Vol. 21 No. 1 (2021): Archive

This article examines the influence of cultural factors on the work of translators in intcrcultural communication. In the era of globalization, it is rather problematic to define what culture is and what are the differences between its definitions. Translation is one of the means of intercultural communication. In this study, it will be considered as the decisive role of the translational process in the mediation between contiguous cultures, creating, in turn, new forms of cultural values.

Currently, there is number of studies of the role of emotions and empathy in the process of intercultural communication, including the training the interpreters (N. Ignatenko [1], I. Pluzhnik [3], E. Sapiga [5], G. Solovieva [7] and others). It is emphasized that it is necessary to purposefully develop empathy in the process of teaching a foreign language at a university, since “empathy seems to be the basis of intercultural understanding” [1, p. 14]. Empathy stands out as a component of assessing the macro- and micro-level of professional intercultural communication, indicates a low degree of national identity of students, while noting that they strive to improve professional competence, but do not have the qualities of interpersonal communication for this, which is manifested in a high degree of conflict [3].

The main purpose of this training manual is to develop the ability of law enforcement officers to communicate and exchange ideas in English based on the basic knowledge and skills of English phonetics and grammar. The textbook contains texts on the subject of the field and tasks related to the content of the texts given for analytical reading.
The study guide is intended for students and cadets of family educational institutions belonging to the MIA system.

The article discusses the structural features of military terms used in the English and Uzbek languages. Military terms were divided into groups according to military types, general staff, general tactical, military topographic, military ranks and military organizational activities. As a result of the analysis of the collected research materials, it was determined that the methods of affixation, transformation and composition are the most effective in the formation of English and Uzbek military terms. In addition, in order to find out to which groups of words the total number of military terms in the English and Uzbek languages belongs, the terms were classified according to the criteria of the linguistic-statistical method. At the same time, structural models associated with derivational elements of existing abbreviations in modern English and Uzbek military terminology were considered.

The  analysis  of  prehospital  factors  influencing the  severity  of  the  course  of  odontogenic  purulent- inflammatory  diseases  and  its  outcome  was  carried out.  The  total  number  of  patients  during  the  study period  was  1305  patients  (2018-675,  2019-630 patients).  The  most  common  cause  of  the  development of  pyoinflammatory  diseases  is  the  lower  molars.  A detailed study showed that in 5 5 % of cases the tooth was removed  during  surgery,  which  indicates  a  low  level of  therapeutic  and  surgical  debridement  among  the population.  In  patients  with  acute  toothache,  from  the first  day  of  illness,  pathological  changes  are  observed in  the  tissues  surrounding  the  tooth,  underestimation of  this  fact  can  lead  to  the  development  of  severe purulent-inflammatory complications.

The aim of this study was to study the characteristic features of local and systemic immunity in patients with acute purulent odontogenicostitis of the jaw. We examined 38 patients with acute purulent odontogenicperiostitis, who applied to the TSSI clinic. Clinical hematological immunological  research  methods  were  used.  It  was  revealed  that  the  most  frequent associations  of  microorganisms  in  acute  purulent  odontogenicostitis  of  the  jaws  are Staphylococcus  aureus,  Staphylococcus  epidermicus,  registered  in  more  than  half  of  the cases.  There  was  an  increase  in  immunoglobulin  G  in  the  blood  in  acute  purulent odontogenicostitis.

Thearticlepresents  ideas  about  the  problems that arise when teaching in  medical universities in the light of the modern development of medicine.

At  the  department  of  the  Tashkent  State  Dental  Institute  on  the  subject "Ophthalmology",  an  electronic  multimedia  textbook  has  been  developed  -  an  educational electronic publication created at a high scientific and methodological level, fully consistent with  the  program  of  the  subject,  ensuring  the  continuity  and  completeness  of  the  didactic cycle of the learning process with the implementation of interactive feedback. Our textbook combines  text,  various  types  of  audio  and  video  effects  under  the  control  of  interactive software - there is a polysensory effect on the learning process. The practical application of the  electronic  textbook  at  our  department  contributed  to  the  increase  in  the  interest  of students, the improvement of the quality of education, a deeper correspondence of the level of preparedness of students to the requirements of the state standard.

This article is devoted to the student's independent work. Independent work is the primary form of self-education. Self-educational activity of a student, especially based on modern  teaching  technologies,  plays  a  leading  role  in  the  development of  their  cognitive activity,  readiness  for  self-improvement,  contributes  to  the  development  of  creative  skills, initiative, the ability to rationally organize their time. The study of this problem will reveal the organization and conduct  of independent  work and its  role in  improving the quality of training of doctors.

The article points out the issues associate with combination of pharmaco-physiologic methods of treatment in complex treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in condition with compensate intraocular pressure. There was informationabout main conceptions of neuroprotection and the role of retinalamin as a main biogenic stimulator from the citomedin group. It should be noted that, these days, hypotensive therapy is not enough effectively retain process of the progression of GON. It is more reasonable to use drugs directed to improve a blood supply in the optic nerve area, mainly via targeted delivery with a help of endonasal electrophoresis and percutaneous electrostimulation with ESOM apparatus that considerably improve a quality of patient`s life by retaining atrophic process

Ведущей патологией, приводящей к снижению зрительных  функций  у  лиц  старше  55  лет, является  возрастная  макулярная  дегенерация (ВМД)  [1-4].  По  данным  Beaver  Dam  Eye  Study, распространенность  ВМД  у  лиц  в  возрастной группе от 40 до 50 лет составляет 10% случаев, тогда как у людей старше 75 лет - практически 30% [5]. На долю ВМД приходится до 8,7% от всех случаев полной слепоты в мире [4]. В структуре первичной инвалидности по ВМД больные в трудоспособном возрасте составляют 21%, а в пенсионном - 32% [2]. Актуальность проблемы заключается и в том, что  данная  патология  часто  приводит  к  слепоте или необратимому снижению зрения и оказывает выраженное влияние на качество жизни человека. Рост  числа  пациентов  с  ВМД  придает  проблеме серьезную медико-социальную значимость.

Glaucoma  is  a  chronic  progressive  optic  neuropathy  with  characteristic morphologic  changes  in  the  head  of  optic  nerve  and  progressive  death  of  retinal  ganglion fibers with narrowing of the visual field. Effective decrease of IOP is not able to serve as a guarantee  of  stabilization  of  glaucomatous  process  that  continue  to  progress  in  part  of patients. Thus, a search of a new direction of the drug therapy is needed because of the fact that  hypotensive  therapy  is  not  completely  effective.  The  most  perspective  of  them  is neuroprotection in combination with percutaneous electrostimulation that protect neurons of the retina and nerve fibers of optic nerve from different damage factors.

The  aim  of  the  study  was  the  clinical  and  functional  assessment  of  the  complex  treatment  of glaucomatous optic neuropathy with the administration of the drug tanakan in the form of endonasal electrophoresis in combination with electrical stimulation according to IST and ultrasound Doppler mapping. We examined 43 (74 eyes) patients with GON aged from 58 to 76 years. The results of the study showed that this method effectively delays the development of optic nerve atrophy and, along with the improvement of visual functions, lengthens the positive effect of the main treatment, which was confirmed by a significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters according to the ultrasound Doppler study.

Age-related  macular  degeneration  (AMD)  is  one  of  the  leading  medical  and  social  problems worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy in  patients with early  AMD with a  lutein-zeaxanthin containing vitamin-mineral complex. The clinical  study included  50  patients  of  the  main  group  who  took  lutein-zeaxanthin  containing  a  vitamin-mineral complex, 1 capsule once a day for 3 months, for 3 consecutive years, and 50 patients of the control group who did not receive drug therapy. The patients of the main group showed an increase in visual acuity,  an  improvement  in  parameters  according  to  OCT  data,  an  improvement  in  the  subjective perception of their  own  visual  functions.  At the same time, patients  in the control group showed deterioration  in  visual  acuity,  progression  of  the  disease  according  to  OCT  data,  which  was manifested  by  the  transition  to the  next  stage of  AMD.  Conclusion:  drug  therapy  for  early  stage AMD has a prophylactic effect on the progression of the pathological process in the macular zone.

Актуальность.  Проблема  эффективного  лечения  глаукомы  и  сохранения зрительных  функций  является  общемировой  и  несмотря  на  значительные достижения  в  офтальмологии  продолжает  оставаться  актуальной,  так  как именно  это  заболевание  является  причиной  необратимой  слепоты  и слабовидения,  занимая  одно  из  ведущих  мест  в  перечне  инвалидизирующих заболеваний органа зрения. Ранняя диагностика глаукомы позволяет сохранить зрение  значительно  дольше,  чем  диагностика  заболевания  в  продвинутой стадии, когда уже наступили необратимые изменения. Понижение уровня ВГД является  единственным  доказанным  способом  замедления  прогрессирования заболевания. Результаты крупных многоцентровых клинических исследований свидетельствуют  о  том,  что  изначально  энергичное  снижение  ВГД  позволяет предотвратить поражение зрительного нерва и снижает риск развития слепоты.

Сердечно  -  сосудистые  заболевания  (ССЗ)  в  настоящее время  называют  проблемой  века,  считая  их  одной  из  основных  причин инвалидности  и  смертности  людей  работоспособного  возраста.  По  оценкам экспертов ВОЗ  в 2008 г. от ССЗ умерло 17,3 миллиона человек, что составило 30% всех случаев смерти в мире. Из этого числа 7,3 миллиона человек умерло от ишемической болезни сердца и 6,2 миллиона человек в результате инсульта. Не  менее  угрожающую  статистику  находим  и  у  такого  заболевания,  как сахарный диабет (СД). СД занимает третье место по распространенности после сердечно  -  сосудистой  и  онкопатологии.  По  данным  экспертов  ВОЗ  в  мире насчитывается около 285 миллионов больных СД и прогнозируется, что к 2030 году  число  заболевших  СД  составит  435  миллионов  человек.  В  развитых европейских странах распространенность сахарного диабета составляет 3–10% в  общей  популяции,  а  среди  лиц с  факторами  риска  и  у  пожилых  достигает  30%  от  общей  численности населения.

Возрастная  макулярная  дегенерация  сетчатки  (ВМД) представляет собой одну из наиболее злободневных проблем офтальмологии, так как согласно последним данным, ВМД страдают около 20% людей старше 65 лет. Прогнозируется рост данной патологии к 2050 году до 33%. К сожалению, в последнее 10-летие сухая форма ВМД «помолодела» и обнаруживается при диспансерных осмотрах у 40-летних лиц.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative, progressive disease of the  macular  region  of  the  retina,  which  is  the  leading  cause  of  central  vision  loss  in  older  people  in developed countries.  Purpose of the study. to study the incidence rates of AMD in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of regions.  Material and methods: based on the data of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, data from the reporting documentation of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center  for  Eye  Microsurgery,  a  retrospective  analysis  of  the  dynamics  of  indicators  of  general  and primary morbidity of AMD for the period from 2010 to 2019 in the context of regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the city of Tashkent was carried out and statistical methods.  Research  results.Аnalysis  of  the overall morbidity showed that relative to 2010, the indicators had some downward trend - in 2011 - 15.09, in 2012 - 14.73, but since 2013 they have been growing and in 2019 increased by 7.25 per 100 thousand population relative to 2010 (from 16.30 to 23.55 per 100 thousand population). An analysis of the primary incidence of AMD indicates that the rates are steadily growing from 3.60 in 2010 to 8.38 per 100 thousand population in 2019 (by 4.78).  Conclusions.  For  the  first  time,  the  indicators  of  the  incidence  of  AMD  in  the  Republic  of Uzbekistan for a 10 year period are presented, which indicate a high level, in comparison with developed countries, a growth trend and uneven numbers in the regions, which requires organizational and other decisions.

В  согласно  статистике, 50%  от  общего  количества травм  твёрдых  тканей  челюстно-лицевой  области  составляют  травмы  зубо-альвеолярной  сферы  [1].Из  них  травмы,наблюдаемые  при  прорезывании зубов,встречались  от  0,9%  до  3,9%[2].Полный  вывих  постоянных  зубов составляет  около  3%  от  общего  числа  травм  у  детей[3-4].Работа  врача-стоматолога  нацелена  на  сохранение  зуба  как  органа. Разновидностью зубосохраняющих  операций  является  реплантация  зуба  [5].   Дальнейшая разработка  технологий  реплантации  позволяет  на  более  высоком  научно-практическом уровне решать многие проблемы восстановления зубных рядов и изготовления полноценных зубных протезов [6-7].  Соответственно, в настоящее время  одной  из  актуальных  проблем, стоящих  перед  стоматологами, является совершенствование метода –реплантации-сохранения зуба как органа.

Relevance of the topic. According to statistics, 50% of the total number of injuries of hard tissues of the maxillofacial region are injuries of the dental-alveolar sphere[1].Of  these,  injuries  observed  during  teething  occurred  in  0.9%  to 3.9%[2].Complete dislocation of permanent teeth accounts for about 3% of the total number of injuries in children[3-4].The work of a dentist is aimed at preserving the tooth as an organ.A variety of tooth-preserving operations is tooth replantation [5].  Further development of replantation technologies makes it possible to solve many problems of restoration of dentition and manufacture of full-fledged dentures at a higher scientific and practical level [6-7]. Accordingly, currently one of the urgent problems  facing  dentists  is  the  improvement  of  the  method-replantation-preservation of the tooth as an organ.

Relevance of the topic. According to statistics, 50% of the total number of injuries of hard tissues of the maxillofacial region are injuries of the dental-alveolar sphere[1].Of  these,  injuries  observed  during  teething  occurred  in  0.9%  to 3.9%[2].Complete dislocation of permanent teeth accounts for about 3% of the total number of injuries in children[3-4].The work of a dentist is aimed at preserving the tooth as an organ.A variety of tooth-preserving operations is tooth replantation [5].  Further development of replantation technologies makes it possible to solve many problems of restoration of dentition and manufacture of full-fledged dentures at a higher scientific and practical level [6-7]. Accordingly, currently one of the urgent problems  facing  dentists  is  the  improvement  of  the  method-replantation-preservation of the tooth as an organ.

“Тиббиёт сохасини ислох қилиш ва даволашни замоновий технология ва усулларини  татбиқ  қилиш”  бўйича  ўтказилаётган  ишлар  савияси  ўлароқ стоматология сохасида янгидан-янги даволаш чора тадбирлари ишлаб чиқиш ва  уни  амалиётга  татбиқ  этиш  бугунги  куннинг  дорзарб  муаммосидир. Хозирга кунда   юқори  ва пастки жағларда  мавжуд  иккиламчи адентияларни протезлаш  стоматологлар  олдидаги  долзарб  муаммолардан  биридир.  Ушбу муаммони  яьни  тиш  каторлари  нуқсонларини  бартараф  этишнинг  замонавий усулларидан бири бу дентал имплантологиядир.

The  tutorial  provides  brief  information  about  various  implant  systems,  their advantages and disadvantages, methods of surgical intervention, mechanisms for integrating implants in tissues. Modern  views  on  the  mechanisms  of  reparative  bone  regeneration,  the  structure and  main  characteristics  of  bone  tissue  are  briefly  presented.  Describes  possible complications  of  odontoplasty,  techniques  of  their  elimination  and  prevention. Biomechanical principles of orthopedic treatment of dental defects using implants are considered. The manual is prepared in accordance with the training program for specialists in the discipline "Surgical dentistry". The textbook contains the main questions of dental implantology. It at the present level  presents  the  fundamental  topics  of  dental  implantology  including osseointegration, of the morphological basis of dental implantation. Indications, contraindications, planning and surgical stages of installing plate and screw implants, complications arising during and after dental implantation, as well as their prevention and treatment are described in detail. The tutorial contains test tasks  and  situational  tasks  for  monitoring  the  development  of  knowledge  with reference standards of answers, as well as illustrative materials. The text of the manual contains illustrative material, final questions for each of the sections.

Актуальность  проблемы  диагностики  и  лечения  гнойно-воспалительных  заболеваний  ЧЛО  определяется необходимостью дальнейшего изучения и разработки принципиально новых способов прогнозирования характера течения и повышения эффективности лечения. Существующие  методы  диагностики,  включая  клинические,  не  всегда  позволяют  адекватно  отслеживать патологический процесс, что не дает врачу своевременную, эффективную коррекцию лечения больного. В обзоре описаны  современные  основы  комплексного  лечения  гнойно-воспалительных  заболеваний  челюстно-лицевой области. Поднимается вопрос о необходимости разработки новых лечебных мероприятий по борьбе с этим заболеванием.

Актуальность  проблемы  инфекционных  осложнений  дентальной  имплантации  определяется  необходимостью дальнейшего изучения и разработки принципиально новых способов прогнозирования характера течения и  повышения  эффективности  лечения.  Существующие  методы  диагностики,  включая  клинические,  не  всегда позволяют  адекватно  отслеживать  патологический  процесс,  что  не  дает  врачу  своевременную,  эффективную коррекцию лечения больного. В обзоре описаны современные аспекты этиологии инфекционных осложнений дентальной  имплантации.  Поднимается  вопрос  о  необходимости  разработки  о  новых  лечебных  мероприятий по борьбе с этими заболеваниями.

Врожденная  расщелина  верхней  губы  и  неба  (ВРГН)  -  порок  развития, который  возникает  вследствие  нарушения  морфогенеза  плода.  Лечение  ВРГН является актуальной проблемой детской хирургической стоматологии. Несмотря  на  обилие  различных  способов  устранения  ВРГН,  многие  аспекты этой проблемы не решены полностью, о чем свидетельствуют многочисленные публикации  в  отечественной  и  зарубежной  литературе.  Это  обусловлено увеличением  частоты  рождения  детей  с  этой  патологией,  а  также  не  всегда удовлетворительными результатами операции.

The aim of this study was to study the characteristic features of local and systemic immunity in patients with acute purulent odontogenicostitis of the jaw. We examined 38 patients with acute purulent odontogenicperiostitis, who applied to the TSSI clinic. Clinical hematological immunological  research  methods  were  used.  It  was  revealed  that  the  most  frequent associations  of  microorganisms  in  acute  purulent  odontogenicostitis  of  the  jaws  are Staphylococcus  aureus,  Staphylococcus  epidermicus,  registered  in  more  than  half  of  the cases.  There  was  an  increase  in  immunoglobulin  G  in  the  blood  in  acute  purulent odontogenicostitis.

Тиш  қаттиқ  тўқимасининг  патологик  едирилишида  (ТҚТПЕ)  охирги маълумотларга  қараганда  11,8%  одамларда  учрайди  [8.16,83],  патологик едирилишда (ПЕ) ўрта ёшдаги одамларда 35% гача учрайди, эркакларда аёлларга нисбатан  кўпроқ  учрайди  [57,83].  Бу  жараён  тиш,  тиш  қаторларида  ва  юз соҳасида  эстетик,  функционал  ва  морфологик  ўзгаришлар  билан  кечади. Жараённинг  узок;  давом  этиши  эса  чакка-пастки  жаг  бўғимини  (ЧПЖБ) дисфункциясига,  қулоқдаги  шовқинларга,  эшитишнинг  пасайишига, глоссадемияга ва бир қатор бузилишларга олиб келади [16,27,56,57,83]. ПЕ келиб чиқиш сабаблари жуда кўп, асосан эндоген ва экзоген омилларга бўлинади. ПЕни  келтириб  чиқарувчи  эндоген  омилларга  -  наслий  мойиллик,  модда алмашинувининг бузилиши, нейродистрофик бузилишлар киради [17,46]. Экзоген омилларга  чайнов  характери  (қаттиқ  овқатлар),  тишлов  тури,  айрим  тишларга ортиқча  функционал  куч  тушиши  киради  [27,46,57,83].  Масалан,  тўғри  тишлов ҳолатида ушбу патология баъзи тишларнинг йўқлиги сабабли тез кечади. ТҚТПЕнинг  клиник  кўриниши  тиш  қаттиқ  ва  юмшоқ  тўқималаридаги ёруглик  ёки  электрон  микроскоп  ёрдамида  ўрганилганлигига  қарамасдан [8,16,56,80,83,170], ушбу патологияда тишларнинг пулпа сезувчанлиги, қаттиқ ва юмшоқ  тўқималаридаги  морфологик  ўзгаришлар,  едирилишнинг  кечишида  тиш қаттиқ тўқималарида кальций миқдорининг роли, мазкур тиш ёки тиш гуруҳлари пародонтининг  заҳира  (резерв)  кучи  кабий  масалалар  ҳозирги  кунгача  етарли даражада  ўрганилмаган.  Мазкур  маълумотлар  [8,57,83,169,173]  эса  қисқа мазмунли, яъни фрагментар тавсифга эга. ПЕ  даражаси  билан  тишларнинг  структуравий-функционал  кўрсаткичлари ва  қон  зардобидаги  ҳамда  тиш  қаттиқ  тўқимасидаги  кальций  микроэлемента миқдори орасидаги боғлиқлик комплекс ҳолда ўрганилмаган. Даволаш чоралари тишларни  депульпация  қилиш,  ўзакли  тишлардан  фойдаланиб  тишлов баландлигини  кескин  равишда  кўтаришга  олиб  келинган  ҳолатлар  беморларда чакка-пастки  жағ  бўғимида  турли  ноқулайликларни  келтириб  чиқаради  [7,9,19, 26,29, 56,61,134,165,167]. Шу боне, ТҚТнинг П-ва Ш-даражали ПЕда юз-жаг- тиш тизимида  рўй  берувчи  клиник  ва  функционал  ўзгаришларни  асл  ҳолатига  келтириш  мақсадида  тишлов  баландлигини  бочқичма-босқич  кўтариб  борувчи, шу  билан  бирга  тишларни  чархламасдан  ва  депульпация  қилмаган  ҳолда,  олиб қуйилувчи  асоси  бўлмаган  тўлиқ  қуйма  (ОҚАБТҚП)  протезларидан  оқилона фойдаланиш  ва  мазкур  конструкцияларни  такомиллаштириш  устида  иш  олиб бориш стоматологиянинг долзарб муаммоларидан бири бўлиб қолмоқда. Узбекистон Республикаси   Вазирлар Махкамасининг 2012  йил 29 мартдаги 91-сон  Карори  «  Тиббиёт  муассаларининг  фаолиятини  ташкил  этишни такомиллаштириш  ва  модий-техника  базасини  янада  мустахкамлаш    чоратадбирлари  тугрисида»  ги    ва    Узбекистон  Президентининг  2017  йил  7-февралдаги  ПФ-4947-сон  Фармони  билан  тасдикланган  «Узбекистон Республикасини янада ривожлантириш буйича харакатлар стратегияси тугриси» -ги  хамда  мазкур  фаолиятга  тегишли  бошка  меърий-хукукий  хужжатларда белгиланган  вазифаларни  амалга  оширишга  ушбу  монография  муаян  хизмат килади, деб ишонамиз.

Background: The present study attempted to clarify the typical anatomical variants of Thyroglossal cysts (TGC). Patients and methods: Clinically and epidemiologically 67 previously non-experienced patients with TGC 1.5 to 73.0 years old were examined. Results: Based on clinical and ultrasound examinations of 121 patients with 67 thyroglossal cysts, the most typical cyst of anatomical variations was specified. It was noted that, concerning the hyoid bone, thyroglossal cysts may be suprahyoid (located at the root of the tongue), parahyoid (broadly adjoining the hyoid), prelingual (located in the front of the hyoid in the hypo lingual region), postlingual (located behind the hyoid bone in the prenatal and peri-laryngeal spaces), or sublingual (located the book from the hyoid bone). An ultrasound examination facilitated the identification of thyroglossal cysts with-out clinical manifestations (23 sublingual cysts among 37 [62.2%] were incidentally revealed by the ultrasound examination), which is important when selecting the most appropriate surgical treatment. Conclusion: Ultrasound studies facilitate the identification of TGCs located at the root of the tongue without any clinical manifestations, which is important when determining the degree of surgical treatment to perform.

Воспалительный инфильтрат мягких тканей появляется на одной из ранних стадий острого гнойного лимфаденита, когда наступили значительные гемодинамические сдвиги в микроциркуляторном русле, которые сопровождаются парезом  капилляров,  гипоксией,  ацидозом  и  предшествуют  фазе  экссудации. Основная нозологическая форма заболевания в данном случае - лимфаденит или периаденит.  Задача  врача  в  данной  ситуации  -  предупреждение  развития аденофлегмоны.

The article presents an effect of antibacterial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of pyoinflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region in infants. The data on the immune system of the child's body are taken into account when prescribing antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Treatment of purulent - inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region in children continues to be one of the most pressing problems of modern maxillofacial surgery.  The number of cases of a sluggish  protracted  course  of  inflammatory  processes  with  a  tendency  to  chronicity  and  the development of complications has increased. This circumstance is explained by many reasons: the irrational  use  of  antibiotics  in  the  treatment  of  acute  purulent  inflammatory  diseases  of  the maxillofacial region. Photodynamic antibacterial therapy is a new direction of the quantum effect of the  optical  range  on  biological  tissues  by  stimulating  a  photosensitizer  with  the  production  of reactive oxygen species.

It is known that in chronic liver diseases, secondary immunodeficiency is formed, which is of great importance for the dental system and the entire body as a whole. Therefore, it becomes clear the importance of studying the state of the protective system of oral tissues in chronic viral liver pathology, which requires timely and constant correction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of proinflammatory cytokines and cytolytic enzymes in patients  with  chronic  viral  hepatitis  before  tooth  extraction.  The  level  of  cytokine  IL-1  in patients  with  CVI  before  tooth  extraction  was  on  average  43.97±3.56  pg  /  ml,  whereas  in healthy people the studied indicator was on average 5.41 ± 0.42 pg / ml. The patients showed an increase in the level of IFN in the blood serum by an average of 6.2 times, the level of interleukin-18, belonging to the IL-1 family, was statistically significantly increased by 2.4 times  in  patients  with  CVI,  compared  with  the  control  group.  The  features  of  CVH  are dissociations  between  the  levels  of  proinflammatory  cytokines  IL-1,  IL-6,  IL-18  and interferon.  This  indicates  the  disintegration  of  the  inflammatory  process  occurring  in  the periodontal tissues and with the transition to a chronic course of the disease. Changes in the level of IL-1, IL-6, IL-18 and interferon in the blood serum of patients with CVI from normal parameters before tooth extraction is an indicator of the severity of the inflammatory process in the liver, as evidenced by changes in the dynamics of cytolytic enzymes.

To assess the hygienic status of the oral cavity depending on the treatment methods used. Material and methods: Under our supervision there were 92 patients with included and terminal defects of the dentition, who underwent prosthetics based on dental implants of the “DIO” system at the department of orthopedic direction of the FPC TGSI. Results: At the beginning of the study, the IGS was low in all three groups and corresponded to good implant hygiene.  After  3  and  6  months,  the  index  values  were  significantly  worse  and  corresponded  to  the  unsatisfactory implant hygiene. Patients of the 3rd group, who used the whole complex of individual and professional methods, had better indicators than in other groups. Conclusions: In patients using the irrigator, no signs of gingivitis were recorded for the entire observation period.

Таълим сифатиниоширишнинг яна бир қирраси бу таълим беришда муляж, фантом, автоматлаштирилган маникенлар, тренажѐрлар ва аппаратлардан кенг фойдаланишдир. Тошкент давлат стоматология институтида талабаларни билим савиясини ошириш, ўқув  жараѐнини  янги  ахборот  технологиялар  билан  бойитиш,  интерактив  ўқитиш усуллари, фан бўйича жаҳондаги энг янги маълумотларга эга бўлиш, кафедраларнинг моддий техника базасини яхшилаш ва  ундан барча педагогик ва талабаларни  унумли фойдаланиши учун тематик ўқув хоналарини яратиш мақсад қилиб қўйилган. Бундай ўқув тематик хоналарни яратиш педагоглар, магистрлар ва талабаларнинг мустақил тайѐрланишларичун кенг шароит яратиб бериб, қуйидаги вазифаларни амалга ошириш имкониятини беради.

Ожирение  у  женщин  сопряжено  с  нарушением репродуктивной функции, репродуктивными потерями, осложненным течением гестационного периода и родов, причем частота осложнений прямо зависит от степени  ожирения.  Расстройство  материнско-плодового  кровотока, дегенеративные  изменения  наряду  с  пролиферативными  и  регенеративными процессами  в  плаценте  рожениц  с  ожирением;  также  оказывают  влияние  на развитие  плода  и  состояние  новорожденного.  Характерные  для  ожирения метаболические нарушения (дислипидемия, гипергликемия, гиперинсулинемия, гиперхолестеринемия)  приводят  к  образованию  модифицированных липопротеидов, нарушениям микроциркуляции и вторичным иммунологическим сдвигам  в  организме  человека.а  в  далнейшем  сказывается  на  развития зубочелюстной системы и в сроках прорезывания молочных зубов.

The article provides information, over the past 5 years, on the existing methods of scar tissue correction. Treatment of scar tissue depends on its shape, etiology, predisposition, concomitant somatic diseases. It also provides information on the treatment of soft tissue scars, depending on their location and the patient's phototype.

The article describes the results of experimental  work on rats, in order to study the reparative changes in the skin wound during injections of the succinate-containing preparation HYALUAL. The objective of the research was a comparative description of the structural changes in the skin in control and experimental rats with publicly available morphological research methods.

The  article  presents  the  results  of  an  immunobiochemical  blood  test  in people with postoperative facial scars in order to study the reparative changes in the skin wound during  injections  of  the  succinate-containing  preparation  HYALUAL.  The  objective  of  the research  was  a  comparative  description  of  the  structural  hemostasis  in  the  control  and  main groups of patients.

Background: Postoperative facial scars after plastic and reconstructive surgery are visible results that can seriously affect the quality of life of recovering patients. Currently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in medicine to improve tissue regeneration. Purpose: To analyze the esthetic outcomes of using PRP in the late postoperative period of maxillofacial surgical interventions. Material and methods: A total of  100 patients aged 18–60 years who were undergoing plastic and reconstructive surgery in the maxillofacial region were included in this study. The patients were randomly divided in two groups. Fifty patients in the treatment group received PRP injections at the time of surgery. Patients in the control group did not receive any injections. PRP was injected intradermally after suturing the wound. Evaluation of treatment outcomes was carried out by planimetry, the Image J programme during 1 month after surgery and by the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale  30 and 90 days after the surgical procedure. The Dermatological Quality of Life Index was used to assess the negative impact of treatment outcomes on various aspects of the patient’s life. Results: The change of scar width was twice less pronounced in the treatment group. The patients in the treatment group were more satisfied with the results of the treatment and had a higher quality of life. The treatment group exhibited less scaring at all time points than the control group 3 months after surgery. Conclusions: The use of PRP had a pronounced beneficial therapeutic effect in influencing the esthetic outcomes of surgical interventions.

Актуальность  вопросов  лечебной  коррекции  различной  этиологии рубцовых  деформаций  кожи  обусловлена  широким  распространением  данной  патологии без тенденции к снижению  (Озерская О.С., 2002, 2004; Ахтямов  С.Н.,  Бутов  Ю.С.,  2003;  Жукова  О.В.,  2008;  Стенько  А.Г.,  2012, 2013). Активизация внимания хирургов к проблеме рубцовых деформаций кожи  лица  способствовало  развитие  пластической  хирургии,  а  также  всё большее  понимание  обществом  цивилизованных  стран  важнейшей  роли внешнего  вида в жизни человека  (Трыкова  И.А., 2013).  В  исследованиях, проведенных  Monstrey  S.,  Middelkoop  E.,  Vranckx  J.J.  (2014)  указано,  что каждый  год  у  100  миллионов  человек  по  всему  миру  появляются  шрамы после травм и хирургических вмешательств, и 15 миллионов из них будут имеют  неэстетические  или  гипертрофические  и  келоидные  рубцы.  По мнению  Нельга  И.О.,  Петинати  Я.А.,  Ткаченко  С.Б.  (2014),  внешний  вид оказывает существенное влияние на социальное благополучие, адаптацию в  обществе  и  качество  жизни  человека.  При  этом,  возникновение  грубых рубцов  часто  приводит  к  развитию  нервно-психических  расстройств вплоть  до  случаев  тяжелой  депрессии,  развитию  постоянной нетрудоспособности (Ahmed Samir Edriss, V. Smrcka., 2011). Профилактика развития  патологических  рубцов  кожи  лица  (при  хирургических вмешательствах)  и  лечение  (коррекция)  рубцов  представляет  собой важную  медико-социальную  проблему  (Кирьянова  В.В.,  Максимов  А.В., 2012).  Профилактике  и  лечению  келоидных  и  гипертрофических  рубцов посвящено  много  работ  и  исследований  отечественными  и  зарубежными учёными  (Владимирова  О.В.,  2011;  Ogawa  R.,  2012;  Филиппова  О.В., Красногорский  И.В.,  2013).

The  presented  literature  review  contains  publications  for  the  period  from  2015-2021, which consider the complications that arise in the treatment of mandibular fractures and modern technologies  for  the  restoration  of  injuries.  Analysis  of  possible  errors  and  the  most  typical complications in this type of injury will help to avoid them in the future.

В  настоящее  время  выявлен  устойчивый  рост  рубцовых повреждений  кожи  после  плановых  операций,  травм,  ожогов,  ран.  Доля пациентов,  обратившихся  в  лечебные  учреждения  с  рубцовыми  дефектами кожи,  по  данным  различных  исследований  достигает  22-25%.  В  их  структуре ведущее  место занимают рубцы  со значительно  выраженными  косметическими дефектами  —  гипертрофические  и  келоидные.  Для  решения  проблемы  рубцов применяются высокотехнологичные  разработки в области медицины.  Благодаря этому при лечении рубцов удается достичь лучших результатов.

Проблема реабилитации пациентов с рубцовыми поражениями кожи лица и шеи до сегодняшнего дня не утратила своей актуальности. При  неотложных  и  плановых  хирургических  операциях,  когда  ткани пациента  рассекаются  хирургическим  скальпелем,  речь,  как  правило,  идет  о спасении здоровья, а часто и жизни, пациента. Поэтому хирурга волнует, прежде всего,  не  качество  будущего  рубца,  а то,  как  более успешно  решить  основную задачу лечения (например, вскрытие флегмоны, резецировать опухоль и т.д.).

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are sexually transmitted and often occur in young people. They are usually neutralized by the immune system. However, the continued presence of high-risk HPV (HR) can lead to the development of abnormal cervical cells; this condition is considered precancerous if at least two-thirds of the surface layer of the cervix is affected. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that can cause about 6 different types of cancer in later life. Cancer can develop years, and sometimes decades, after a person is infected with HPV.

“Тиббиёт сохасини ислох қилиш ва даволашни замоновий технология ва усулларини  татбиқ  қилиш”  бўйича  ўтказилаётган  ишлар  савияси  ўлароқ стоматология сохасида янгидан-янги даволаш чора тадбирлари ишлаб чиқиш ва  уни  амалиётга  татбиқ  этиш  бугунги  куннинг  дорзарб  муаммосидир. Хозирга кунда   юқори  ва пастки жағларда  мавжуд  иккиламчи адентияларни протезлаш  стоматологлар  олдидаги  долзарб  муаммолардан  биридир.  Ушбу муаммони  яьни  тиш  каторлари  нуқсонларини  бартараф  этишнинг  замонавий усулларидан бири бу дентал имплантологиядир.

Протезирование  вторичных  адентий,  которые  длительное  время присутствуют  в  верхней  и  нижней  челюстях,  является  одной  из  актуальных проблем,  стоящих  перед  стоматологами.  Одним  из  современных  методов устранения  этой  проблемы,  является  дентальная  имплантология.  Одним  из сдерживающих  факторов  для  широкого  распространения  имплантации является  недостаточный  объем  костной  ткани  для  установки  имплантата. Процесс  дентальной  имплантации  во  фронтальную  часть  верхней  челюсти, которая на высоком уровне атрофирована или сопровождается вертикальным переломом,  зубов,  требует  дополнительных  костных  изделий  и  длительного реабилитационного  периода,  причина  этого  в  том,  что  вестибулярная пластинка фронтальной  части  верхней  челюсти  тонкая  и он характеризуется переломом  во  время  удаления  зуба.  Атрофия  костной  ткани  после  удаления зубов является одним из важнейших вопросов современной стоматологии, так как  значительная  атрофия  костной  ткани  челюстей  делает  невозможным выполнение  внутрикостной  имплантации,  а  также  создает  серьезные трудности при ортопедическом лечении пациентов.

In the article, studying the influence of the tax burden on the activities of taxpayers, the
necessity of calculating the tax burden in the national economy, the distribution of the tax
burden in the economy between taxpayers is considered, attention is also paid to the directions
of calculating the tax burden on legal entities and individuals.

In experimental toxic hepatitis caused by the hepatotropic poison carbon tetrachloride, a decrease in bile synthesis, bile-releasing function of the liver was revealed. There was a decrease in the composition of bilirubin, cholesterol and bile acids in the bile. In the treatment of experimental hepatitis with cobalt and silibor fiat, cholestasis decreased, the chemical composition of bile improved, as the content of bilirubin, cholesterol and total bile acids increased.

In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of side effects and complications of drug therapy all over the world, among which the drug-induced liver injury (LS1) constitutes the majority (1). To a large extent, this is due to the liberalization of the population's access to medicines, as well as the aggressive advertising activities of some pharmaceutical manufacturers. The consequence of this was an increase in the number of P11 in a variety of categories of patients and even pregnant women.

Medicine has always been considered a profession with high requirements for its representatives (personal qualities, high level of education, its versatility, continuity, etc.)- Many medical workers, as representatives of helping professions, are at high risk of emotional burnout, which is referred to in foreign literature as "burnout", which translates as “collapse”, “exhaustion ”. Burnout is a global problem associated with the presence of distress arising in the process of performing work activities, which has the potential for a negative impact on both mental and physical health of a person, and the effectiveness of the organization. Most researchers of burnout believe that this phenomenon is negative for organizations, employees and their environment; therefore, it is necessary to strive to reduce its level, which generates an ongoing scientific interest in the factors that form this multicomponent mental syndrome [1]. Despite the large amount of accumulated material on the problem of burnout in domestic and foreign science, disagreements on the mechanisms of burnout and its structure persist today.

This article presents statistical and brief epizootological data, course and symptoms of the disease, pathological changes in internal organs, diagnostics, as well as measures to combat and prevent parasitic diseases of rabbits.

A clinical analysis of 34 anesthetic aids in children with cerebral palsy and ophthalmosurgical pathology was carried out. In children of different ages, the frequency of cognitive dysfunctions, the manifestation of convulsive reactions and hypertensive syndrome were studied in a comparative aspect. A more frequent manifestation of postoperative cognitive dysfunctions in children under 6 years of age was noted. The use of sevoflurane as the main anesthetic when performing ophthalmic operations in children with cerebral palsy, is the optimal scheme in modern anesthesiology.

Cerebral injuries, complicated by subdural and intracerebral hematomas play the leading role in the structure of childhood injuries, they are the most frequently encountered injuries. The work presents a retrospective assessment of medical records of children aged 5 to 7 years who were admitted on an emergency basis with a clinic of traumatic brain injury. The paper presents the indicators of the main patterns of respiration and hemodynamics, the minimum alveolar concentration, which reflect the effectiveness of inhaled anesthesia during the operation.

Pain is one of the markers of the patient's condition in the postoperative period and may be the cause of a variety of pathologies, including those that require intensive care. 30-5094 of all operated patients suffer from severe pain, which, in addition to medical, is already a serious socio-economic problem [Ananyeva L.P.; Osipova N. A., 2005].

The Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been committed by almost all countries of the world, provides for the implementation of a wide range of legislative and administrative measures to ensure the interests of children, and, first of all, in the field of protecting their health. The health of children and adolescents is of exceptional importance in preserving the gene pool of the nation, the labor and defense potential of the country. In this regard, the reduction of infant and child mortality in the Republic of Uzbekistan is a national task. In children, due to anatomical and physiological features and rather significant differences in the nature of pathological processes, critical conditions occur much more often than in adults. Accidents (drowning, injuries, overheating, poisoning, bites, etc.), critical conditions and decompensation of chronic diseases in children and adolescents require timely specialized resuscitation care. The availability and quality of medical care at the resuscitation stage of treatment, regardless of the location of the patient, largely determines the outcome of the underlying disease. Therefore, the decisive role in reducing child mortality belongs to the resuscitation service.

The purpose of the study. Left ventricular end-systolic measurement (ChQSOO') and myocardial contractility index (MTI) and the relationship between cardiac contraction velocity (TsQT) and MTI development of a simple non-invasive method for characterizing myocardial contractility. Materials and styles. 33 children (21 boys, 12 girls) participated in the study. All patients underwent echocardiographic examination of the heart chambers, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were studied. Results. The following linear relationship was found: MTI=20.1 (ChQSOO') +1.46 (r=+0.51; p<0.01); TsQT= -0.0075(MTI)+1.71(r= -0.48; p<0.01). Also, in echocardiography, the left ventricular wall and chambers volume standards were given. More than a century later, the Frank-Starling curvature relation is still in use.

The problem of choosing the option of optimal anesthesia in order to reduce the risk of adverse reactions and complications remains its relevance, especially in children, and is far from its final decision.

Purpose of the study. Assess the effectiveness of reforms in the field of pediatric anesthesiology and resuscitation and identify reserves for further reduction of child mortality in this area. Materials and methods. In order to assess the effectiveness of the reforms carried out in the healthcare system in the segment of the pediatric anesthesiology and resuscitation (DAR) service, statistical, archival data, as well as the results of a survey of the heads of the departments of anesthesiology and resuscitation of the Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Centers, regional branches of the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Care (RSCEMC) were studied. ), as well as regional perinatal centers. Results. The positive effect of the optimization and regionalization of the pediatric surgical and perinatal services has been established; the technological equipment and staffing of the DAR have significantly improved. It is shown that the reserves for further reduction of infant mortality are the rejuvenation and advanced training of DAR doctors, the introduction of modern technologies for nursing low-birth-weight newborns and seriously ill and injured children.

In childhood, anomalies in the development of the urinary system and inflammatory processes in the kidneys prevail. Hydronephrosis or hydronephrotic transformation is a disease caused by a violation of the outflow of urine from the kidney, characterized by the expansion of the pyelocaliceal system of the organ, followed by its atrophy.

The article presents the results of assessing the effect of
combined epidural anesthesia on hemodynamics during abdominal operations in children with Hirschprugg's and Payr's disease, dolichosigma. The results of the study, carried out according to the multimodal principle, showed the efficacy and safety of combined epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine against the background of low-flow anesthesia with sevoflurane and continuous sedation with propofol in sick children with abdominal surgical pathology

Fast track surgery (FTS), or rapid recovery surgery, is a fundamentally new approach to surgery. FTS was developed by Kehlet F.I. (1993) and assumed the following aspects to minimize stress reactions and significantly reduce the recovery period of patients: regional anesthesia, minimally invasive operations, aggressive postoperative rehabilitation (early enteral nutrition and activation of patients). Wind J. (2006) specified FTS as follows: informing the patient, avoiding bowel preparation and premedication, using probiotics, avoiding preoperative dry fasting, oral glucose (5%, 150 ml 2 hours before surgery), regional anesthesia or anesthetics short-acting, adequate perioperative infusion, surgical mini-invasiveness, prevention of hyposermia, non-opioid analgesia, avoidance of routine nasogastric tubes and drains, early removal of the urinary catheter, prokinetics, early enteral nutrition and patient activation.

Sepsis remains one of the urgent problems of modern medicine due to the steady upward trend in the number of patients and consistently high mortality (30-60%) (Gritsuk S.F., 2004; Saltanov A.I. 2005; Vincent J.L. et all. 2006). The risk of developing urosepsis increases with an infectious process caused by E. coli strains that have P-fimbria in their structure, which have the ability to produce such virulence factors as hemolysin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor and mannose-resistant hemagglutinin (Zhuravlev V.N., Rudnov V. A., 2015).

The article includes data from literary analysis on aspects of the social significance of allergies in children born to mothers with allergic diseases, which are important for physicians, especially pediatricians

Physical development is one of the main indicators of the health of the child population. Based on the results of studies of indicators of physical development, it is possible to obtain objective and reliable information about the state of health of children. If these studies are carried out in dynamics, then it is possible to make a scientifically grounded forecast regarding the state of health of children in the future.This information is of great scientific and practical importance for theoretical and practical medicine. The scientific significance of research devoted to the problem of physical development has especially increased in recent years. The fact is that the acceleration process, according to the literature of recent years, has significantly slowed down or even stopped. In this regard, it is necessary in new studies to clarify other aspects of this problem: Comprehensive study of the epidemiology of allergy in children. Clarification of the degree of influence of environmental factors on thephysical development and health of children.Social and hygienic living conditions have a significant impact on the indicators of physical development and health status of children.Determination of the relationship between the interdependence of physical development and functional reserves of the body. Elucidation of the nature of the influence of various diseases on the physical development and health of children.

Aim of the study was assess both the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic management and optimizing postoperative anesthesia under conditions of multimodal anesthesia and analgesia during abdominal operations in children.
Patients and methods. The authors examined 58 children aged 1 to 17 years with abdominal operations (malformations, diseases, and abdominal organ injuries). To ensure anesthetic protection, patients underwent combined general anesthesia with propofol and fentanil (induction) with inhalation of sevoflurane + propofol intra venous (maintenance) in combination with epidural blockade with bupivacaine.
Results. According to surgical intervention, the arrangement of perioperative analgesic protection provided a favorable correction of the hemodynamic status of patients, a decrease in inhalation anesthetic, promoted a smooth course of the postoperative period, a long painless period, an excellent psychoemotional background, and rapid postoperative recovery.

The article cover the problem learning of English language with one of interactive methods as debates. This method allows not only to foster a speech culture, but also to encourage students to search independent solution of the discussed problems, which, in turn, is a stimulus, a driving force of cognitive activity.

At present time due to COVID-19 pandemic the most part of Uzbekistan high schools started distance form of teaching, in particularly a foreign language (mostly English) in the first courses with great using of self-study principles. The article is
focused on the first experience of the distance learning based on self-study principles discipline "Medical English" of the 1st course students of Pediatrics faculty in the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute under the quarantine conditions due to COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the present study is to check the assumption that in teaching the Medical English language, in particular in distance learning conditions, such pedagogical strategies as tests and situation tasks contribute to learner self-study skills development and help work out techniques for assessing learner self-study. In this context, the article foregrounds self-study as a part of distance learning and highlights the importance of developing self-study skills via innovative pedagogical technologies . This is followed by an experimental study. The findings of this study can be used as a reference when reflecting on teaching practices that develop learner self-study skills. Finally, the authors conclude with pedagogical methods relevant for teaching self-study skills

The learning of English language in a medical university, as a tool for the formation of the intellectual potential of the individuality and professionalism, is an important discipline, which is aimed at educating a competent specialist. The process of training future medical personnel prepared for cross-cultural communication, capable of using English for scientific and professional activity in conditions of the global information environment requires comprehensive optimization and improvement of the process of English language learning in the field of higher medical education.

With the spread and development of the English language throughout the world and its wider use in Uzbekistan, methods of improving the level of English have become of great importance among students. This contributed to changes in the learning process. Currently, teaching a second language involves a number of detailed processes focused on a communicative approach.

In connection with the adoption of the «Law on Education» in the country on September 24, 2020, comprehensive reforms in the education system put on the agenda the goals and objectives of any higher education institution to train specialists who can operate in accordance with modern requirements. This process requires the development of innovative, literate and competitive personnel who have thoroughly mastered foreign languages, the quality of the system of learning foreign languages, especially English, in non-foreign language higher education institutions. Examples of higher education institutions in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which train specialists in the field of medicine, are the Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent Dental Institute, Bukhara State Medical Institute and others. In all of them, English, German and French are taught comprehensively from foreign languages. Because the role of foreign languages in the development of medicine and the training of specialists is invaluable.

English and Russian are examples of two types of languages: analytical and synthetic. The very name of these types of languages shows that they are not only different in their essence, according to the principle of construction, but even opposite. However, this opposition is formal, since it concerns the expression of the same content. Cognition of a new language is the mastery of precisely this formal, specific, qualitative aspect of it. Therefore, one can easily imagine what a significant mental barrier a native speaker of one type of language has to overcome. when mastering the language of the opposite system, as it is necessary to know the main differences between language systems.

Today's labor market, along with professional skills, sets the task of mastering foreign languages for a specialist in any field, since the demand for highly qualified and competitive specialists is an important issue on the agenda. The study of English in the system of professional medical higher education in Uzbekistan determines the effectiveness of such measures as further improving the level of training in the field of medicine, working with world scientific literature, effective cooperation with foreign partners, and professional maturity. Improving the methods of teaching English to medical students, as well as the quality of education, directly affects its further productive use and further improvement of the professional skills of a future medical specialist.

The level of English language knowledge and regulation of activities in this regard is one of the urgent tasks for pedagogical staff of higher educational institutions of non-language higher educational universities in Uzbekistan, in particular, for the medical pedagogical staff. The preparation of the highly qualified specialists for medical sphere is aimed at operating in accordance
with modern requirements, achieving important indicators leading to progressive updates. The high level of English language knowledge within the framework of the medical specialization is one of the important factors in the formation of professional and innovative skills. It applies to such areas as the learning of the world experience, understanding of the foreign literature, communication with foreign colleagues in medical sphere. Here, it is important to correctly assess their qualification indicators of English language skills, as well as understanding of the basic principles of achieving high results.

The given investigation examines the features of teaching of the special subjects in English language, taking into account the main requirements for modern personnel in the current system of higher education, as well as the essence of the strategy of mastering foreign languages. Along with the issues of implementing the latest methods to achieve quality in this area, effective
mechanisms to ensure effectiveness are proposed, and as a result the given complex analysis determines the main meaning of the study.

In connection with the adoption of the «Law
on Education» in the country on September 24,
2020, comprehensive reforms in the education
system put on the agenda the goals and objectives of any higher education institution to train specialists who can operate in accordance with modern requirements. This process requires the development of innovative, literate and competitive personnel who have thoroughly mastered foreign languages, the quality of the system of learning foreign languages, especially English, in non-foreign language higher education institutions. Examples of higher education institutions in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which train specialists in the field of medicine, are the Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent Dental Institute, Bukhara State Medical Institute and others. In all of them, English, German and French are taught comprehensively from foreign languages. Because the role of foreign languages in the development of medicine and the training of specialists is invaluable.

The policy of the reforming of the medical sphere of education in Uzbekistan has a huge impact on teaching of the foreign language as a discipline within the general humanitarian sciences. English language teaching is gradually beginning to fade into the background, which in the nearest future threatens to "drop out" from the register of disciplines of medical universities. Foreign language, in particular, English as a general education subject, is almost lowered to the last place. The weak methodological base of the discipline "Medical English", which has replaced "general English" in the direction of ESP in recent years, as well as the modernization of professional medical education in general, creates a number of problems in the process of English language teaching. One of the most relevant areas of higher medical education has become the process of teaching special subjects in English, which also raises a number of urgent issues to address. The possibilities of improving the mechanism of learning a foreign language and effective measures for organizing activities in this direction determines the superiority for the medical higher educational institutions. In this regard, the establishment of a special specific environment for teachers of English in modern non-linguistic universities on the basis of profile and professional orientation, taking into account modern methods of teaching a foreign language, is an important factor in achieving high results in this direction.

This research is conducted to describe the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on several macroeconomic variables such as sustainable economic growth (GDP growth), unemployment
rate(U), export (EXP) and trade openness (TO) in France and studying investment policy in order to use some effective methods in Uzbekistan.

A thousand years ago, in the capital of Khorezm, Gurgenj (Kunya Urgench), under the leadership of the scientist-encyclopedist Abu Raikhan Beruni and the efforts of Ali ibn Mamun and Mamun ibn Mamun, belonging to the enlightened dynasty of Mamunids, a large educational center of the East "Dar-ma-ul Hikma" was created. This center, which considered important issues of science, continued the scientific and educational traditions of the Baghdad "Bait-ul Hikma", which existed centuries before and took an important place in the development of world science. Many scientists
were interested in the activities of scientists who served in "Dorul Hikma and Ma'rif" in the last century. Their research was aimed at a deep study of the activities of this training center, the results of which proved that it was a kind of Academy of Sciences of that time. This scientific center is currently called the Khorezm Academy of Mamun. This institution, called "Dor-ul Hikma" or "Majlisi ulamo" in different periods was a place for scientists, writers and poets who pursued the goal of gaining fame and fame [1]. In other words, it
“did not arise from scratch,” but had a solid foundation. Firstly, the Mamun Academy is directly related to the roots of sciences in the distant past, and also, it was the result of the cultural development of the Renaissance era of the East. In Ancient Khorezm, interest in astronomy, mathematics and other sciences appeared especially early.

Эта статья занимается исследованием разнообразных аспектов применения автоматизированных систем в сфере оптовой торговли в контексте цифровой экономики. Дополнительно, текст подробно анализирует
значимость этих систем для автоматизации процессов на оптовом рынке.

Проблемы материнства и детства постоянно находятся в центре внимания и являются одним из приоритетных направлений развития отечественного здравоохранения. Одной из наиболее актуальных проблем акушерства и неонатологии является невынашивание беременности и рождение детей с низкой массой тела (менее 2500 г) в результате преждевременных родов или внутриутробной задержки развития плода [5].

The article presents the results of a study of 189 children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The results of the study show that the prevalence of oligoarthritic (33.8%), polyarthritic (32.8%) and systemic (27.5%) forms of diseases is observed in the frequency of occurrence of various forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In children, juvenile idiopathic arthritis can debut at any age and is characterized by varying degrees of arthritis activity, and the systemic form of the disease is characterized by the predominance of systemic manifestations, severe course of the disease and frequent relapses.

в настоящее время во всем мире смертность от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) начала снижаться, но в Узбекистан до сих пор занимают лидирующее положение в структуре смертности населения. Ежегодно только от ССЗ умирает больше людей, чем от любой другой патологии. Поэтому так важно выявить основные факторы риска в развитии данной патологии у человека. По данным ВОЗ от ССЗ в 2016 году умерло
порядка 18 миллиона человек во всем мире. Это составило 31% от всех зарегистрированных случаев смерти. Ишемическая болезнь сердца, сердечный приступ и инсульт – на них приходится порядка 85% от всех смертей. Известно, что одним из факторов риска является мужской пол, это связано с тем, что мужчины до 50-55 лет чаще курят и употребляют алкоголь поэтому они чаще подвержены развитию явлений стенокардии. При этом низкую заболеваемость среди женщин связывают с гормональным фоном, а с наступлением климакса процент заболеваемости выравнивается. У мужчин риск ССЗ увеличивается после 45 лет, а у женщин — после 55 лет. Так же нельзя недооценивать значение наследственности в развитии коронарной болезни сердца, как известно: для людей, чьи родители или другие члены семьи имеют симптоматическую коронарную болезнь сердца, характерна повышенная вероятность развития заболевания. Увеличение относительного риска у лиц с отягощенной наследственностью может быть в 5 раз. Риск особенно высок, если развитие ССЗ у родителей или других членов семьи произошло до 55-летнего
возраста. Наследственность способствует развитию гипертензии, сахарного диабета, ожирения и, возможно, определенных структур поведения, приводящих к развитию заболевания сердца. 

 В настоящее время во всем мире смертность от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) начала снижаться, но в Узбекистан до сих пор занимают лидирующее положение в структуре смертности населения. Ежегодно только от ССЗ умирает больше людей, чем от любой другой патологии. Поэтому так важно выявить основные факторы риска в развитии данной патологии у человека. По данным ВОЗ от ССЗ в 2016 году умерло порядка 18 миллиона человек во всем мире. Это составило 31% от всех зарегистрированных случаев смерти. Ишемическая болезнь сердца, сердечный приступ и инсульт – на них приходится порядка 85% от всех смертей. Известно, что одним из факторов риска является мужской пол, это связано с тем, что мужчины до 50-55 лет чаще курят и употребляют алкоголь поэтому они чаще подвержены развитию явлений стенокардии. При этом низкую заболеваемость среди женщин связывают с гормональным фоном, а с наступлением климакса процент заболеваемости выравнивается. У мужчин риск ССЗ увеличивается после 45 лет, а у женщин — после 55 лет. Так же нельзя недооценивать значение наследственности в развитии коронарной болезни сердца, как известно: для людей, чьи родители или другие члены семьи имеют симптоматическую коронарную болезнь сердца, характерна повышенная вероятность развития заболевания. Увеличение относительного риска у лиц с отягощенной наследственностью может быть в 5 раз. Риск особенно высок, если развитие ССЗ у родителей или других членов семьи произошло до 55-летнего возраста. Наследственность способствует развитию гипертензии, сахарного диабета, ожирения и, возможно, определенных структур поведения, приводящих к развитию заболевания сердца.

This article analyzes the linguistic and pragmatic features of a journalistic text. It is known that in the mass process of modern communicative society, publicistic communication takes an increasingly important place. A single center of knowledge and periphery comes to replace a multifaceted world with diverse knowledge and culture. This center has its own industries, which it provides with the necessary knowledge. The characterization of the modern communication society by such a clash will radically change our life. These changes will manifest themselves through the formation of public opinion. Scientific research carried out in the fields of linguistics and journalism in recent years is devoted to the problems of society, culture and other issues. It is generally accepted that factors such as economics, politics, cultural and national customs and traditions have a direct impact on the language. It is impossible to deny the fact that this list of sociocultural criteria needs to be clarified and supplemented. Therefore, the consideration of the specific communicative speech activity of journalism in a pragmatic aspect requires a modern approach.

Ekologik muammolaming tobora global ahamiyat kasb ctib borayotganligi inobatga olinib, so’nggi yillarda muhim ustuvor vazifalar bilan bir qatorda atrof-muhit muhofazasi, ekologik madaniyat, ekologik ta’lim-tarbiya, ekologik ma’rifat masalalariga alohida e’tibor berilmoqda.

Вазият, шунингдек, моддий тақдим этиш учун бир йўл сифатида ҳаракат килади. Такдимот нутқдаги нутк намунасининг ишлашини намойиш қилишдир. Виз ўргана бошлаганимизда, айтайлик, келаси замон ва шу тарзда шаклланадиган шакл бўлиб, мисоллар келтиришдан бошласак, грамматик ҳодисанинг структур томонини ихтиёрий ёки ноилож илғаб оламиз. Мулоқот учун функционал томон бирламчи бўлиб, у фацат бир вазиятда намоён бўлиши мумкин. Бу, айниқса, мураккаб вазиятли шартлилик ёки она тилидан бошқа вазиятли шартлилик билан грамматик моделлар учун тўғри келади. Вазиятли тақдимотда талаба дарҳол натижа образини кўради ва энг асосийси нутк образидан фойдаланиш эканлигини англайди. Вазиятдан ташкарида айтиладиган ёки идрок килинадиган нутқ бирликлари хотирада колмайди, чунки улар инсон учун аҳамиятли эмас. Агар улар боснлса хам. улар кам ишлатилади, чунки улар вазият билан белгиланмаган бўлса. улар ўтказиш кобилиятини йўқотади: талаба билади. лскпн улардан фойдалана олмайди.