Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024): inLibrary

Childhood glaucoma is a chronic vision threatening condition that may significantly impact an individual’s psychosocial well-being. The prognosis of glaucoma largely depends on early and accurate diagnosis and successful treatment, including control of increased. The purpose is to determine the effectiveness of modified tonometers (Maklakova) NGm2-"OF TP" in performing tonometry and tonography in infants and children with microphthalmos and blepharophimosis. We have proposed modified models of Maklakoff tonometers weighing 5, 10, and 15 g, made of silver, the weights on both sides have contact plates, which are made of medical plastic and have a diameter of the applanation area d=8 mm. Methods: Tonometry and tonography using the simplified method of Nesterov A.P. were carried out in 30 (60 eyes) children aged from birth (0) to 16 years. Results: Our recommended design of weights showed results that do not differ from those obtained using standard Maklakov tonometers. At the same time, modified weights provide the opportunity to determine tonometric IOP and eye hydrodynamics in newborns and patients with microphthalmia and/or blepharophimosis, which greatly facilitates the work of pediatric ophthalmologists and reduces examination time.

This study analyzes the structure of eye diseases in children of different age groups based on the materials of the ophthal-mology department of the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute (TPMI) clinic for 2018—2021.

This article provides information about the frequen-cy and clinical manifestations of post-Covid syndrome among children. An epidemiological study was conduct-ed in 3 family clinics and the Central Multidisciplinary Clinic of Tashkent, located in the Mirobad, Mirzo Ulugbek and Yunusabad districts. In the period from 2020-2022, 593 children aged 1 to 17 years with con-firmed COVID-19 (by PCR diagnostic method of a na -sopharyngeal smear or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of IgM COVID-19 blood) applied to these outpatient clinics. An in-depth examination was carried out among 253 children (prospective study) who had suf-fered Covid infection during the previous 6 months, car-ried out on the basis of the children's diagnostic center in Tashkent. As a result, it was found that the incidence of post-Covid syndrome among children is 65.6%. Upon further diagnosis, it was found that Post COVID -19 con-dition in children manifests itself in 18.7% as a cardiac variant, in 15.1% as a gastrointestinal variant, in 15.4% as a respiratory variant, and in 28.3% of cases mixed variants of post-Covid syndrome. An imbalance of both electrolytes and vitamins B6, C and D has been estab-lished, which may indicate a strained immune system. In this connection, we consider it advisable to prescribe vitamin-mineral and amino acid complexes during their rehabilitation.

This article analyzes the use of research projects in teaching of customs related terms. The development of research projects in teaching of terms related to the customs field was developed as a model.

This article analyzes the typology of customs related terms. The process of creating terminological units related to the customs field in English is explained.

The article is devoted to the evolution and peculiarities of the international legal regulation of artificial intelligence (hereinafter Л1). The author notes that Л1 carries risks and threats, which necessitates its legal regulation, both at the international and national levels. At the same time, achieving to some extent a unified vision of the problem at the interstate level facilitates the adoption of relevant norms and documents at the national level. At the same time, it should be noted that the work on the harmonization of the model of international legal regulation of activities in the field of artificial is developing very slowly. At the moment, there arc no multilateral agreements at the international level that would consolidate the relevant provisions. There are only separate documents covering some aspects of international legal regulation in this area, however, they arc advisor}' in nature and arc "soft law". At the same time, within the framework of the United Nations and a number of other international organizations, the development of international legal regulation of AI is becoming one of the priorities and areas of cooperation.

Аннотация: Открытый прикус рассматривается как самостоятельная форма зубочелюстных аномалий, так и может сочетаться с другими нарушениями в трансвер зальном или сагиттальном направлении. По литературным данным открытый прикус в 62"о случаев встречается вместе с мезиальным соотношением зубных рядов.
Авторами проводились обследования учащихся школ №8, №64 и №256 г. Ташкента, в возрасте от 6 до 16 лет. Из 348 обследованных учеников открытый прикус обнаружен у 29 детей (8,33%). Ныли проведены следующие методы: клинические обследования, биометрические, рентгенологические (фронтальная и латеральная ТРГ и цефалометрический анализ) исследования.
Лечение прошло консервативным ортодонтическим путем с помощью миогимнастики, расширяющих пластинок и индивидуальной дуги МЕА W. Курс лечения от 8-9 месяцев до 18-24+4 месяцев. Показатели телерентгенограммы после лечения в пределах нормы.

Авторами быт поставлены цель исследования: Совершенствование ортодонтического лечения детей с перекрестной окклюзией в период сменного прикуса. Под наблюдением находтись 76 детей в возрасте от 6 до 14 лет с перекрестной окклюзией. Среди обратившихся было 34 (44.7%) девочек и 42 (55,3%) мальчиков.
Для исправления перекрестного прикуса был предложен авторами инновационный расширяющий аппарат комбинированного действия, эффективность которого оцениваш в динамике.
Разработанный аппарат позволяет регулировать давление мышц, расслабляет жевательные мускулы в проблемных зонах, оптимизируя процесс лечения перекрестной окклюзии у детей и подростков.

Правильный физиологический прикус обеспечивает не только пищеварительную функцию, но и косметическую, принимая участие вформировании формы лицевого отдела головы.
Глубокий прикус - это неправильное положение зубов, при котором передние зубы верхней челюсти перекрывают зубы нижней челюсти вертикально на 60-100%. При глубоком прикусе резцы верхней и нижней челюсти при жевании и откусывании испытывают повышенную нагрузку. 

Открытый прикус — самая гяжелая аномалия зубочелюстной системы. По данным | наших авторов (Рузметова И.М., Нигматов Н.Р., др., 2013) при обследовании дегей дошкольного возраста в юроде Ташкенте выявлено, что среди детей 3-6 лет открытый прикус составляет 1,4%.
Открытый прикус рассматривается как самостоятельная форма зубочелюстных аномалий, так и может сочетаться с другими нарушениями в трансверзальном или сагиттальном направлении. По литературным данным открытый прикус в 62% случаев встречается вместе с мезиальным соотношением зубных рядов.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of international legal regulation of artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI) in Europe. In particular, the author reviewed the documents adopted within the Council of Europe and the European Union for the purpose of legal regulation of AI. The article notes that the European approach to the legal regulation of AI is based on the desire to take a leading position in the field of AI development and, at the same time, ensure full respect and protection of human rights. The article emphasizes that the position of the Council of Europe regarding AI seems to be the most balanced and mature from the point of view of the humanistic achievements of European civilization. It seems important to adhere to the reasonable balance proposed by the Council of Europe in the development and implementation of AI, especially in “sensitive” areas to human rights, such as the administration of justice, social services, and public administration.

The article is devoted to the evolution and peculiarities of the international legal regulation of artificial intelligence (hereinafter AI). The author notes that AI carries risks and threats, which necessitates its legal regulation, both at the international and national levels. At the same time, achieving to some extent a unified vision of the problem at the interstate level facilitates the adoption of relevant norms and documents at the national level. At the same time, it should be noted that the work on the harmonization of the model of international legal regulation of activities in the field of artificial is developing very slowly. At the moment, there are no multilateral agreements at the international level that would consolidate the relevant provisions. There are only separate documents covering some aspects of international legal regulation in this area, however, they are advisory in nature and are "soft law". At the same time, within the framework of the United Nations and a number of other international organizations, the development of international legal regulation of AI is becoming one of the priorities and areas of cooperation.

 This article examines the time-space, inter-character harmony, and similarities in the development of events between Sa’dikhan Mavlavikhon’s son Eshonjanov’s pentology “Decline” and Abdulla Qadiri’s novel “Bygone Days”.

Objective.To present the results of hypotensive glaucoma surgery in children with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Material and methods. An analysis of surgical hypotensive treatment of glaucoma in 6 (9 eyes) children with ROP aged from 1 month to 1 year was carried out in the eye department of the clinic of the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute. According to the stages and phases of ROP, patients were divided into 2 groups, the first included 3 (5 eyes) children with stages I-III of the active phase of the disease, the second - 3 children (4 eyes) with stages IV-V regressive (scar) phase. One patient had a bilateral process with stage V regressive phase with postoperative aniridia. The gestational age at birth of the examined children was 21-36 weeks. The duration

of observation is 18 months. Taking into account echobiometric and gonioscopic characteristics, the type and volume of hypotensive surgical treatment were determined. In the first group, ab externa sinusotrabeculotomy was performed, in the second group, ab externa sinusotrabeculotomy, cyclodialysis, cycloretraction with autoscleral drainage.

Results. Surgical antihypertensive treatment in stages I-III of the active phase of ROP led to stabilization of the glaucomatous process in 77% of cases; in stages IV-V of the scar phase, satisfactory results were noted in 50%. Moreover, hemorrhagic complications after 18 months led to subatrophy of the eyeball in 2 (50%) cases in patients in the second group of patients.

Conclusion. In the active phase of stages I-III of ROP, hypotensive surgery in the trabecular zone was used; in the cicatricial phase of stages IV-V of ROP, combined hypotensive surgery was used both in the trabecular zone and in the ciliary body area using autoscleral drainage.

In this article, the level of importance and relevance of teaching the Uzbek language for foreign students has been thoroughly proven. Also, certain similarities with other languages ​​were compared in the teaching of the language. The importance of this language for students at the Medical University was explained, and it was analyzed that it is possible to achieve high results using effective methods and methods in the course of the lesson.

In the article, the characters in the novel "Decline" by the son of Sa'dikhan Mavlavikhan are compared in terms of historical and artistic aspects. The images of Khudoyorkhan's close servant Saidbek and his sister Oltinoy, as well as Abdurakhman, the son of a Muslilmanqul mingbashi, and the historical prototype of Normuhammad koshbegi, who was the governor of Tashkent at that time, were studied from the images of textile nature. The use of textile images in the work gives the novel a unique artistry, and the issue of its influence on the theme and composition of the work is also discussed in detail. Also, the proportionality of the images of the work in terms of historical truth and artistic texture was also checked.

This study aimed to analyze retrospectively the status of closed-eye injuries in children based on clinic data of the Tashkent
Pediatric Medical Institute (TashPMI) from 2018 to 2022.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study analyzed TashPMI clinic’s reporting records for 2018–2022. RESULTS: During the reporting period, 5,938 patients with various diseases of the eye and its appendages were treated. Of these, 1,438 (24.2%) patients were diagnosed with eye traumas and their complications. Among complications of closed eye injury, retinal detachment and traumatic cataracts accounted for 8.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Closed eye injury were more common among boys (57.2%) aged 5–14 years (64.4%). From 2018 to 2022, the number of patients with post-contusion retinal detachment declined, despite a persistent upward trend in the number of hospitalized patients with blunt traumas. This decline was likely due to the timely diagnosis and treatment of these injuries in the acute period.
CONCLUSION: For 2018–2022 in TashPMI clinic, patients with closed-eye injuries accounted for 7% of the total number of hospitalized patients and 28.9% of the total number of injuries. The number of patients with closed-eye injuries tended to increase over 5 years, both in relation to the total number of hospitalized patients and the total number of patients with injuries and their complications for each year separately. The results of the retrospective analysis of closed-eye injuries in children based on TashPMI clinic data demonstrated the urgency of treating ophthalmic injuries in children, which requires prevention, prompt first aid, and specialized high-tech assistance.

AIM: This study aimed to analyze retrospectively the status of closed-eye injuries in children based on clinic data of the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute (TashPMI) from 2018 to 2022 .
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study analyzed TashPMI clinic’s reporting records for 2018–2022 .
RESULTS: During the reporting period, 5,938 patients with various diseases of the eye and its appendages were treated . Of these, 1,438 (24 .2%) patients were diagnosed with eye traumas and their complications . Among complications of closed eye injury, retinal detachment and traumatic cataracts accounted for 8 .3% and 7 .5%, respectively. Closed eye injury were more common among boys (57 .2%) aged 5–14 years (64 .4%) . From 2018 to 2022, the number of patients with post-contusion retinal detachment declined, despite a persistent upward trend in the number of hospitalized patients with blunt traumas . This decline was likely due to the timely diagnosis and treatment of these injuries in the acute period . CONCLUSION: For 2018–2022 in TashPMI clinic, patients with closed-eye injuries accounted for 7% of the total number of hospitalized patients and 28 .9% of the total number of injuries . The number of patients with closed-eye injuries tended to increase over 5 years, both in relation to the total number of hospitalized patients and  the total number of patients with injuries and their complications for each year separately . The results of the retrospective analysis of closed-eye injuries in children based on TashPMI clinic data demonstrated the urgency of treating ophthalmic injuries in children, which requires prevention, prompt first aid, and specialized high-tech assistance.

Relevance. Lignous conjunctivitis is a manifestation of congenital hypoplasminogenemia. Purpose of the study. To present the results of treatment of a child with lignous conjunctivitis. Material and methods. Ophthalmological, clinical and laboratory, histo-logical, consultations of related specialists. Results and conclusion. To establish the diagnosis of ligneous conjunctivitis, a blood test for plasminogen is necessary, plasmin, proteolytic, antibacterial, and steroid drugs are effective in the treatment.

The incidence of epilepsy is 50- 70 people per 100, 000 population, the prevalence is 5-10 people per 1000 (Kwan P.. Prodi M, 2000; Hauser W.A., 2015). In 70% of patients, it is possible to achieve remission or a decrease in the frequency o f attacks (Gusev E.I., 2000; Brodi M.. 2004).

Uzbek anthroponymy based on modern scientific methods studies devoted to learning began to appear in the 60s of the last centuries. Until then, some scientific and popular articles on baby naming had been published. Ya.Menajiev and Kh.Azamatov created the first pamphlet explaining the meanings of Uzbek names in a popular way 6 . In the treatise, serious errors were made regarding the understanding of the meaning of the names, the motives underlying the meaning of the names, etc. We will not dwell on these defects separately.

Arabic and novice poets cite inconsistencies in rhyming movements and letters as rhyme faults. Usually, rhyming faults (defects) are associated with changes in rhyming movements. In rare cases, discrepancies in rhyming letters are cited as rhyming faults. Because poets considered the difference of rhyming letters as a very big drawback. Therefore, there is usually no variation in rhyming letters. The article compares scientific-theoretical views on rhyme errors in Arabic, Persian and Turkish treatises on poetics.

Tadqiqotchilar “Afrigʻ” atamasi kelib chiqishi masalasida Beruniy asaridagi ma’lumotlarning arxeologik topilmalarga qiyosiy tahlili, shunigdek tilshunoslik metodlaridan keng foydalangan holda sulola tarixiga oid muhim xulosalar chiqarganliklarining guvohi boʻldik. Biroq shuni alohida ta’kidlash joizki, bugungi kundagi vaziyat oradan ancha vaqt oʻtishiga qaramay, bu borada ochiq turgan masalalar mavjudligini koʻrsatadi. Bu ayniqsa milliy tarixshunoslikda yaqqol namoyon boʻladi. “Afrigʻ” atamasining kelib chiqishi afsuski, vatan tarixidagi tadqiqotlarda uchratilmaydi. Masala xorij tarixshunoligida, xususan fors va ingliz tilli tadqiqotlarda atroflicha oʻrganilgan.