomenon of synonymy in modern linguistics and their significance in the field of linguistics and translation. Synonyms, that is, words that are close in meaning, when used in a language in a percentage and context-dependent manner, can often lead to confusion and misunderstanding. The article aims to determine the role of synonymy in linguistics and consider the problems of its use.

This study analyzes the importance of word stress in linguistics and its phonetic and phonological aspects. Word stress plays an important role in the formation of meaning in a language and ensuring the correct use of words in context. This study determines how stress affects the phonetic and phonological structure of a language, as well as its role in the correct expression of meanings. At the same time, the article analyzes the practical use of word stress using examples from Uzbek and other languages.

In this article, the concept of the "green family" model, its essence and significance are analyzed. Family practices promoting an eco-friendly lifestyle in various foreign countries are studied, and the legal, cultural, and economic foundations for implementing this model in Uzbekistan are examined. Furthermore, the possibilities of harmonizing national values with ecological sustainability are analyzed.

This article analyzes the study of the phenomenon of gradation based on paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations from the perspective of modern linguistic methodologies. It explores the communicative and stylistic potential of gradation based on interrelations within the language system, systematic units, and their expressive features. The evolution of paradigmatic and syntagmatic approaches in linguistics based on structural and functional methods, as well as the role of gradational units in English and Uzbek linguistics, is examined using scientific sources. The article also evaluates the formation process of systematicity, integrity, and associative and combinatorial relations among linguistic units.

In this article, the role of the parliament in the implementation of sustainable democratic reforms and its development trends, increasing the activity of deputies in the implementation of parliamentary control, the harmfulness of increasing the participation of the deputy of the Legislative Chamber in the legislative process, and further improving the activities of the deputy of the Legislative Chamber in ensuring the interests of political parties and citizens in the electoral district are covered. 

Currently,there are a number of economic problems in Uzbekistan,and various measures are being taken to eliminate them.Among the main problems are the slowdown of economic growth, inflation, the decrease in the level of employment and the increase in external debt.The slowdown in economic growth was caused by the impact of the pandemic and the global economic crisis.This situation puts small and medium-sized businesses in a difficult situation.The level of inflation is high, and the increase in prices has a negative impact on the well-being of the population.A number of measures are being implemented by the state in order to eliminate these problems.Among them are directions such as economic reforms,improvement of the investment environment,improvement of the tax system and expansion of social protection programs.Also,the state is developing programs aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses.In general, a comprehensive approach and effective strategies are required to eliminate economic problems in Uzbekistan.These processes are important for improving the well-being of the population and achieving sustainable economic growth.

 This article examines how teachers of ESP create materials and what they believe about teaching and learning.  ESP is all about teaching English for a particular job, study area, or interest (like English for doctors, engineers, or tourism).  The article analyzes the essence of needs analyses, components of a good syllabus and curriculum and methods that can be used in teaching English for Specific Purposes. In particular, data collection like questionnaires, personal interviews, meeting with stakeholders and well-organized procedures are discussed.

 This article analyzes the causes and consequences of the fourth major military conflict between the Arab states and Israel. The reason for the start of hostilities was the recovery of the territories lost by the Arab states in the "Six-Day War". As a result of the war, both sides suffered heavy losses. This war clearly demonstrated the need for a policy of compromise between the Arab states and Israel.

This article offers a detailed comparative examination of the perspectives held by classical and Keynesian schools of economic thought regarding the demand and supply of money, equilibrium within the money market, and the operational dynamics of the banking system through monetary and banking multipliers. Particular emphasis is placed on exploring the theoretical underpinnings of the classical approach, including Say’s Law, the notion of money neutrality, and the role of liquidity, alongside the incorporation of IS-LM models within both frameworks. The juxtaposition of these theoretical perspectives highlights fundamental disparities in interpreting the role of money in economic systems and the mechanisms facilitating market equilibrium.

 In medical institutes, the collection of statistical data plays a crucial role in organizing scientific and research activities, particularly in training students. This process enables systematic gathering, analysis, and interpretation of data necessary for obtaining reliable and valid results. Statistical methods in medical education are applied across various research fields, including epidemiology, clinical trials, public health studies, and laboratory experiments. This article explores the importance of integrating statistical data collection into medical students' research activities, discusses the methods and tools used for data collection, and examines the challenges students face during the process. The role of statistical literacy in enhancing students' research skills and the overall quality of their academic work is also emphasized. Additionally, the article provides recommendations for improving the process of collecting statistical data in medical institutes to support better research outcomes and evidence-based practices in healthcare.  

Over the past decades, due to the ever-accelerating development of science and technology, as well as global world processes, a new model is being established in the world economic system, as a result of which new professions, concepts and, accordingly, new terms arise. This article discusses the importance of educating students about economic terminology in the English language, particularly in the context of an increasingly globalized economy. It examines the challenges faced by students in mastering economic vocabulary and proposes effective teaching strategies to enhance their understanding and application of economic terms. The findings stress that a strong grasp of economic terminology is crucial for academic success in economics and for professional competency in the global market.

This article explores the semantic properties and cultural foundations of somatic phraseologisms—idiomatic expressions rooted in body-part references—through a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek. Drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Cultural Semiotics, the study examines how universal human experiences of embodiment are filtered through culturally distinct frameworks. By analyzing data from phraseological dictionaries, language corpora, and ethnolinguistic interviews, the research identifies both shared cognitive patterns and divergent cultural values embedded in somatic idioms. Key findings reveal that while English and Uzbek idioms employ similar body parts to express universal concepts like emotion and agency, their metaphorical mappings diverge under the influence of historical, religious, and social contexts.

This article examines cultural semantic units—also referred to as linguocultural units—in the Uzbek and English languages. These units, which include idioms, proverbs, metaphors, and culturally bound expressions, reflect the worldviews, values, and traditions of a speech community. The paper explores how cultural meanings are encoded in these linguistic forms and investigates similarities and differences through a comparative lens. By analyzing selected examples from both languages, the study highlights the role of culture in shaping meaning and discusses the challenges of equivalence in translation. The research contributes to cross-cultural linguistics and translation studies, emphasizing the importance of cultural competence in bilingual communication.

This article discusses the origin of idioms, that is, phrases, in the Uzbek and English languages. The topic is sufficiently explained theoretically and scientifically. In this process, the views and research of Uzbek and world scientists are cited as an important factor. The basis for the origin of some phraseological expressions is indicated. Examples on the topic also play an important role in fully disclosing the content of the article.

This article analyzes the process of psychological adaptation of primary school students to school life. It explores how students respond to the new environment, the psychological barriers they face, and the factors influencing social adaptation, as well as methods to facilitate this process. The article also examines mechanisms for improving the level of adaptation through collaboration among school psychologists, parents, and class teachers. Additionally, ways to assess the level of psychological adaptation based on empirical research are proposed.

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This article explores the role of storytelling in teaching English to preschool and early primary learners. Focusing on three popular children’s stories – "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?", "We're Going on a Bear Hunt", and "The Enormous Turnip" – it discusses how visual, auditory, and kinesthetic activities can be implemented to build vocabulary, improve listening comprehension, and engage young students. Each story is analyzed with corresponding learning activities and outcomes.

 The process of reforming the banking system and transformation in the Republic of Uzbekistan has become one of the priorities of economic policy in recent years. As part of this process, special attention is paid to attracting foreign and domestic investments in commercial banks. The main goal of the transformation is to transform state – owned banks into financial institutions based on market principles, financially stable, competitive and attractive to investors. This article will provide feedback and feedback on the analysis of the current state of attraction of investments in commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the process of transformation.

This article explores the concept of grammar awareness as a crucial component of second language acquisition and provides a comprehensive review of theoretical and practical approaches to its development in educational settings. Drawing on both cognitive and sociocultural theories, the paper emphasizes the importance of metalinguistic knowledge and the need for explicit grammar instruction integrated into communicative and contextualized language learning. The research methodology includes a qualitative synthesis of relevant literature, classroom observations, and teacher interviews. The main body of the article is structured around three key components: a theoretical foundation detailing the distinction between explicit and implicit grammar instruction, practical classroom strategies such as task-based learning, grammar consciousness-raising, and technology-enhanced instruction, and common challenges faced by educators, including learner resistance and time constraints, with proposed pedagogical solutions.

Key findings suggest that grammar awareness is best fostered through interactive, reflective, and meaningful instruction that bridges the gap between rule knowledge and real-world application. The conclusion emphasizes that fostering grammar awareness is not about reverting to outdated methods but about promoting conscious, adaptive, and communicative grammar use. This article serves as a valuable resource for language educators, curriculum designers, and researchers interested in enhancing grammar instruction practices to improve learner outcomes in both accuracy and fluency.

 In this article, the author pays special attention to the description of life processes in the stories of Shukur Kholmirzaev and reveals their distinctive features.

Verbs expressing natural phenomena form a distinct lexical category in English, encompassing words that describe meteorological, astronomical, and geological events. These verbs are essential for communicating about natural occurrences and their impact on human life.

This article examines the morphological and syntactic properties of these verbs, including their forms, inflections, derivational processes, transitivity, and sentence structure. By analyzing these linguistic aspects, we highlight their unique role in English grammar and how they reflect our perception of nature.

Acute intestinal infections (AIIs) remain one of the most frequent causes of morbidity across various age groups, particularly among children and immunocompromised patients. Bacterial or mixed etiology infections often require antibiotic therapy, which can significantly disrupt the gut microbiota. This dysbiosis may manifest clinically and lead to prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms, malabsorption, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatment of AIIs and presents evidence-based strategies for restoring a balanced gut microbiota. Key approaches include using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, alongside antibiotic stewardship and careful monitoring of gastrointestinal function.

Industrial enterprises rely heavily on their production operations, which transform various resources and materials into finished goods. Central to these operations is the management of working capital—funds used to purchase raw materials, supplies, fuel, and electricity. Skillful handling of these current assets boosts production efficiency and generates positive outcomes. Because working capital provides the essential resources that keep operations running smoothly, its optimization is critical to overall success. In short, the combination of streamlined production processes and prudent workingcapital management is vital for the sustained performance and growth of any industrial firm.

This article describes how to prepare a cash flow statement using the direct method based on International Financial Reporting Standards. In our country, only the direct method is used in the preparation of cash flow statements, so the introduction of the direct method by us will help to increase investor confidence in financial statements.

In the state, pedagogical projects for the preparation of primary school teachers in higher educational institutions are analyzed, the principles of determining the quality of education, the complex of its pedagogical services, the organization and management of students' cognitive activities are revealed.

The educational process is one of the social spheres of society that is developing day by day. This article examines the importance of using information technologies in the educational process. Information technologies create opportunities for improving the quality of education, increasing students' motivation to study, and quickly acquiring knowledge. The article also shows the role of information technologies in the educational process and their integration with pedagogical methods.

This article describes the use of unusual compounds in linguistics, the rich emotionality of the thought expressed through them, and the need to name such compounds by the name of "unusual compounds" in Uzbek linguistics.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. Malnutrition and deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, vitamins B, D, etc. are frequent companions of the disease. This work highlights the importance of a comprehensive assessment of the micronutrient status of patients with advanced UC. As part of the improvement of complex therapy, the mechanisms of deficiency, diagnostic approaches, as well as the possibilities of personalized correction are analyzed.

Understanding and applying knowledge about the impact of nutrition on inflammatory processes and the overall health of patients opens up new opportunities to improve the quality and duration of life. These aspects also highlight the need for further research and development of programs aimed at improving nutrition and dietetic education for both health care professionals and patients and their families. Focusing on the importance of nutritional support can be a significant step towards long-term disease control, which is, of course, a priority for all involved.

This article examines the selection of optimal springs for freight wagon bogies operating under the conditions of AJ “Uzbekistan Railways”. The technical characteristics of primary load-bearing, secondary (auxiliary), lateral stabilizing, and damping springs used in wagon bogies are analyzed, along with their impact on freight transportation efficiency. Through a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various spring types, recommendations are provided for choosing the most suitable option for Uzbekistan’s conditions. The research results aim to improve wagon stability, extend service life, and optimize operational costs.

This article presents a scientific comparative analysis of certain native Persian adjectives used in the language of "Baburnama" from lexical-semantic and grammatical perspectives. Additionally, scientific and theoretical conclusions are drawn regarding these adjectives.

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases worldwide, caused primarily by viruses and, less frequently, by bacteria. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as key components of the innate immune system, play a central role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating immune responses in the respiratory epithelium. This article reviews the expression and function of TLRs in the upper respiratory tract, their involvement in pathogen detection, and the consequences of dysregulated TLR signaling. Understanding TLR-mediated mechanisms in URTIs may aid in developing novel immunomodulatory therapies.

This study investigates the influence of dibunol (also known as ionol or butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT), an antioxidant compound, on the lipid profile of rabbits with experimentally induced atherosclerosis. Using a high-cholesterol diet to simulate hyperlipidemia and plaque formation, the experiment evaluates how dibunol administration alters key lipid parameters, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in blood serum. The findings suggest that dibunol has a lipid-modulating effect and may contribute to the prevention or attenuation of atherosclerotic changes through its antioxidant properties.

 This article discusses the issue of social protection of the population and globalization in the world and the level of attention paid to social protection of the population in the world. Also, a number of current issues are analyzed in detail using reliable sources, analyzing the literature.

This article analyzes effective pedagogical methods that contribute to ensuring academic achievement among primary school students. The study explores factors that influence students’ learning, motivation, active participation, and development of independent thinking skills. In addition, local and international practical experiences are compared and the possibilities of their application are assessed. Practical recommendations aimed at enhancing academic performance have been developed. This research holds significant theoretical and practical value for improving the quality of primary education, refining pedagogical approaches, and effectively organizing teachers’ professional activities.

This study investigates effective methodologies for teaching English to elementary-level learners, focusing on interactive, student-centered approaches that enhance language acquisition in young learners. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research explores how play-based learning, storytelling, and technology integration foster vocabulary development, oral proficiency, and student engagement. Findings reveal that interactive methods, such as language games, narrative activities, and digital tools, significantly improve motivation and retention compared to traditional rote-learning techniques. Challenges, including limited resources, varying learner readiness, and classroom management constraints, necessitate adaptive teaching strategies to address diverse needs. The study recommends integrating multimodal activities, scaffolding techniques, and comprehensive teacher training to optimize English instruction. These findings contribute to the discourse on creating inclusive, engaging, and effective language learning environments for elementary learners, emphasizing the need for institutional support and policy interventions to address resource disparities.

 This study investigates the role of code-switching, the practice of alternating between a student’s native language and English, in English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms for secondary-level learners. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research examines how code-switching influences language acquisition, student engagement, and classroom dynamics. Data were collected through interviews, classroom observations, and analysis of teaching materials in public secondary schools and English learning centres in Tashkent, Uzbekistan during the 2024–2025 school year. Findings indicate that strategic code-switching enhances comprehension, encourages participation, and fosters inclusivity, though overuse may limit English proficiency. Challenges include managing linguistic diversity, ensuring balanced language use, and addressing limited teacher training. The study recommends structured code-switching strategies, professional development, and resource support to optimize ESL instruction. These insights contribute to developing effective, inclusive language learning environments for secondary learners.

The quality of electricity in the territory of our republic mainly depends on current and narguz, taking into account the interaction of magnetic currents used in the control and management of currents of power supply networks, frequency, voltage, currents.

This article discusses the essence and causes of liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is a severe chronic disease characterized by the destruction of liver cells and their replacement with fibrous (scar) tissue. Cirrhosis leads to liver dysfunction and can result in life-threatening complications. Particular attention in the paper is given to the main causes of the disease, including viral hepatitis (especially hepatitis B and C), prolonged alcohol consumption, fatty liver disease, autoimmune processes, genetic factors, as well as the effects of toxic substances and certain medications. The annotation provides a brief analysis of the progressive nature of cirrhosis, the gradual replacement of liver tissue with connective tissue, liver failure, and other serious consequences.

This article provides a brief overview of the linguopoetics of Islamic poetic epics.

This article explores the features of the representation of the concept of "child" in the oral traditions, especially proverbs, of Uzbek and Turkish peoples. It examines its sociocultural and semantic connotations. The value given to children in both cultures, their functional role in the family and society, and the metaphorical, allegorical, and axiological analysis of the image of children have been linguistically analyzed. Through the artistic means used in proverbs, the people’s worldview, philosophy of life, and intergenerational relations are artistically interpreted.

This article analyzes the psychopedagogical causes of such negative forms of behavior as gamemania, that is, addiction to gambling and computer games, which are becoming increasingly widespread among students. It also reveals the role of modern pedagogical correction technologies in preventing such problematic behavior and changing them in a positive direction. The article proposes effective correction strategies based on methods such as an individual approach, orientation to alternative activities, and optimization of the family and school environment. The results of the study serve to ensure the healthy development of the student's personality and socio-psychological balance.

This article explores the importance of developing independent thinking skills in students and the various pedagogical strategies that promote autonomy, critical reflection, and problem-solving abilities. In an age dominated by information, it is essential that students are not only passive recipients of knowledge but active constructors of their own understanding. This paper investigates the theoretical basis of independent thinking, practical classroom techniques to foster it, and the long-term benefits of nurturing such skills for lifelong learning and citizenship.

This article explores the integration of the synergetic approach into the corporate preparation of future teachers for educational and instructional activities. The synergy between pedagogical theory, practical experience, and organizational collaboration forms a holistic framework for teacher training. The research examines the conceptual foundations of synergetics, its application in pedagogy, and how corporate collaboration enhances the professional readiness of teacher candidates. The study concludes that a synergetic model fosters adaptive, innovative, and ethically responsible educators.

 This article reveals the important role of the teacher's speech culture in the educational process. The author emphasizes that speech culture is not only a means of personal development for the teacher, but also a key factor in effective education. The article analyzes how the teacher's speech skills (clarity, fluency, expressiveness, correctness) affect the process of learning, increase their motivation and the level of mastering educational materials. It also discusses various methods of developing speech culture (self-study, analysis of educational materials, professional training) and the responsibility of teachers in this regard. The article is useful for teachers, specialists in the field of pedagogy and those interested in education, and provides practical recommendations on improving the quality of education by developing teachers' speech culture.

This article discusses the pedagogical and psychological characteristics of career guidance, the improvement of these approaches based on modern methodologies, the introduction of the latest information and communication technologies, and enhancing its content with scientific achievements in the field of knowledge.

In recent years, information technologies have developed rapidly and have become an integral part of people's lives. In particular, social networks are emerging as one of the main means of communication in modern society. Through them, people express their opinions, get acquainted with the news, and keep in touch with friends and loved ones. This article analyzes the role of social networks in society, their positive and negative aspects, their impact on the younger generation, information security, personal data protection, and their future role.

This article, The Literary Analysis of the Stylistic Devices Used in John Steinbeck’s Novel "Of Mice and Men", explores the various literary techniques that contribute to the novel’s thematic depth and emotional impact. Through an in-depth examination of Steinbeck’s use of symbolism, foreshadowing, imagery, and dialogue, the study highlights how these devices enhance character development and reinforce the novel’s central themes of friendship, loneliness, and the fragility of dreams. The analysis also considers the role of regional dialect and narrative structure in shaping the realism and authenticity of the novel. By incorporating scholarly perspectives and textual evidence, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of Steinbeck’s literary craftsmanship and the enduring significance of "Of Mice and Men" in American literature.

Yellow rust, or stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), poses a serious threat to wheat production worldwide, particularly in regions with temperate climates and mountainous microzones. The Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan, characterized by diverse agro-ecological zones, has witnessed periodic outbreaks of yellow rust, causing considerable reductions in wheat yield and grain quality. This article discusses the biological characteristics of yellow rust, environmental conditions favoring its development, and presents current monitoring practices, surveillance techniques, and integrated control strategies implemented in the region. It also emphasizes the importance of resistant cultivars, agronomic management, fungicide application, and regional coordination as part of a sustainable plant protection approach.

This article explores the concept of private equity (owner's equity), its economic essence, and the legal framework for organizing its accounting in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the main components of private equity, the relevant national legislation, and international standards that regulate its recognition and reporting. Furthermore, it discusses existing challenges in accounting practices and proposes practical recommendations for improving the transparency and efficiency of private equity accounting in business entities.

This article analyzes the economic essence of charter capital, its legal foundations, and the procedure for its accounting in financial reporting. It examines the sources of charter capital formation, accounting records, and the documentation process related to capital changes. The paper also highlights common issues in the accounting of charter capital, provides insights from international practices, and offers practical recommendations for improvement. The analysis is based on the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and international accounting standards.

This article examines the legal and economic aspects of issuing and placing shares. It discusses the process of share emission in joint-stock companies, types of shares, methods of valuation, placement techniques, and practical issues encountered during the process. International practices and their applicability in the context of Uzbekistan are also explored

This article explores the economic and legal essence of authorized capital, its formation sources and methods, and the accounting procedures involved. Special attention is given to the requirements of the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding authorized capital and the practical challenges faced during its formation.

This article explores the concept of additional capital, its components, and the peculiarities of accounting for it. The role of additional capital in a company’s financial stability, its sources, and accounting procedures are analyzed in detail.

This article explores the concept of reserve capital, its formation, components, and accounting practices. The role of reserve capital in the financial stability of an enterprise and proper accounting procedures are analyzed.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the sources of Yusuf Khass Hajib’s great work Qutadghu Bilig and the scientific, religious, and philosophical foundations that shaped it. The work’s connection to Islam, the Holy Qur’an and Hadiths, Turkic oral traditions, and Zoroastrian beliefs is thoroughly examined. Additionally, the influence of Greek philosophy—especially the ideas of Plato and Aristotle—transmitted through thinkers such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna (Ibn Sina), is explored in detail. The article evaluates Qutadghu Bilig not only as a literary monument but also as a political-philosophical and didactic treatise. The author delves deeply into the ideological roots of the text and substantiates its relevance in contemporary times.

This article examines the pivotal role of dialogue and character interaction as a narrative device for thematic development in the literary works of J.D. Salinger. Best known for The Catcher in the Rye and his Glass family stories, Salinger employs intimate, often disjointed conversations to uncover complex psychological and existential themes. Through an analysis of key exchanges—such as Holden Caulfield’s confrontational and reflective dialogues, or the spiritually charged conversations between Seymour Glass and his siblings—the study highlights how Salinger’s characters reveal internal conflicts, societal critiques, and quests for authenticity. By exploring the tension, subtext, and emotional nuance in these interactions, the article argues that Salinger uses dialogue not merely for realism or plot advancement, but as a profound lens into alienation, innocence, and the human desire for connection. Ultimately, this approach underscores Salinger’s mastery in crafting emotionally resonant narratives where what is said—and left unsaid—carries powerful thematic weight.

This article discusses the formation and development of creative and critical thinking skills in future primary school teachers. The article focuses on the significance of creative thinking and key methods to foster it, as well as effective approaches to cultivating critical thinking. By acquiring these skills, teachers can enable students to think independently, solve problems, and generate new ideas. The article presents practical methods for combining creative and critical thinking to enhance the educational process with greater effectiveness and innovation.

 This article analyzes the impact of foreign languages, especially English, on the mobility of teachers and students, as well as strategies for developing academic mobility. First of all, the differences in the education systems of Russia and European countries, the role of foreign languages ​​in teaching, and how new curricula are implemented on a global scale are considered. The article also discusses the initiatives of states and universities aimed at developing international education systems, the creation of new courses, and practical measures such as language courses for students. The article also analyzes the effectiveness of international education systems, such as the credit-module system and joint educational programs. Innovative approaches used to improve the quality of education in Europe and other regions, as well as existing opportunities for developing academic mobility, are highlighted. The article generally demonstrates the transparency, comparability of the global education system, and effective tools for developing academic mobility.

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This article explores one of the foundational yet often misunderstood elements of Practical English Grammar: conjunctions. It examines the three major types—coordinating, subordinating, and correlative—explaining their functions, structures, and usage in real-life communication. By drawing on well-established grammar resources and examples, this article aims to clarify their roles in sentence construction and support both learners and educators in mastering their usage for clear and coherent expression.

This article explores the methodologies for teaching aesthetic culture in design within higher education, emphasizing the importance of fostering creativity, cultural awareness, and critical thinking in design students. It covers various approaches, such as integrating theory with practice, interdisciplinary collaboration, project-based learning, and cultural context. The article discusses the role of aesthetic culture in design education, detailing how educators can use techniques like design critiques, experiential learning, field trips, and technology to enhance students' understanding and application of aesthetic principles. It highlights the evolving nature of design education and how these methodologies can shape the future of design practice by preparing students to engage with design in a socially responsible and innovative way.

This article provides a comprehensive legal and functional analysis of company directors as central figures in corporate governance, focusing on their legal status, responsibilities, ethical obligations, and interaction with other key personnel within the corporate structure. Drawing on both Uzbek national legislation and international frameworks, the study examines the evolving nature of managerial accountability and internal organizational dynamics. Comparative insights are presented through the analysis of relevant academic opinions and regulatory instruments. Recommendations are provided to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of corporate governance mechanisms in Uzbekistan.

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The teacher's speech is directly and indirectly connected to the students’ learning process. In today's era of globalization, delivering the subject matter in a clear, meaningful, and influential manner requires every teacher to possess a high level of pedagogical speech culture. This article analyzes the importance of the teacher's speech in the learning process of students, the necessity of developing speech skills, and the use of modern methods and communicative features. Recommendations are provided for every teacher to improve their speech abilities.

Youth policy in Uzbekistan has undergone significant evolution since the country gained independence in 1991. With a focus on empowering young people and addressing their educational, social, and economic needs, the Uzbek government has prioritized youth development through various policies, initiatives, and legal frameworks. These efforts aim to provide opportunities for education, employment, and social integration while promoting health, well-being, and civic engagement. The country has also made strides in improving youth participation in governance and decision-making processes, fostering a sense of national pride and responsibility. Despite ongoing challenges, such as youth unemployment and social issues, Uzbekistan continues to develop its youth policy, seeking to create a vibrant, engaged, and productive generation. This article provides an overview of Uzbekistan's youth policy, exploring its objectives, key initiatives, challenges, and future directions.

 Medical protozoology is a specialized field within medical microbiology that focuses on the study of protozoa, microscopic single-celled organisms, that can cause various diseases in humans. Protozoa are found in a variety of environments, including water, soil, and inside the bodies of both humans and animals. Although many protozoa are harmless, some are pathogenic and can lead to a wide range of health issues, ranging from mild to life-threatening diseases. This article provides a comprehensive overview of medical protozoology, examining the types of protozoa that affect humans, the diseases they cause, and the methods for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Understanding these protozoa is crucial for improving healthcare outcomes, particularly in regions with high incidences of protozoan infections.

Environmental changes have a profound effect on the human body, influencing not only our physical health but also our mental well-being. As the world experiences increasing environmental stressors, ranging from climate change and air pollution to deforestation and urbanization, understanding how these changes affect human physiology is crucial. This article explores the various ways in which environmental changes impact human health, with a focus on physical health, mental health, and the overall quality of life. By examining relevant scientific literature and research, the article aims to shed light on the direct and indirect consequences of environmental changes on the human body and the ways in which individuals and societies can adapt to and mitigate these effects.

Neck injuries in children, particularly those involving the cervical spine, present significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. These injuries can range from minor sprains to life-threatening fractures or dislocations, potentially leading to long-term disabilities if not managed appropriately. Advances in surgical techniques over the past few decades have significantly improved the outcomes for pediatric cervical spine injuries, reducing the risk of complications and enhancing recovery. This article reviews the new methods in the surgical treatment of neck injuries in children, focusing on innovative approaches to surgery, including minimally invasive techniques, advanced imaging, and the role of biologic materials in promoting healing. By synthesizing the latest research, this paper highlights how these emerging methods are transforming the management of pediatric neck injuries and improving the overall prognosis for affected children.

This article discusses the methodological foundations of utilizing developmental games and differentiated approaches based on the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) methodology in primary education. It outlines methods for organizing the learning process in a more engaging, effective, and individualized manner for young learners. The article analyzes opportunities to enhance students' creative thinking, problem-solving skills, and readiness for independent learning through the integration of play-based activities, interdisciplinary integration, and individualized learning strategies.

This article explores the role, content, and practical outcomes of using storytelling as a method to enhance the oral and written speech of primary school students. Oral and written speech are fundamental aspects of communication, critical thinking, expression, and creative engagement. The paper emphasizes the necessity of considering the students' age, psychological characteristics, and individual abilities when implementing storytelling activities to develop their speech skills.

Preterm birth remains a significant global health challenge, contributing substantially to neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of preterm birth rates in the autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan and general rural areas of Uzbekistan. The research aims to identify disparities, explore contributing factors, and propose targeted interventions to improve maternal and child health outcomes. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data from healthcare facilities and demographic surveys were analyzed. Preliminary findings suggest higher rates of preterm birth in Karakalpakstan, potentially linked to unique environmental, socioeconomic, and healthcare access challenges. Understanding these regional differences is crucial for developing evidence-based strategies to reduce the burden of prematurity.

For natural gas to be transported, stored, and used safely, purification is an essential step. The efficiency and environmental sustainability of traditional separation processes are frequently limited. This work investigates a cutting-edge cryogenic technique for deep purification of natural gas that uses liquid nitrogen. This technology’s hydromechanical and heat exchange processes are covered in the paper, along with its benefits in terms of effectiveness, selectivity, and environmental friendliness. Heat exchange mechanisms and the hydrodynamic behavior of gas flow when in contact with liquid nitrogen are modeled mathematically as part of the analysis. Simulations and experimental studies indicate that this approach lowers the process’s overall energy consumption while simultaneously increasing the final product’s purity. The results are intended to aid in the advancement of more sustainable and efficient gas purification systems.

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This article analyzes Japan's relations with Central Asian states regarding energy resources. Due to its limited domestic oil and natural gas reserves, Japan's interests in economic, cultural, security, and political aspects are equally significant. Most researchers focus on Japan's desire for energy cooperation, which the Japanese have highly appreciated. The Japanese government and countries of Central Asia have welcomed the alternative to Russia and the Middle East in ensuring Japan's energy security, as they have rich oil and gas reserves. Japan also wants to build and develop renewable energy sources in collaboration with these countries.

This article analyzes the military system, troop structure, and strategic approaches of Amir Temur's state. Using Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi's Zafarnama as the primary source, along with other historical-military written records and contemporary research, the internal organization, command hierarchy, combat formations, and military discipline of Amir Temur's forces are examined. Additionally, the article explores the distinctive features of strategic planning, logistical support, and battle tactics employed during Amir Temur's military campaigns. By studying Temur’s military art, insights are gained into the militaryphilosophical thought, innovations in warfare, and factors contributing to political stability in medieval Central Asia.

This article explores the syntactic and stylistic features of indicative verb tenses in the context of literary translation. Focusing on English-Uzbek translation practices, the study examines how temporal structures in the indicative mood influence narrative tone, perspective, and stylistic nuance. Through comparative analysis of selected literary texts and their translations, the research highlights the challenges and strategies translators employ to preserve temporal and stylistic integrity. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of tense representation in cross-linguistic translation and the implications for conveying authorial voice.

STEAM education, which integrates Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics, is gaining traction in primary education as a means to foster creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills in young learners. This article explores the importance of STEAM in primary education, focusing on integrated approaches and their associated requirements for effective implementation. It discusses how STEAM encourages interdisciplinary learning, provides practical examples of its application, and identifies the resources, teacher professional development, and classroom strategies required to implement STEAM effectively at the primary level.

This article examines strategic approaches to fostering pragmatic competence in language learners through the use of interactive media technologies. Emphasizing the fusion of pedagogical innovation and digital advancement, the paper explores how tools such as virtual simulations, interactive video content, gamified platforms, and social media interactions can provide learners with meaningful exposure to contextually appropriate language use. It argues that the dynamic, participatory nature of interactive media encourages authentic engagement with language in use, thereby supporting the development of both sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic skills essential for effective intercultural communication.

This article provides information about approaches to developing the Uzbek language. It examines methods of teaching and easily learning the Uzbek language through various groups and channels organized on globally popular social networks such as Telegram and Facebook.

This article presents some considerations about the Uzbek poetess Zulfiyakhanim Isroilova, whose loyalty and faithfulness as a wife have been shown and celebrated worldwide. Zulfiyakhanim's poetry has taken its place in literature, beautifully depicting the true loyalty of Uzbek women. The main motifs in the poet's works are separation and longing, which also reflect her life experiences. The article also mentions her passing.

This article attempts to address the spelling of vowel sounds based on orthographic rules, the similarities and differences of vowel sounds in pronunciation, and the characteristics of vowel sounds in dialects and regional speech variants.

This article examines the names of dishes in the Uzbek literary language and dialects of the studied region, including those prepared for everyday consumption, specially prepared for weddings, holidays and other folk ceremonies, seasonal dishes prepared only at certain times of the year, dishes with forgotten preparation methods or rare ingredients, those prepared only occasionally, and dishes that are healing when sick or when appetite is lost. It also studies the names of sweets, confectionery, and drinks. This research provides an opportunity to study the nearly forgotten language elements in the Uzbek vocabulary and unclear lexical-grammatical phenomena in the history of the language.

Tourism is a pivotal global industry with the potential to drive socio-economic development in regions, particularly in underdeveloped or rural areas. This article examines how tourism development fosters economic growth, employment, and social progress while addressing challenges such as environmental sustainability and cultural preservation. Drawing on empirical data and case studies, we analyze the mechanisms through which tourism contributes to regional upliftment, supported by statistical evidence. The study proposes strategies for sustainable tourism to maximize benefits for local communities.

The article considers the methodology for developing students' technical thinking in economics lessons and interactive forms and technologies for conducting lessons with students. Interactive education is a dialogic education that directs a person to develop his intellectual and creative abilities, self-development and self-education. The educational and training process should be organized using technologies that reflect the specifics of the field of study (in accordance with the profiles being implemented), ensure the quality of education, and contribute to the professional self-education and personal growth of students.

 this article arttherapy children “his”nest the development of the importance of a statement is made. Art-therapy for the child, “”his nest in the formation of important the role is. It is the child's emotional, social and cognitive aspects o‘the sish stimulates. O‘zini to realize, in their opinion, express to , and in society in their place, finding in the way of arterapiya by caught which included the results is incomparable. In the article, these aspects are wide open given.

Today, at the new stage of the economic development of our country, special attention is paid to the comprehensive socio-economic development of the regions, as well as increasing their incomes through the development of the population’s entrepreneurship, and ultimately to reducing poverty. Taking into account the potential of neighborhoods, it is important to develop and implement projects aimed at generating income for the population. Additionally, focusing on poverty reduction by ensuring employment and developing entrepreneurship in neighborhoods, the “neighborhood” work system is being introduced. This system aims to systematically study the population’s challenges based on the principle of “neighborhood-family-citizen” and resolve them in a timely manner. In this article, the role of the local tax system in Uzbekistan is analyzed, considering its current financial situation, achievements, shortcomings, reforms, and innovations aligned with global standards.

This scientific article analyzes in detail the chemical composition, physical properties and structure of wool of the Italian breed of Hikol rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The importance of wool as a renewable and sustainable resource, as well as its potential in the field of production of thermal insulation materials, is studied. The results of the study showed that Hikol rabbit wool has excellent thermal insulation properties and substantiated the possibilities of using it as an environmentally friendly and effective source of replacement for traditional materials in the construction industry.

This article talks about the use of images of the planets in the "Khamsa" epics of the great Uzbek poet and thinker Alisher Navoi. The style of expression of these characters used in the prologues of the epics, the symbolic meanings they mean will be briefly looked at. Among these images, there are various variants of Mars, a relatively active image, including Mirrix, Bahram. The use of the image in Navai's epics, including "Hayrat ul-Abror", "Farhad and Shirin", "Layli and Majnun", "Sabai Sayyor" and "Saddi Iskandariy", this page is about the skill of the author and the gradual interpretation of the image. is spoken. Certain conclusions are drawn using the necessary scientific literature.

This article explores the structural, semantic, and cultural aspects of phraseological units (idioms) in English and Russian. It presents a comparative analysis of phraseological systems in the two languages, emphasizing similarities and differences in idiomatic expressions. The research reveals how cultural backgrounds and historical contexts influence the formation and interpretation of idioms, thereby shedding light on their significance in cross-cultural communication and language learning.

This article examines the role of tutors in promoting the spiritual and moral development of university students. The study highlights the importance of ethical guidance, mentorship, and individual attention in fostering students’ values, responsibility, and inner culture. It also discusses strategies and best practices that tutors can apply to create a supportive and value-driven academic environment.

 This article analyzes effective ways to form independent and creative thinking of students in reading literacy lessons. Methods aimed at developing independent thinking, mechanisms for encouraging students to think actively through creative tasks, dramatization and debates are highlighted. The importance of modern graphic tools and interactive methods is also revealed. Modern information technologies and the study of foreign languages are important not only for academic success, but also in professional activities. Based on the studied theoretical sources and practical examples, effective methods for forming moral and information immunity are analyzed.

This article reveals the pedagogical content of the concept of information immunity based on values in ensuring the conscious behavior of preschool children in the information environment. The article discusses the issue of increasing the pedagogical competence of parents of preschool children in protecting children from harmful information in the process of interaction between teachers of preschool educational organizations and families, describes the components of literacy, stages of interaction between educators and parents. Based on the studied theoretical sources and practical examples, effective methods for the formation of moral and information immunity are analyzed.

 This article analyzes the essence and significance of fantastical characters commonly found in folk tales—such as dragons, demons, fairies, magicians, heroes, and other mythical beings—as well as their impact on children’s consciousness and their moral and educational functions. The study highlights how these fantastical elements help children distinguish between good and evil and foster qualities such as courage, honesty, and patience. Furthermore, the pedagogical potential of symbolic characters is evaluated from a linguoculturological perspective.

 This article explores the concept of “children’s rights,” the essence and content of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the reforms implemented and ongoing in Uzbekistan to ensure the guarantees of these rights. It also highlights the legal foundations of children’s rights in the country and the establishment of the Children’s Ombudsman institution based on international experience.

This article argues that the use of digitized dictionary texts for corpus analysis offers numerous advantages and opens up expanded perspectives in phraseology. The systematic use of such resources can provide deeper insights into the development and structure of phrasemes, which is invaluable for linguistic research.

This article examines the issue of enhancing the effectiveness of political party oversight, which is a crucial component of the control system. It identifies two main problems affecting the efficacy of oversight activities: insufficient knowledge about oversight processes and a prevailing attitude of indifference. The article substantiates that the solution to these problems lies in imparting knowledge about social control and fostering spirituality that cultivates a sense of involvement.

Family is an integral part of society. Among modern parents, not only those who want to raise their children correctly, but also those who do not always know how to do it correctly prevail. In this article, the components of the family's educational potential and criteria indicators, the importance of increasing parental responsibility in child education are analyzed.

Also, the importance of social cooperation in improving the educational potential of parents was discussed.

the purpose of this study is to examine effective teaching strategies that enhance English language skills among secondary school students. English has become a global lingua franca, making its mastery essential for academic success and future career opportunities. However, many students face challenges such as limited exposure, lack of motivation, and diverse learning needs. This article investigates key instructional approaches including Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), differentiated instruction, and interactive teaching methods that promote active engagement and practical language use.

Geodetic and cartographic methods play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and safety of buildings and structures. This study analyzes modern geodetic technologies used for detecting and monitoring structural deformations. The significance of automated geodetic monitoring systems, sensors, and data analysis algorithms is examined. Additionally, the use of satellite observations, drone imagery, and digital cartography for monitoring and analyzing structures is explored. This research highlights the importance of geodetic and cartographic advancements in ensuring the long-term stability and safety of buildings.

This article presents data on the etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. Special attention is paid to the fact that in infants under 3 months of age, UTIs may often present without specific clinical symptoms. The article discusses the criteria for selecting antibiotic therapy, approaches to treatment in both outpatient and inpatient settings, as well as diagnostic algorithms based on theoretical sources and clinical guidelines.

Creative thinking is an essential skill in the modern educational landscape, fostering innovation, problem-solving, and adaptability among students. This article explores effective strategies to cultivate creative thinking in students across various educational contexts. Through a review of literature and analysis of practical approaches, the study highlights methods such as inquiry-based learning, collaborative projects, and the integration of arts and technology. The findings suggest that a supportive learning environment combined with targeted pedagogical techniques significantly enhances students’ creative potential.

This article describes the study of historical onomastics in Uzbek linguistics, the study of anthroponyms in linguistics, the study of lexical and spiritual groups of onomastic units used in the study of materials of Uzbek historical onomastics and anthroponymics in onomastics, and summarizes important information about the naming traditions of the Persian-Tajik, Arab and Turkic peoples, their historical roots, and their connection with cultural and religious factors. The article highlights the semantics of onomastic units: anthroponym, toponym, ethnonym, hydronym and other units, and shows their significance in analyzing the level of use of Arabic, Persian-Tajik onomastic units used in the work.

This article analyzes the implementation of the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) approach in primary education, its effectiveness, and its role in developing students' competencies. The research was conducted through experiments in primary schools in Tashkent. The results showed that the STEAM approach fosters the development of essential skills such as creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and technological literacy.

The article extensively discusses the role of word combinations in Uzbek linguistics, their theoretical foundations, types and methods of study. The difference between a word combination and a sentence, its syntactic and semantic features, as well as the methodology for teaching them in the educational process are scientifically analyzed. Also, their methodological role is highlighted using the example of word combinations found in modern literature and the media. This article serves as a useful resource for researchers, teachers and students conducting research in the field of linguistics.

Corruption is a persistent problem, especially in the developing world, posing significant obstacles to national development. This paper provides an overview of corruption, its causes, and strategies to address it. Stakeholders, including academics, development practitioners, international and UN agencies, as well as governments, must recognize the urgency of collaboration to combat corruption. This is an opinion paper based on desktop research. In this article, proposals and scientific conclusions were made based on the experience of other countries on the issues of responsibility for crimes related to corruption.

This article analyzes the processes of branding and media marketing, which constitute the most crucial components of modern marketing strategies. Through the experiences of major companies such as Starbucks, Sunkist, Coca-Cola, Apple, Harley Davidson, Virgin, and others, the article demonstrates that a brand holds not only economic value but also significant psychological, social, and emotional positions in the consumer's mind. The formation of a brand, the role of advertising and public relations tools, brand loyalty, the consumer’s gains in terms of time and trust, as well as the brand’s impact on social responsibility, are all discussed. Furthermore, the article emphasizes that to create a strong brand, all processes—from the internal environment of the company to external communications—must be carried out in harmony. A brand is not merely a product; it is a trust contract established with the consumer.

This article analyzes the art and culture of the Timurid era based on materials from the State Museum of the History of the Timurids. It examines the artistic works, examples of applied art, and historical artifacts in the museum’s collection to scientifically study the cultural values, aesthetic principles formed during the Timurid period, and their influence on the present day. Additionally, the article highlights the regional characteristics of the art of this period, the activities of renowned artists, and the scientific-historical significance of the museum exhibition.

 Gaining proficiency in speaking is crucial to learning English.  One of the most fundamental communicative abilities in a language is speaking, which is crucial for language acquisition.  This article methodically looks at a variety of successful teaching strategies meant to help language learners become more proficient speakers of English. It delves into methodologies that promote fluency, accuracy, and confidence in oral communication, such as communicative language teaching, task-based learning, role-playing, and targeted pronunciation drills. The paper also discusses the importance of creating supportive classroom environments, leveraging technology, and adopting appropriate error correction strategies to maximize learner engagement and progression in spoken English. The ultimate goal is to provide educators with a comprehensive overview of pedagogical tools to develop robust speaking skills.

 This article explores the literary stylistics of Jean Rhys's prose, focusing on her unique narrative voice, lexical choices, and sentence structure. Through a stylistic analysis of selected passages from her major works, particularly Wide Sargasso Sea and Good Morning, Midnight, the study demonstrates how Rhys's style reflects her central themes: alienation, identity, and feminine subjectivity. The findings contribute to a better understanding of Rhys’s stylistic contribution to modernist literature and feminist narrative.

This article reflects the difficulties and methods of translating historical and archaic words into English in the novel “Bygone Days” by Abdulla Qodiriy, one of the representatives of the Uzbek Jadid movement, which is considered the crown jewel of Uzbek national novelism, to what extent the archaic words have found their equivalents in the three English translations of the novel. The article presents the translation methods used to solve the difficulties in translating archaisms into English using examples from all three translation options of the work using a comparative-analytical method.

This article explores the historical origins and literary representation of the robot image, focusing on three key works: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), Karel Čapek’s play R.U.R. (1920), and Ian McEwan’s novel Machines Like Me (2019). These texts reflect the evolving cultural, philosophical, and technological anxieties of their time. The analysis reveals how the image of the robot, initially rooted in myth and the desire to replicate human life, gradually transformed into a symbol of ethical and existential dilemmas. Shelley's creation of artificial life introduces early concerns about the limits of science, while Čapek’s coined term "robot" brings industrial and political implications to the forefront. McEwan’s modern narrative reinterprets the robot as a sentient being capable of emotional depth, forcing readers to confront the blurred boundaries between humans and machines. Through comparative literary analysis, the article demonstrates the continuity and transformation of the robot motif across historical periods and genres.

This article explores the importance of reflective thinking in developing professional competencies among pre-service English teachers. It examines theoretical underpinnings, pedagogical strategies, and tools that foster reflective practice throughout teacher education programs. The study highlights how structured reflection enhances self-awareness, teaching effectiveness, and lifelong learning habits. Emphasis is placed on integrating reflective tasks into curriculum design and mentoring processes. Based on literature analysis and classroom observations, the article offers practical insights into promoting reflective thinking and recommends models suitable for teacher education institutions. The findings support the view that reflective teaching leads to more adaptive and competent educators.

This article delves into the significant role of humor, anecdotes, and jokes within the landscape of Uzbek classical and modern literature. Uzbek literary tradition is deeply enriched with comedic expressions that serve not only as a means of entertainment but also as powerful vehicles for moral instruction, cultural reflection, and subtle social critique. From the sharp wit of classical figures such as Alisher Navoi to the clever social observations in contemporary prose, humor has consistently held a central position in narrating human experience. This paper explores the evolution of humor in literature through various historical periods and examines how anecdotes and jokes adapt to societal shifts while retaining their instructive nature. By highlighting examples from literary texts and considering the sociocultural context in which humor was created and received, the study illustrates how laughter can reveal profound truths about identity, values, and the complexities of the human condition.

This article explores the crucial role of warm-up activities in effective lesson delivery. Warm-up activities—brief, engaging tasks at the beginning of a class—are often underestimated in pedagogical design. However, research and practice demonstrate that they significantly enhance student engagement, reduce classroom anxiety, activate prior knowledge, and build stronger student-teacher relationships. Drawing from cognitive psychology, educational theory, and classroom examples, this paper analyzes how warm-up tasks can serve as powerful tools to set the tone for learning, motivate students, and scaffold new knowledge. It also discusses challenges in implementing these activities and offers practical guidelines for teachers.

This topic helps to study the content of management decisions, the importance of the process of their adoption, and the requirements imposed on them. Management decisions play a role in achieving the goals of the organization, ensuring the effective return on resources, and managing.

 This article discusses the role and importance of the proverb genre in the English and Uzbek linguistic landscape, and the fact that proverbs are a constant object of study for many representatives of linguistics, linguists and historians, ethnographers. The proverb genre has its own linguistic features that distinguish it from other genres, these features give proverbs melody, beautiful content and help to focus the listener's attention on the speech.

This article examines the ontological and ethical dimensions of the perfect human archetype (al-insān al-kāmil) across Islamic literary traditions. Through textual analysis of Quranic exegesis, Sufi poetry, and contemporary didactic works (8th-21st centuries), we identify three constitutive elements of Islamic perfection: (1) divine vicegerency (khilāfa), (2) prophetic imitation (ittibāʿ al-nabī), and (3) aesthetic-ethical equilibrium (iʿtidāl). The study reveals how literary representations evolve from Quranic parables to modern pedagogical narratives while maintaining core metaphysical principles.

This article analyzes the possibilities and effectiveness of implementing the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) methodology in English language lessons. Learning a language using the CLIL methodology involves not only the development of linguistic skills, but also the acquisition of knowledge in other fields of science. The article examines methods of organizing lessons using the CLIL approach, student motivation and results, as well as problems in practice and ways to overcome them. The research results demonstrate the high effectiveness of the CLIL methodology and the possibility of its widespread implementation in higher educational institutions.

This article experimentally investigates the effectiveness of using simulation technologies in the training of nurses within the system of professional education. The study involved both a control and an experimental group. The experimental group was trained using simulation technologies and demonstrated superior results. The findings show that such technologies enhance learning effectiveness, promote the development of clinical thinking, and strengthen students' self-confidence.

This article explores the role of storytelling as an effective pedagogical tool for improving students' speaking skills in the context of language learning. It highlights how storytelling promotes fluency, vocabulary enrichment, pronunciation, and communicative competence through engaging and meaningful language use. Drawing upon socio-cultural and constructivist theories, the article emphasizes the cognitive and emotional benefits of storytelling. Practical classroom strategies and their implementation are discussed alongside potential challenges and corresponding solutions. The study concludes that storytelling should be considered a central component of communicative language teaching, particularly in EFL environments where authentic speaking opportunities are limited.

This article covers extensively the theoretical and practical aspects of the structure of the creative lesson, its role and significance in the educational process. The concept of a creative lesson, its main stages, effective application in the educational process using modern interactive methods and innovative technologies are analyzed. The article examines approaches to developing students ' creativity, independent thinking, collaboration, and communication skills.

Thе аrtiсlе аnаlyzеs thе аррliсаtiоn оf limе wаstе (sludgе) tо fоаm соnсrеtе аnd thе rеsults оf а study оf thе thеrmаl insulаtiоn оf limе wаstе оf аеrаtеd соnсrеtе аnd thе соmрrеssivе strеngth оf struсturаl аеrаtеd соnсrеtе. Vаriоus rаtiоs оf sоlid limе wаstе tо limе wаstе wеrе studiеd fоr mоrе еffiсiеnt usе in thе dеvеlорmеnt оf nеw fоаm соnсrеtе building mаtеriаls. Bаsеd оn lаbоrаtоry ехреrimеnts, it wаs fоund thаt limе wаstе (sludgе) fоаm соnсrеtе саn bе usеd аs а fillеr.

The article presents the results of experimental studies to determine the effect of superplasticizer SDj-3 based on ester polycarboxylate on the porous structure of foam concrete obtained from local industrial waste using lime waste as a secondary resource. It is established that the plasticizer has a significant effect on the porous structure of calcareous foam concrete. It is noted that the additive SDj-3 makes it possible to increase the proportion of closed pores of foam concrete while reducing the volume of open pores and, instead of open capillaries, create a group of evenly distributed small spherical pores, thickening the interporous walls.

This article provides information about the activities of the “Ko’mak” organization in the activities of the Jadid movement in Turkestan. As a result of the activities of this organization, several students from Turkestan have the opportunity to study and learn in other foreign developed countries. The organization has provided them with comprehensive assistance. It has been providing extensive assistance to young people in directing students to the field of science.

This article analyzes the main goals and objectives of the upbringing process. Upbringing is a complex process that ensures the development of an individual physically, mentally, spiritually and socially, the purpose of which is to transform a person into a useful, responsible and civilized person to society. The article will consider the main tasks of upbringing, modern approaches and methods in their implementation. It is also studied that upbringing is inextricably linked with education. The author proposes pedagogical approaches to more effectively fulfill the goals and objectives of upbringing.

In the process of writing this article, we came to the conclusion that the study of speech act, the emergence and development of speech, the formation of speech competence in children’s speech: speech is a process and a result, as well as speech texts, oral and written, books, stories, songs appear in different guises. Speech is material, and it is perceived by the senses, this is only done in the process of using the language that manifests itself in speech.

 This article explores the development of urban centers in Ancient Khorezm based on their territorial-geographic location and specialization. Using archaeological evidence, it classifies cities into categories such as border towns, trade hubs, craft centers, and religious sites. The study focuses on key archaeological sites like Khumbuztepa, Nurum, Koykirilgankala, and Qalaliqir-2, revealing detailed insights into craft production, religious infrastructure, and economic exchanges of the region.

 This article explores the development of urban centers in Ancient Khorezm based on their territorial-geographic location and specialization. Using archaeological evidence, it classifies cities into categories such as border towns, trade hubs, craft centers, and religious sites. The study focuses on key archaeological sites like Khumbuztepa, Nurum, Koykirilgankala, and Qalaliqir-2, revealing detailed insights into craft production, religious infrastructure, and economic exchanges of the region.

 This study investigated the ecological adaptability and essential oil quality of Matricaria chamomilla L. (German chamomile) under varying climate stress conditions in Uzbekistan's arid and semi-arid regions. Field experiments were conducted across three ecological zones (Tashkent, Samarkand, and Karakalpakstan regions) from 2022-2024, exposing chamomile populations to controlled drought stress, elevated temperature regimes, and varying irrigation schedules. Essential oil extraction was performed using hydrodistillation, followed by GC-MS analysis to determine compositional changes. Results revealed significant adaptability variations among populations, with Samarkand accessions demonstrating superior drought tolerance (survival rate: 78.4% vs 45.2% in control). Water availability emerged as the most critical environmental factor affecting essential oil content, with moderate water stress (50% field capacity) paradoxically increasing oil yield by 23.7% compared to optimal irrigation. Essential oil composition showed notable shifts under stress conditions, with α-bisabolol content increasing from 34.2% to 42.8% under moderate drought stress, while chamazulene concentrations remained stable (8.3-9.1%). Temperature stress above 38°C significantly reduced total oil yield by 31.2% but enhanced the therapeutic value through increased sesquiterpene alcohol content. These findings demonstrate M. chamomilla's remarkable phenotypic plasticity and suggest optimal cultivation strategies for maintaining essential oil quality under projected climate scenarios in Central Asia.

The integrative approach to teaching German is a modern educational strategy aimed at developing a holistic communicative competence. It involves the simultaneous development of all types of speech activity (listening, reading, speaking, writing) in combination with the study of vocabulary, grammar, phonetics and regional aspects. This approach is based on thematic and interdisciplinary integration, the use of authentic materials, active learning methods and modern digital technologies. Its implementation contributes not only to language acquisition, but also to the development of intercultural, professional and social competence of students.

The integrative approach to teaching German is a modern educational strategy aimed at developing a holistic communicative competence. It involves the simultaneous development of all types of speech activity (listening, reading, speaking, writing) in combination with the study of vocabulary, grammar, phonetics and regional aspects. This approach is based on thematic and interdisciplinary integration, the use of authentic materials, active learning methods and modern digital technologies. Its implementation contributes not only to language acquisition, but also to the development of intercultural, professional and social competence of students.

An integrated approach to the process of learning a foreign language is considered as a set of circumstances and internal, leading to an improvement in the quality of education. The integrated approach is studied as a complex pedagogical phenomenon. The main concepts, principles and technological components of the integrated approach to organizing the learning process are presented.

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This article analyzes the innovative role of artificial intelligence technologies in language learning. The effectiveness of interactive platforms, personalized learning programs, and voice assistants is discussed. The article also addresses the advantages and potential challenges of using artificial intelligence in the language learning process. AI technologies enable individualized learning, assist in pronunciation checks, and provide grammar suggestions, making the learning process more efficient. Additionally, the article outlines the development prospects of AI technologies and their role in language education.

This article examines the evolution of women's issues in Uzbekistan from 1991 to 2024, analyzing the historical, socio-cultural, and politico-legal dimensions of gender equality. It explores the Soviet-era policies, and their impact on women’s roles, followed by the transformative reforms in independent Uzbekistan. The study highlights key legislative measures, such as the 2019 Gender Equality Law, and initiatives like the “Women’s Notebook” system, which have enhanced women’s socio-economic and political participation. Despite significant progress, challenges such as domestic violence, legal illiteracy, and limited political representation persist. By comparing Uzbekistan’s gender policies with international practices, the article proposes recommendations for further advancing women’s rights and gender equality.

 Current issues in the country include the effective organization of activities in enterprises producing building materials, increasing labor productivity, manufacturing competitive products, improving the wage system, and enhancing the efficiency of utilizing available resources in building material production enterprises.

 This section briefly outlines the etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. It describes the main causal factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune system dysfunction. The pathogenesis highlights the chronic inflammatory nature of the disease, airway hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling processes that contribute to symptom development.

 A toponym is a word derived from or related to a place name. This article explores the etymological features of Uzbek toponyms as they are represented in the English language. By examining the origins, meanings, and phonetic adaptations of these place names, the study aims to shed light on the cultural and historical significance of Uzbek toponyms in a global context. The analysis draws on various linguistic sources, historical texts, and contemporary usage to illustrate how these place names have been integrated into English discourse. The findings reveal the rich tapestry of cultural exchange and the importance of toponyms in understanding geographical and cultural identities.

Each nation, based on its national views, portrays the image of women differently in its literature. In Uzbek literature, the image of women is depicted as mothers, wives, and housewives, while in English literature, in addition to these, women also perform roles such as businesswomen, entrepreneurs, and employees. This article undertakes a comparative cognitive analysis of the concept "woman" (English) and "ayol" (Uzbek), exploring the cultural models and conceptual metaphors associated with each term. By examining semantic networks, metaphorical extensions, and socio-cultural contexts, the study reveals both similarities and significant differences in how these concepts are understood and represented in the two languages. The analysis demonstrates the impact of cultural values and linguistic structures on the cognitive representation of gender.

This article presents the results of laboratory testing of the antidote properties of the supramolecular compound methylene blue and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin for carbon monoxide poisoning.

 Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by episodic airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Effective nursing care is critical in managing asthma, preventing exacerbations, and improving patient quality of life. This article reviews the fundamental principles of nursing care for patients with bronchial asthma, emphasizing patient assessment, medication management, acute attack intervention, education, psychological support, and preventive strategies. Nurses play a vital role in holistic asthma management through continuous patient monitoring, education, and collaboration within multidisciplinary healthcare teams.

This article explores the crucial role of syntactic analysis in computational linguistics, particularly focusing on how it aids in understanding word combinations and valency. By examining recent research and methodologies, we highlight the implications of syntactic structures for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as machine translation, sentiment analysis, and information retrieval. The findings underscore the necessity of robust syntactic frameworks to enhance the performance of NLP systems.

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Diabetes mellitus represents a critical public health issue in Uzbekistan, where the burden of non-communicable diseases is growing. This article discusses the underlying epidemiological patterns of diabetes, evaluates the health system’s response, and outlines necessary reforms. By considering social determinants, urbanization, and healthcare access, it provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes management and prevention efforts in the country.

 This article analyzes the relationship between the Jadid movement and national culture through educational and upbringing processes. The Jadids tried to modernize the education system through their progressive pedagogical methods and activities aimed at preserving national values. The relationship between national culture and education is important for the worldview and social development of young people. The article examines the impact of Jadid pedagogy on the education system, the role of national culture in education, as well as the contribution of these processes to the upbringing of the younger generation.

 Chronic gastritis is a persistent inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa that develops gradually and can progress silently over time. Its clinical course is often nonspecific, marked by symptoms such as epigastric discomfort, early satiety, nausea, and bloating, which are frequently overlooked. The condition is most commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, autoimmune reactions, or prolonged NSAID use. If left untreated, chronic gastritis can lead to atrophic changes, anemia, and even gastric carcinoma. Accurate diagnosis through endoscopy and histology, along with etiologically guided therapy, is essential for effective management. Treatment typically includes eradication of H. pylori, acid suppression, nutritional support, and lifestyle modification. This article highlights the importance of early recognition, individualized treatment strategies, and long-term surveillance in preventing complications and improving patient outcomes.

 In the modern educational landscape, language teaching is increasingly influenced by multilingual and multicultural contexts. As classrooms become more diverse due to globalization, migration, and international education, teachers face new opportunities and challenges in addressing students' varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This article explores how multilingualism and multiculturalism affect language instruction, learner identity, and teaching methodologies. It argues that embracing diversity in language classrooms through culturally responsive pedagogy fosters inclusive education, intercultural competence, and improved learning outcomes. While such environments require adaptable teaching approaches and training, they also enrich the educational experience by promoting linguistic flexibility and cross-cultural understanding.

Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine has had far-reaching consequences on global trade and financial stability. This study explores the conflict’s effects on international economic indicators, including trade patterns, commodity pricing, inflation rates, and GDP forecasts. It also evaluates the impact on major economies such as the EU, the United States, and China. Additionally, the paper highlights emerging trends in supply chain restructuring, foreign policy shifts, and long-term economic adaptation. The findings suggest that the war represents a pivotal shift likely to reshape global economic dynamics for years to come.

 This article provides a scientific analysis of the development of general education schools in the Kashkadarya region during the period from 1991 to 2024. It examines the transformation of school infrastructure, the construction of new educational facilities, and the renovation of existing school buildings. Particular attention is given to the growth in the number of schools, the expansion of student enrollment, the qualification level of teaching staff, and the emergence of private educational institutions. The study also explores the restoration of school infrastructure affected by natural disasters, the integration of modern technological tools, and their impact on the quality of education. Based on statistical data, the article reveals the content and essence of step-by-step reforms implemented in the general education system.

This article analyzes the changes, development trends, existing problems, and achievements in the preschool education system of Qashqadaryo region during the years of Uzbekistan’s independence. It highlights the quantitative and qualitative growth of preschool institutions, improvements in pedagogical methods, the enhancement of human resources, and the reforms implemented based on legal and regulatory frameworks established by the state. Additionally, the article puts forward proposals for addressing current issues and improving the efficiency of the sector.

This article provides a detailed explanation of contemporary graphic art. Modern graphic art plays an important role in the cultural life of society. This study explores the connection between graphic art and social changes, as well as cultural trends, and examines the interaction between technology and artistic expression. It highlights the need for new approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the significance of graphic art in today’s world.

 This in the article person communication in formation his/her age , gender, profession , worldview into account to get , each young to the period incoming to people to oneself typical words application , in which of the word impact strength , temperament ( client ) characteristics of the individual looking at communication methods of application importance about idea maintained .

This article examines the territorial distribution of natural, cultural, and economic resources in the tourism sector. It analyzes regional disparities in resource availability and their influence on tourism potential. Special attention is given to the practical importance of resource distribution for infrastructure development and balancing tourist flows across different regions.

This article analyzes the moral lexemes of Otkir Hoshimov's work "Inscriptions in the margins of the notebook" from a linguistic and artistic perspective. Moral lexemes such as respect, decency, and loyalty found in the work are studied through semantic layers, symbolic images, and stylistic means. The article analyzes the lexical-semantic content, morphological formation, stylistic features, and syntactic role of lexemes. Through these analyses, O. Hoshimov's artistic style, aesthetic possibilities of language, and skill in expressing moral values are revealed.

This article describes the place, importance, and specific features of physical education and sports in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the population.

This article contains information about the history of the development of Uzbek musical culture, historical sources reflecting it, new methods of performance, as well as the opinions of Central Asian thinkers about musical science.

This article investigates the semantic and structural features of English phraseological units (PUs) that incorporate proper nouns within proverbs. By analyzing a selection of proverbs, the study aims to uncover the functions of proper nouns in these idiomatic expressions and their contributions to the overall meaning. The research highlights the interplay between semantics and structure, revealing how proper nouns enhance the imagery, cultural context, and communicative effectiveness of proverbs. The findings underscore the significance of phraseological units as linguistic tools for conveying wisdom and cultural values.

This article discusses the impact of water-saving irrigation methods on the growth, development and yield of cotton, their application in irrigation systems and the role of these technologies in the effective management of water resources in agriculture. The article highlights the introduction of irrigation systems into agriculture, as well as the study of the influence of important factors on plant irrigation, the usefulness of these technologies in optimizing the irrigation schedule based on meteorological data, soil conditions, plant needs and other important indicators.

This article analyzes the main directions, strategies and approaches of the German school education system, as well as the role and importance of trade unions working in the field of education. The federal government-based education system in the country, the importance of the "dual system," and the activities of trade unions in these processes are considered.

This article describes the principles and strategies involved in designing tasks for communicative classrooms, focusing on the promotion of authentic interaction, language acquisition, and learner motivation. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) is highlighted as a successful strategy that helps students accomplish particular learning objectives while allowing them to communicate meaningfully. In addition to discussing important factors like task authenticity, complexity, sequencing, and assessment, the article critically evaluates the body of research on task design and provides examples of tasks that can be modified to accommodate different skill levels.

This article describes the integration of reading and writing instruction to promote holistic literacy development. Recognizing the interdependent nature of reading and writing, it examines strategies that combine these skills to enhance comprehension, critical thinking, and written expression. The study highlights evidence-based practices such as reciprocal teaching, process writing approaches, and genre-based pedagogy. By synthesizing theoretical frameworks and classroom applications, the article provides practical guidance for educators aiming to foster a balanced literacy environment. Through discussions and examples, it emphasizes the importance of integrated literacy instruction in supporting diverse learners and ensuring long-term academic success.

The article discusses the current achievements and prospects of smell teleportation technologies in the context of the development of touch-based mobile communication. Special attention is paid to the physiological aspects of smell perception, technical solutions for digital fragrance transmission, and integration of these technologies with fifth-and sixth-generation mobile networks (5G/6G). The analysis of existing methods of synthesis and modulation of smell signals is carried out, as well as the challenges and prospects of introducing smell teleportation in everyday communication, education, medicine and entertainment industries are discussed.

This article explores the necessity and methods of improving financial reporting in business entities. As businesses navigate complex economic landscapes, transparent and accurate financial statements are crucial for stakeholders. This study reviews current challenges in financial reporting and suggests practical reforms, including the adoption of international standards, digital tools, and regulatory frameworks. Recommendations are based on literature reviews, case studies, and empirical data.

This article explores the effective application of musical computer technologies in the concert activities of pop singers. It analyzes the relevance of integrating digital technologies into performance practices and educational processes. Emphasis is placed on the development of professional competencies of future pop singers through interactive methods, digital arrangements, and audio engineering tools. The paper also considers global trends, Uzbekistan’s educational reforms, and strategic national programs supporting art and music education.

 the article is about the interactive methods that the teacher needs to strengthen, explain, and improve the effectiveness of the lesson during the lesson.

 The article is devoted to topical issues of implementing an integrative approach in the professional training of physics and technology teachers in the context of modern educational reforms and the development tasks of the "New Uzbekistan". The necessity of this approach for the formation of a holistic scientific worldview, practical skills and professional competencies in future teachers that meet the requirements of the country's innovative development and the goals of the state educational policy is substantiated. The role of pedagogical integration, interdisciplinary connections (especially between physics and technology) and didactic synthesis in the development of a competent personality of a future teacher who is able to work effectively in the context of modernization of school education is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the formation of general technological competence in technology teachers as an invariant component of their professionalism, as well as the preparation of teachers for the practical implementation of integrative processes in schools of Uzbekistan. The article is addressed to specialists in the field of pedagogical education, methodologists and managers interested in improving the quality of training of teaching staff.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The role of nursing care in managing IHD is pivotal, encompassing early detection, patient education, medication management, lifestyle modification, and emotional support. This article explores the essential aspects of nursing care in IHD, emphasizing evidence-based practices and holistic patient management to improve clinical outcomes.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) arises from sudden occlusion of a coronary artery, most often following atherosclerotic plaque rupture and superimposed thrombus formation. Within minutes of vessel closure, downstream myocardium experiences ischemic necrosis that, if not promptly reperfused, leads to irreversible injury and loss of contractile function. Clinically, AMI manifests as prolonged chest discomfort – often crushing or constricting – accompanied by diaphoresis, dyspnea, and autonomic features. Electrocardiography differentiates ST-elevation from non-ST-elevation infarctions, while troponin assays confirm myocardial necrosis. Imaging modalities, including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and coronary angiography, further delineate infarct extent, guide revascularization decisions, and assess left ventricular function. Early reperfusion via primary percutaneous coronary intervention or fibrinolysis, combined with antiplatelet, anticoagulant, beta-blocker, statin, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitor therapy, markedly reduces infarct size and improves survival. Post-AMI care focuses on prevention of recurrent events through lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and structured cardiac rehabilitation. This review synthesizes current understanding of AMI pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and evidence-based management to optimize patient outcomes.

This article analyzes the features of religiously marked vocabulary in the Uzbek translation of Dan Brown's novel "The Da Vinci Code". The novel, known for its intricate blending of religious symbols, historical mysteries, and theological debates, challenges translators to accurately convey its rich religious vocabulary while maintaining the novel’s original tone and intrigue. The research focuses on how key religious terms, phrases, and concepts are adapted for Uzbek-speaking audiences, considering both linguistic and cultural differences. Special attention is given to the translation choices made for terms like The Holy Grail, Opus Dei, and The Vatican, as well as the novel's treatment of key figures such as Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. The analysis examines the impact of the translation strategies used, for example, on the Uzbek interpretation of words and phrases given in Latin.

Latin is not only a means of scientific communication, but also an important tool for strengthening the professional training of medical students by teaching them to understand the structure of terms and use them correctly. Today, medical universities employ Latin teachers with advanced knowledge and skills. Terminology is in constant motion and development: new terms are introduced, some become obsolete or become obsolete.

This article discusses the issues of effective organization of the educational process in educational institutions and its enrichment through modern innovative approaches. In particular, it analyzes how the moral and normative ideas put forward in the works of thinkers such as Abdulla Avloni, Mahmud Hasani, Imam Ghazali can be incorporated into today's education.

This article provides a concise and comprehensive analysis of the story “The Hotline” by Khayriddin Sultanov, emphasizing its artistic, thematic, and compositional features. The study examines the story from the perspective of modern literary criticism, focusing on the poetics of the characters, the symbols in the story, and the internal dynamics that shape the plot. Particular attention is paid to how the author uses symbolic elements to reflect internal emotional states and social reality. The article also draws comparisons between “The Hotline” and other works by Sultanov in this genre, revealing common stylistic features and differences in his work. The analysis shows that the story not only reflects the psychological and moral complexity of the characters, but also demonstrates the author's skill in creating meaningful literary structures. Ultimately, the study confirms that “The Hotline” is a significant contribution to modern Uzbek prose.

An update on education in our country modernization process, continuous education process, all links Time will answer in the state and higher education as well production of mature new knowledge, in them and its appearance the world, working on oneself, modern technology it is necessary to maintain the skill of purposeful use of achievements after. Future assistant class teachers today in production based on the requirements of "Technology and its training”

 Our society needs highly knowledgeable, competent, quick and constructive decision-makers. Therefore, the personal interaction of the teacher and the pupil-student has become an important aspect of the educational process, and the improvement of educational technologies plays a major role in this. The use of innovative technologies in the educational process helps to increase the quality of training of specialists and to activate the role of independent work of students. The introduction of innovative educational methods in the development of professional competences of the future specialist will create the basis for his competitiveness in the labor market in the future.

 The landscape of English language teaching (ELT) has undergone significant transformation in recent years, driven by technological advancements and evolving pedagogical theories. This article explores contemporary methodologies that have reshaped ELT practices, focusing on approaches that prioritize learner engagement, cultural exchange, and the integration of digital tools. By examining models such as blended learning, gamification, project-based learning, and virtual exchange, the paper highlights their impact on language acquisition and the development of intercultural competencies. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and considerations educators face when implementing these innovative methods in diverse educational contexts.

Holidays that embody the bright aspects of life have always brought joy to people since ancient times. Especially the holidays of “New Year” and “Navruz”, which are associated with the change of year, are welcomed with special joy. This thesis highlights the similarities and differences between the New Year and Navruz holidays.

Proverbs are concise expressions of collective wisdom that are essential for the development of social cohesion and shared identity among cultural communities.  By conducting interviews and examining natural conversations with 58 participants, this qualitative study examines the manner in which proverbs serve as social adhesive in the Uzbek, Zulu, and American communities.  The results indicate that proverbs function as verbal symbols of group membership, conflict resolution instruments, and vehicles for the transmission of cultural values.  Proverbs' ubiquitous function in preserving social harmony and comprehension is underscored by their consistent social bonding role, despite cultural variations.  The study emphasizes the significance of integrating proverb awareness into language education and intercultural communication to improve social connectedness and pragmatic competence.

The article covers the issues of the poetic function of dialogues in the depiction of the artistic psyche, ensuring the logical development of artistic thought, elucidating the essence of semantic, poetological and polyphonic signs of speech, and the aesthetics of understanding.

 Our society needs highly knowledgeable, competent, quick and constructive decision-makers. Therefore, the personal interaction of the teacher and the pupil-student has become an important aspect of the educational process, and the improvement of educational technologies plays a major role in this. The use of innovative technologies in the educational process helps to increase the quality of training of specialists and to activate the role of independent work of students. The introduction of innovative educational methods in the development of professional competences of the future specialist will create the basis for his competitiveness in the labor market in the future.

The application of psychological theories and methods in the educational process helps to improve the individual characteristics, motivation and emotional development of students. Modern psychology also provides teachers with knowledge on how to effectively communicate with students and manage their behavior.

This paper explores how the metacognitive approach and individualized learning strategies contribute to achieving advanced (C1) proficiency in a foreign language. With growing demand for autonomous learners capable of managing their own progress, this study emphasizes the importance of learners’ ability to monitor and regulate their cognitive processes. The paper synthesizes research findings on metacognitive awareness and examines specific learning strategies proven effective for high-level language acquisition. The implications for language instruction and learner autonomy are also discussed.

This article explores the role of shadowing as an educational technology in enhancing oral speaking competence in English teaching. Shadowing is a technique where learners listen to spoken language and simultaneously repeat it, mimicking the speaker’s pronunciation, intonation, and rhythm. The research highlights how this method not only improves fluency and pronunciation but also boosts listening skills and overall language acquisition. By integrating shadowing into English language curricula, educators can provide students with practical tools to develop their speaking abilities in a supportive and engaging environment. The findings suggest that shadowing is an effective strategy for fostering greater confidence and competence in oral communication among English learners.

 This article theoretically studies concepts such as poverty and destitution, primarily in relation to the level of living of the population, the goods they consume, and the standard of living in general. New approaches to solving problems related to the lifestyle of the population, labor relations in an enterprise (organization, firm, company), regulation of labor remuneration, evaluation of employee services, the essence and basic laws of regulating wages and social and labor relations in general are theoretically studied and investigated.

Diese Studie widmet sich der Analyse der theoretisch-pädagogischen Grundlagen, methodischen Ansätze und praktischen Erfahrungen der modulbasierten Lehre des Faches Chemie in Hochschulen. Die Untersuchung wurde von 2022 bis 2024 an medizinischen Instituten in Bukhara, Taschkent und Samarkand durchgeführt, mit dem Ziel, die Auswirkungen der modularen Bildung auf die Lernqualität zu bewerten. Umfragen, statistische Analysen (SPSS, ANOVA, t-Test) und empirische Daten zeigten, dass Studierende, die im modularen System unterrichtet wurden, ein durchschnittlich 17 % höheres Wissensniveau im Vergleich zu traditionellen Methoden erreichten (p < 0,05). Das modulare System förderte effektiv unabhängiges Denken, wissenschaftliche Forschung und praktische Fähigkeiten bei den Studierenden. Die Studie analysiert zudem Strategien zur Implementierung der modularen Bildung und adressiert Herausforderungen im Prozess. Der Artikel bietet praktische Empfehlungen für den Chemieunterricht in der medizinischen Ausbildung, basierend auf modernen pädagogischen Ansätzen.  

 This in the article human body parts actions human to the psyche dependency about thoughts In the research gestures through expressible meaning and contents , their linguistic and cultural features and different social in situations application​ analysis Gestures​​​ mind under to the information related that it is proving rich in facts . Gestures​ and of speech harmony , their​ national features and communication in efficiency importance about important conclusions given .

Non-specific ulcerative colitis (NUC) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the colon with a relapsing course, characterized by mucopurulent and bloody discharge from the intestine, abdominal pain and systemic manifestations. The incidence of UC has traditionally been high in Western countries, but in recent decades its growth has been observed in the regions of Asia and the CIS. The mechanisms of development of UC include genetic predisposition (many polymorphisms of interleukins and HLA), immunoregulation disorders (imbalance of Th1/Th2 response, excessive expression of TNF-α, IL-13, etc.) and dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota . The leading method of radical treatment of UC is colectomy with formation of ileoanal anastomosis (IAA), which is used in severe exacerbations and complications (toxic megacolon, uncontrolled bleeding, perforation, dysplasia/carcinoma) or in relapses refractory to therapy. Modern minimally invasive technologies ( laparoscopy , robots) can reduce postoperative complications and shorten the duration of hospitalization. The review considers international and regional epidemiological data on UC, modern concepts of etiopathogenesis , clinical picture and indications for surgery, as well as modern surgical approaches and unresolved issues.

 This scientific article considers the cognitive aspects of the analysis of language units. Syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analyses are discussed. As a result of the intensification of semantic research in linguistics, it became clear that the description of language units in terms of form and content does not allow for a complete explanation of the language.

This article focuses on the application of new pedagogical technologies in foreign language teaching. Modern foreign language instruction requires diverse programs aimed at fostering information culture and developing independent knowledge acquisition skills. The article examines the significance of distance learning, the use of video and computer-based lessons, and the presentation of results from such lessons.

 This article discusses the content and methods of teaching children of different ages to drawing techniques using non-traditional materials and technical methods in preschool educational institutions, and the importance of teaching children to draw in developing their creative abilities.

This article reflects information on the tourism sector during the reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids and information on state reforms in the development of tourism.

 application techniques, carpeted floors and trim

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects a significant proportion of women of reproductive age worldwide. Characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, PCOS has broad systemic implications, including metabolic, reproductive, and psychological effects. This comprehensive review elaborates on the multifactorial etiology, pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes, advanced diagnostic methods, current and emerging treatment options, and the psychosocial impact of PCOS. Understanding the heterogeneous nature of PCOS is essential for personalized treatment and improving patient outcomes.

This article explores the current practice of teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at vocational colleges. It emphasizes the use of authentic materials, teacher autonomy, and workplace simulation for effective instruction. The piece highlights challenges such as low student motivation and language proficiency, and stresses the importance of aligning ESP content with industry demands. Overall, the article underscores the need for modernized, purpose-driven ESP teaching in vocational education.

This article presents a socio-philosophical analysis of the mystical ideas of Alisher Navoi. Navoi's works contain ideas of deep philosophical and moral content. In his work, it was important to shed light on the mechanism of action of morality in social life. According to the great poet, morality has the status of a practical science, which plays a major role in regulating the life of society. The thinker's philosophical and moral views are also based on the principles of the Naqshbandi order.

In the face of escalating global geopolitical conflicts and altering power dynamics, Uzbekistan has always maintained a neutral foreign policy.  This article examines Uzbekistan's neutrality in the context of key worldwide realignments, including its reasoning, implications, and obstacles.  The research examines historical precedents, regional difficulties, and multilateral diplomacy to assess how neutrality works as a strategic asset and balancing act for Uzbekistan in the changing global order.

Creating and analyzing a system of terms related to fauna and flora in Uzbek and English is an important experience for linguists and linguistics specialists.This article presents a comparative linguistic analysis of phraseological units in English and Uzbek that incorporate the names of flora (plants) and fauna (animals). It examines the semantic and structural parallels and divergences in how these two linguistically distinct languages conceptualize and express human experiences, traits, and observations through the natural world. The study explores common conceptual metaphors, cultural specificities, and the degree of idiomaticity, highlighting both universal human perceptions and unique ethnocultural perspectives embedded within their respective phraseologies.

 Kazakhstan’s strategic location as a landlocked nation between Europe and Asia makes it a key node in regional transport corridors. Astana, the capital city, exemplifies both the challenges and opportunities of urban logistics transformation in the face of rapid urbanization. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of transport logistics in Astana, applying spatial modeling, graph theory, and logistics metrics to assess infrastructure accessibility and flow efficiency. The study provides insight into infrastructure planning, policy reform, and technological integration necessary to transform Astana into a modern logistics hub. Charts and figures support the analysis, emphasizing performance indicators, traffic bottlenecks, and optimization strategies.

This article analyzes the potential use and therapeutic effects of the Laurus nobilis (bay leaf) plant in arterial hypertension based on clinical observations and laboratory experiments. The study evaluated the hypotensive properties of bay essential oil, bay leaf tea, and dried bay leaves, as well as their effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and overall condition. Clinical observations were conducted on patients with diagnosed hypertension with an average age of 55 years, comparing the efficacy and onset of action of each product. The findings revealed that bay essential oil demonstrated a faster and more potent hypotensive effect, while the tea and dried leaves exhibited milder and longer-lasting effects.

This article highlights the historical and pedagogical aspects of the development of educational tourism in Uzbekistan, the connection of travel related to educational tourism with the life path and scientific research of our great scientists in world history.

This article discusses some of the current thinking about working on visual-comprehension tasks in elementary education.

Women's speech is a unique phenomenon that differs from men's speech in many aspects. It has its own characteristics that manifest themselves both at the level of perception and description of the surrounding world, and at the level of relationships and communication. In this paper, we will study the semantic features of women's speech based on Russian fiction.

This in the article each to society typical was , painful from issues one was crime, its come exit reasons and criminal in the spirit happened to be changes about information statement Also , crime​​ prevent to take and to him/her against fight and the offender rehabilitation to do according to studied from things from use except for the criminal motives and person studied . Of these to all based on, in prisons , mental health in the centers and in the courts to crime related individuals with conversations in transfer and of offenses prevent to take programs working on the way out crime psychologist figure separated to stand analysis made.

The article discusses the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Karakalpak people, including information about the ethnogenesis of the population living on the left bank of the Amu Darya. It discusses the occupations and social thinking of the population of the left bank of Karakalpakstan, providing information, firstly, about the professions of farmers and livestock breeders, places of farming, and types of farming. Also, The material and spiritual culture of the population living on the left bank of Karakalpakstan is discussed based on historical sources.

This article explores the fundamental cognitive-semantic theories in linguistics, including the works of Lancaster, Lakoff, Fillmore, and Croft. It discusses the foundations of cognitive semantics in the context of educational policy changes necessary for enhancing linguistic disciplines amid transformations in higher education. The focus is on improving the qualifications and development of the industry, especially regarding the effective training of specialists in linguistics and the creation of efficient language teaching methods. The relevance of these theories is underscored by the need for high-quality training for students in linguistic fields and the development of their knowledge and skills. The aim of this study is to establish key theoretical positions and directions within cognitive-semantic theory in linguistics, assess the benefits of teaching the fundamentals of cognitive linguistics, and evaluate the appropriateness of employing cognitive-semantic methods in educational practices. Various research methods were utilized, including linguistic description, observation, analysis, and synthesis. The findings highlight the necessity of studying foundational linguistic theories and general theoretical principles of cognitive linguistics, which remains a vital approach within the postmodern academic landscape.

This article analyzes the composition of financing sources and the regional distribution of investments directed toward fixed capital in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on statistical data from January to December 2024, the study examines the volume of investments and their structural sources — including the state budget, enterprise and household funds, foreign investments and loans, bank credits, and other sources — highlighting regional disparities. Based on the findings, practical recommendations are proposed to diversify investment policy, mobilize internal financial resources, and ensure interregional balance. This research contributes to the scientific analysis of investment activity and supports the development of effective investment management mechanisms for sustainable economic growth.

 The article analyzes the contribution to the development of spiritual culture of the educator Mahmudhoja Behbudi, who was one of the outstanding leaders of the national revival movement that emerged in Turkestan in the XX century, who played an important role in awakening the public consciousness of the Uzbek people at that time. Possessing a broad outlook and deep knowledge, he has always opposed conservatism and ignorance and in his works called for the correct understanding and interpretation of the Islamic religion. His goal was to enlighten the people and bring them to the level of highly developed peoples of the world, to build an advanced society in all respects, a state based on the unshakable principles of humanism and democracy. In the legacy of Mahmudhoja Behbudi, attention is paid to highlighting the issues of science, morality, the influence of art on the spiritual culture of youth, on the understanding of national identity. In satya, the modern meaning of Behbudi's work is investigated.

have been developed in the field of transformation and restructuring of the economy in the direction of the market, and its most important feature is that the main goals and priorities have been carefully defined at each stage of the reforms. An active investment policy is one of the most important conditions for achieving sustainable economic development.

 This article discusses the improvement project of the instrument panel of the Cobalt car, which is widely used in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Drivers of various heights and body dimensions operate the vehicle. In the case of taller drivers, the knee area often contacts the lighting adjustment switch on the instrument panel, frequently resulting in its damage. According to the proposed project, the lighting control component has been relocated to another position, thereby increasing the general usability coefficient of the vehicle.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the ergonomics and user comfort of the Chevrolet Cobalt vehicle's instrument panel. The study reviews general ergonomic requirements for instrument panels, evaluates the conformity of the Chevrolet Cobalt to these standards, and highlights specific problems faced by tall drivers—particularly knee contact with the headlight adjustment switch. The analysis helps identify the strengths and weaknesses in the vehicle's interior design and provides recommendations for future ergonomic improvements.

This article examines the growing need for reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in the context of a rapidly evolving multipolar world. As global power dynamics shift and new regional actors emerge, the legitimacy, effectiveness, and inclusiveness of the UNSC are increasingly called into question. This paper explores why multilateral diplomacy remains a vital mechanism for maintaining international peace and security, and how reforming the UNSC can help restore confidence in global governance. Drawing on historical developments, institutional critiques, and reform proposals, the study offers a balanced perspective on the prospects and limitations of meaningful reform.

This article classifies Uzbek literary pseudonyms by their genetic origin, examining native Turkic, Farsi-Tajik, and Arabic lexical layers. It highlights how historical language interactions shaped the diverse etymology of these pseudonyms.

This article explores contemporary methods and innovative approaches in pedagogical training aimed at preparing future educators for working with preschool and primary school children. Emphasizing the importance of practical skills, technological integration, and student-centered learning, the study analyzes modern pedagogical strategies that enhance the quality of teacher education. The paper discusses the role of interactive learning, digital tools, and reflective practices in developing effective teaching competencies. The findings highlight the necessity of adopting progressive training models to meet the evolving demands of early childhood and primary education, ensuring that future teachers are well-equipped to foster a supportive and engaging learning environment for young learners.

 This article provides information on the formation of an idea of lexical concepts in primary school native language classes. The article aims to identify effective forms and methods of organizing the formation of an idea of the system of lexical concepts in primary school native language and reading lessons based on methods and technologies.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the morphemic structure of a word in the context of the morphological typology of languages. The features of the structure of the word as the basic unit of the language, its components — root and affix morphemes, as well as the types of their connection: agglutination and fusion are considered. The difference between inflectional, agglutinative and amorphous (isolating) languages is highlighted using the example of Uzbek, Russian, Karakalpak and other languages.

This article analyzes the methods of developing a "Cultural Center" project at the intersection of Abu Rayhan Beruni and Qozizoda Rumi streets in the city of Samarkand.

The pandemics of coronavirus affliction 2019 (COVID-19) and non-alcoholic roly-poly liver affliction (NAFLD) coexist. High-minded liver assistance examinations are patronise in COVID-19 and hawthorn consequence liver destruction in NAFLD, preexisting liver destruction from NAFLD hawthorn consequence the progression of COVID-19. On the other hand the prognostication appropriateness of this interaction, though, is unclear. Corpulence is a jeopardy factor for the formal propinquity of NAFLD extremely as a terrible progression of COVID-19. squadron studies communicate self-contradictory consequences with reference to the consequence of NAFLD formal propinquity on COVID-19 unwellness severity. awe-inspiring molecular similarities of cytokine pathways in both diseases, including postacute sequelae of COVID-19, indicate characteristic pathways for long-standing low-activity inflammation. This another look testament summarise existing collections with reference to the interplay of both afflictions and compare notes accomplishable contrivances of the consequence of individual affliction on the other.

 This article examines methods of stimulating the physical development of students from a psychological perspective. The article analyzes how physical activity and a healthy lifestyle affect the psychology of students, the mechanisms of motivation and self-control. It also examines psychological approaches, pedagogical methods and incentive systems to attract students to regular physical exercise. The results of the study allow us to develop effective strategies aimed at improving the physical and mental health of students.

This article analyzes the importance and effectiveness of the methodology of professionally-oriented differentiated education in the process of training students in the field of economics. The article studies the theoretical foundations of differentiated education, its integration into the educational process in the field of economics, as well as its role in the development of students' professional skills. Strategies are proposed to improve the quality of education, deepen students' knowledge and improve their professional training through the practical application of the methodology. The study shows the effectiveness of differentiated education methods adapted to the individual characteristics of the educational process.

The article discusses effective methods and approaches for developing grammatical skills in foreign students learning Russian. It analyzes common difficulties faced by learners in mastering Russian grammar and explores various teaching techniques aimed at improving their understanding and practical application of grammatical rules. Emphasis is placed on interactive exercises, communicative methods, and individualization of learning processes to enhance the acquisition of grammatical competence. The study highlights the importance of systematic work in grammar teaching to ensure successful language acquisition among foreign students.

The dynamics of the pathogen’s biological properties, infection conditions, and the biological state of the host organism determine the constant evolution of clinical manifestations and outcomes of infectious diseases (Pokrovsky V.I. et al., 2003). The previously held view of dysentery as a disease with a mild course and decreasing lethality, prevalent by the mid-1980s, was revised due to a sharp worsening during the epidemic spread of Shigella flexneri 2a in the 1990s (Solodovnikov Yu.P., 1992; Kartsev A.D., 1992; Pokrovsky V.I., Yushchuk N.D., 1994; Belyaeva T.V., 1995, 2003; Kondrasheva L.N. et al., 2003). Literature analysis indicates that Shigella dysentery caused by Flexner bacilli in recent years has been marked by an increased proportion of severe cases and unfavorable outcomes (Brodov L.E. et al., 1996; Rakhmanova A.G. et al., 1996).

This article analyzes the psychological aspects of the formation and development of emotional-volitional readiness of students studying in sports during training. The student period is a stage of active development of a person, self-awareness and independent decision-making, and this process is even more complicated for young people who are actively involved in sports. This article highlights such problems as stress, emotional instability, and lack of internal motivation that are widespread among athletes, and considers ways to overcome them. The importance of psychological training, motivational techniques, self-management strategies, and positive thinking methods in the development of emotional-volitional readiness is emphasized. It also reveals how this preparation affects the athlete's approach to competitions, adaptation to a team environment, and personal growth.

This article examines the effectiveness of using the SWOT analysis method in geography lessons, specifically in the context of the topic “The Geographical Location, Borders, and Political Map of Europe.” The study analyzes how this method helps develop students’ analytical thinking, regional-geographical reasoning, and problem-solving skills. The theoretical potential of the method in fostering creative approaches during the learning process is also explored.

Cet article examine la formation de l’image du père dans les cultures française et ouzbèke à travers une perspective historique, culturelle et linguistique. Il analyse la place du père en tant qu’institution sociale, sa représentation dans la littérature et la tradition orale, ainsi que l’évolution ou la persistance de cette figure dans la société contemporaine. À travers une approche comparative, les attitudes envers le rôle paternel sont étudiées selon des critères tels que l’amour, la responsabilité et la continuité des valeurs. L’article pourra intéresser les linguistes, les spécialistes en culture et les chercheurs en sciences sociales.

Undoubtedly, small businesses are the first to develop the digital economy. This direction is new for Uzbekistan. Large businesses will find it difficult to go digital right away due to their size, while small businesses can do it faster and better. Therefore, the digital economy "starts" with small enterprises. At the same time, regulatory documents, additional platforms are created, problems (based on the experience of small business) are identified, which in turn ensures the successful implementation of this project everywhere.

This article explores the axiological (value-based) dimension of the human being within the framework of modern medicine. As medical science advances technologically, questions of human dignity, personhood, and moral worth become increasingly central. The discussion emphasizes how contemporary medicine must integrate ethical and humanistic values to ensure that the individual remains at the heart of healthcare. The article also highlights the significance of patient-centered care, medical humanism, and the philosophical foundations of bioethics as crucial elements of value-based medical practice.

This article explores the role and significance of psycholinguistics within the broader field of linguistics. Psycholinguistics, which studies the mental processes underlying language acquisition, comprehension, production, and storage, provides crucial insights into how language operates in the human mind. The integration of psycholinguistic theories into linguistic research allows for a deeper understanding of cognitive mechanisms that support language use. The article highlights key contributions of psycholinguistics to areas such as language development, bilingualism, language disorders, and artificial intelligence.

This article explores the fundamental differences between general and specialized terminology in the English language. It analyzes how general terms are commonly used in everyday communication, while specialized terms are used within specific fields such as medicine, law, science, and technology. The paper also discusses the processes through which specialized vocabulary is formed, the role of professional context, and how terminologies influence understanding in academic and occupational domains. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of precise terminology in achieving effective communication in professional settings and the challenges of translating specialized terms into general language without losing meaning.